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9 results for “fire exclusion”
Data for: Can fire exclusion zones enhance postfire tree regeneration? A simulation study in subalpine conifer forests
Postfire tree regeneration in forests adapted to infrequent, stand-replacing fire is compromised by climate change and novel fire regimes. We used the individual-based forest simulation model iLand to ask whether mimicking spatial patterns of historical fire mosaics can sustain tree regeneration in a warmer future with more fire. We simulated forest and fire dynamics in Grand Teton National Park under four different climate scenarios, and with eight different scenarios (i.e. spatial configurations) of "fire exclusion zones" (Fx zones). Data were simulated for 2020 - 2100 period, and analyzed early (2026-2050) and late (2076-2100) in the simulation. Here, we present these simulated data and R-scripts to reproduce analyses presented in the associated manuscript (Keller et al. 2025, Ecological Applications). Specifically, our data deposit reproduces analyses for 1) differences in regeneration among scenarios at two different times in the simulation, 2) spatial patterns of regeneration in 2100 as a result of the operational fire exclusion zone scenario, and 3) supplemental analyses found in the appendixes.
Trees have similar growth responses to first-entry fires and reburns following long-term fire exclusion
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The effects of a half century of warming and fire exclusion on montane forests of the Klamath Mountains, California, USA
<p>These files are the raw data used in the manuscript "Effects of a half century of warming and fire exclusion on montane forests of the Klamath Mountains, California, USA"</p> <p>Manuscript authors: Erik S. Jules, Melissa H. DeSiervo, Matthew J. Reilly, Drew S. Bost, and Ramona J. Butz</p> <p>Climate warming and altered disturbance regimes are changing forest composition and structure worldwide. Given that species often exhibit individualistic responses to change, making predictions about the cumulative effects of multiple stressors across environmental gradients is challenging, especially in diverse communities. For example, warming temperatures are predicted to drive species upslope, while fire exclusion promotes expansion of species at lower elevations where fire was historically frequent.</p> <p>We resampled 148 vegetation plots to assess 46-years (1969 to 2015) of species and community-level response to warming and fire exclusion in a topographically complex landscape in the Klamath Mountains, California (USA), a diverse region that served as a climate refugia throughout the Holocene. We compared cover and assessed change in the elevational distributions of 12 conifer species at different life stages (i.e., seedlings, saplings, canopy).</p> <p>We observed consistent but non-significant shifts upward in elevation for eight species, and a significant shift upward for one species, all of which were far less than expectations based on recent warming. Six species declined in total cover and another five declined in at least one life stage, while the drought- and fire-intolerant <em>Abies concolor</em> increased by 30.7%. The largest declines were at lower elevations in drought-tolerant, early seral species (<em>Pinus lambertiana</em> and <em>Pinus ponderosa</em>) and at higher elevations for the shade-tolerant <em>Abies magnifica</em> var. <em>shastensis</em> and the regionally rare <em>Abies lasiocarpa</em>. Regionally rare (<em>Picea engelmannii</em>) and endemic (<em>Picea breweriana</em>) species had reductions in early life stages, portending future declines. Multivariate analyses revealed a high degree of inertia with a minor but significant shift in composition and a slight decrease in species turnover along the elevation gradient driven by expansion of <em>A. concolor</em>. Our results indicate that most species are declining, especially at lower- and mid-elevations where fire exclusion increased cover of shade-tolerant species and reduced recruitment for fire-adapted species. Collectively, declines in most species, insufficient upward movement to track warming, reductions in drought- and fire-tolerant early seral species, and an increase in a single, shade-tolerant species will leave these communities maladapted to projected climate scenarios and questions the potential for future climate refugia in this region.</p>
Season of prescribed fire determines grassland restoration outcomes after fire exclusion and overgrazing
