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FIG. 5. — A in Greek khrόmis between sound and smell. Anthropozoology of a fish

FIG. 5. — A, Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758) and B, Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758) as reproduced in Aldrovandi (1613) after the original engravings in, respectively, Rondelet (1554) and Belon (1553). Notice the lack of proportion (common length for Chromis chromis is 13 cm vs 40 cm for Umbrina cirrosa; cf. Froese & Pauly 2016). Image courtesy of Biblioteca Digitale Università di Bologna.

FIG. 3 in Greek khrόmis between sound and smell. Anthropozoology of a fish

FIG. 3. — Shi drums (Umbrina cirrosa (Linnaeus, 1758)) in their natural environment (Image courtesy of Laguna Project).

FIG. 4 in Greek khrόmis between sound and smell. Anthropozoology of a fish

FIG. 4. — Brown meagres (Sciaena umbra Linnaeus, 1758) in their natural environment (Image E. Sáez Goñalons & V. Martínez Moll, wikimedia.org; CC BY 3.0).

FIG. 2. — A in Greek khrόmis between sound and smell. Anthropozoology of a fish

FIG. 2. — A, Round-based zither (kithára). Detail from a red-figure vase painting, about 430 BCE – cf. Lexicon Iconographicum Mythologiae Classicae, Apollon 691a (Image by the author); B, Wide-eyed flounder, Bothus podas (Delaroche, 1809), a fish called kítharos by the ancient Greeks for its similarity to a roundbased kithára. Cf. Guasparri 2005: 216 (Image courtesy of Laguna Project).

FIG. 1 in Greek khrόmis between sound and smell. Anthropozoology of a fish

FIG. 1 — Definiens and definiendum: a human finger compared to Solen marginatus Pulteney, 1799, one among other mollusks called dáktulos (lit. 'finger'), or όnux (lit. 'nail') in Ancient Greek – e.g., Thompson 1947: 184 (Image by the author).

FIG. 6. — A in Greek khrόmis between sound and smell. Anthropozoology of a fish

FIG. 6. — A Mediterranean damselfish (Chromis chromis (Linnaeus, 1758)) in its natural environment (Image A. Kok, wikimedia.org;

FIGURE 3 in An overview of fish bioacoustics and the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes

FIGURE 3 Schematic drawing of the ear of Gadus morhua (anterior is to the left): (a) top view of the body showing the location of the ears in the cranial cavity as well as the proximity of the rostral end of the swim bladder to the ear; (b) lateral and (c) top view of the same ear. Each ear is set at an angle relative to the midline of the fish., The otolith organs,, the semicircular canals (enlarged areas are the ampullae regions that contain the sensory cells);, the dense calcarious otolith lying in close proximity to the sensory epithelium (). Also see Figure 4. Fig. © 2018 Anthony D. Hawkins, all rights reserved

FIGURE 5 in An overview of fish bioacoustics and the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes

FIGURE 5 The sensory epithelia of the end organs of the inner ear have numerous mechanoreceptive sensory hair cells. The apical ends of these cells, directed into the lumen of the epithelia, have ciliary bundles (inserts in the figure) consisting of a single kinocilium (longest of the cilia) and graded stereocilia. Bending of the ciliary bundle during sound stimulation results in neurotransmitter release to stimulate the 8th cranial nerve. The sensory cells on the otolith maculae are organized into orientation groups, with all of the cells in each group having their kinocilia in the same general direction. In this typical saccular epithelium (anterior to the left, dorsal to the top), the cilia on the rostral end are oriented rostrally or caudally, while the cells on the caudal end are oriented dorsally and ventrally., The approximate dividing lines between orientation groups)

FIGURE 2 in An overview of fish bioacoustics and the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes

FIGURE 2 Masking in the Gadus morhua and Salmo salar by ambient noise. The thresholds were determined using a pure tone signal at a frequency of 160 Hz. The ambient noise (natural sea noise, augmented by white noise from a loudspeaker) is expressed as the spectrum level at that same frequency (dB re 1 μPa/Hz). Closed symbols, thresholds to natural levels of ambient noise; open symbols, thresholds to anthropogenic noise. n.b., The thresholds in S. salar were only influenced by high noise levels, above the natural ambient levels of noise (data from Hawkins, 1993). Fig. © 2018 Anthony D. Hawkins, all rights reserved

FIGURE 4 A in An overview of fish bioacoustics and the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes

FIGURE 4 A frontal view of the head of Gadus morhua showing a section of the saccule (). The saccular chamber is filled with perilymph and contains the otolith (), which lies close to the sensory hair cells of the epithelium (macula). The hair cells are innervated by the eighth cranial nerve. Fig. © 2018 Anthony D. Hawkins, all rights reserved

FIGURE 1 in An overview of fish bioacoustics and the impacts of anthropogenic sounds on fishes

FIGURE 1 Fish hearing sensitivity (thresholds) obtained under open sea, free-field, conditions in response to pure tone stimuli at different frequencies. The lower the thresholds (y-axis), the more sensitive the fish is to a sound. Thus, Clupea harengus has best hearing of all of these species over a wider range of frequencies. Note that the thresholds in Gadus morhua and C. harengus obtained under quiet conditions may be below natural ambient noise levels, especially at their most sensitive frequencies. In the presence of higher levels of noise, the thresholds would be raised, a phenomenon referred to as masking. Gadus morhua and C. harengus are sensitive to both sound pressure and particle motion, whereas Limanda limanda and Salmo salar are only sensitive to particle motion. The reference level for the particle velocity is based on the level that exists in a free sound field for the given sound pressure level. n.b., For the particle velocity levels in this figure to match the sound pressure levels in a free sound field it is necessary to calculate an appropriate particle velocity reference level. If the standard reference levels are used, then the curves will not match one another and so they are not included here to keep the figure relatively simple. Fig. © 2018 Anthony D. Hawkins, all rights reserved

opencc-by-4.0Jul 2023View details →

Stable isotopes reveal intertidal fish and crabs use shellfish farms as foraging habitat in Puget Sound, Washington

This is the dataset used for my second thesis chapter. The data consists of carbon and nitrogen stable isotope data collected in 3 locations in North Puget Sound in 2020-2022. Locations are Samish Bay, Padilla Bay, and Drayton Harbor. Stable isotope data is presented in standard permil format, with values referenced from the Vienna