<p>Fire exclusion and mismanaged grazing are globally important drivers of environmental change in mesic C<sub>4</sub> grasslands and savannas. Although interest is growing in prescribed fire for grassland restoration, we have little long-term experimental evidence of the influence of burn season on the recovery of herbaceous plant communities, encroachment by trees and shrubs, and invasion by exotic grasses. We conducted a prescribed fire experiment (seven burns between 2001 and 2019) in historically fire-excluded and overgrazed grasslands of central Texas. Sites were assigned to one of four experimental treatments: summer burns (warm season, lightning season), fall burns (early cool season), winter burns (late cool season), or unburned (fire exclusion). To assess restoration outcomes of the experiment, in 2019, we identified old-growth grasslands to serve as reference sites. Herbaceous-layer plant communities in all experimental sites were compositionally and functionally distinct from old-growth grasslands, with little recovery of perennial C<sub>4</sub> grasses and long-lived forbs. Unburned sites were characterized by several species of tree, shrub, and vine; summer sites were characterized by certain C<sub>3</sub><span> </span>grasses and forbs; and fall and winter sites were intermediate in composition to the unburned and summer sites. Despite compositional differences, all treatments had comparable plot-level plant species richness (range 89–95 species/1000 m<sup>2</sup>). At the local-scale, summer sites (23 species/m<sup>2</sup>) and old-growth grasslands (20 species/m<sup>2</sup>) supported greater richness than unburned sites (15 species/m<sup>2</sup>), but did not differ significantly from fall or winter sites. Among fire treatments, summer and winter burns most consistently produced the vegetation structure of old-growth grasslands (e.g., mean woody canopy cover of 9%). But whereas winter burns promoted the invasive grass<span> </span><i>Bothriochloa ischaemum</i><span> </span>by maintaining areas with low canopy cover, summer burns simultaneously limited woody encroachment and controlled<span> </span><i>B. ischaemum</i><span> </span>invasion. Our results support a growing body of literature that shows that prescribed fire alone, without the introduction of plant propagules, cannot necessarily restore old-growth grassland community composition. Nonetheless, this long-term experiment demonstrates that prescribed burns implemented in the summer can benefit restoration by preventing woody encroachment while also controlling an invasive grass. We suggest that fire season deserves greater attention in grassland restoration planning and ecological research.</p>
The effects of a half century of warming and fire exclusion on montane forests of the Klamath Mountains, California, USA
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Season of prescribed fire determines grassland restoration outcomes after fire exclusion and overgrazing
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Data from: Fire and grazing controlling a tropical tree line: Effects of long‐term grazing exclusion in Bale Mountains, Ethiopia
<p><span><b>Aims:</b> Tropical tree lines are often associated with abrupt shifts in vegetation, soils and disturbance regimes, but the underlying mechanisms are poorly understood. We analysed the role of grazing, fuels and fire in maintaining a sharp tree line with flammable heathland above non-flammable forest. </span></p> <p><span><b>Location: </b>Bale Mountains, Ethiopia. </span></p> <p><span><b>Methods: </b>Grazing exclosures, repeated vegetation sampling, soil analyses and burning and sowing experiments along an altitudinal gradient with <i>Hagenia abyssinica</i> forest, <i>Erica trimera</i> forest and <i>Erica</i> heathland; all heavily grazed, the latter burnt on short rotation.</span></p> <p><span><b>Results:</b> Contrary to expectation, livestock exclusion did not increase forest fuel flammability, but instead resulted in a dense carpet of non-flammable herbs. In the heathland, livestock exclusion led to somewhat faster post-fire fuel recovery, but no major vegetation change. Seeding of tree species resulted in some seedling establishment, but notably <i>Hagenia</i> grew poorly in the heathland, even when protected from livestock. A bioassay, as well as observations of outpost trees on atypical soil above the treeline, suggest that this poor growth is caused by the acidic soils, rather than harsh climate. Despite frequent fires, heathland soils had lower pH and higher organic matter content than forest soils. Below the tree line,<i> </i>tree seedling establishment was successful only in forest gaps, and if livestock was excluded. In both forest and heathland rapid vegetative regeneration in the ground flora after disturbance restricted major species shifts. </span></p> <p><b>Conclusions:</b> These results suggest that the contrasting fire potential between heathland and forest, and thus the sharp tree line would be maintained, or possibly even accentuated, in the absence of livestock grazing, and that <i>Hagenia</i> colonisation upwards into the heathland is restricted not only by fire and grazing, but also the acidic soils, a legacy of centuries of <i>Erica</i> dominance.</p>
Fire exclusion changes belowground bud bank and bud-bearing organ composition jeopardizing open savanna resilience
<p>Dataset from the article: Bombo, A.B.; Appezzato-da-Glória, B.; Fidelis, A. (2022) Fire exclusion changes belowground bud bank and bud-bearing organ composition jeopardizing open savanna resilience. <em>Oecologia</em> DOI 10.1007/s00442-022-05172-1, Article type: Community ecology – original research.</p>
Data from: Fire and grazing controlling a tropical tree line: Effects of long‐term grazing exclusion in Bale Mountains, Ethiopia
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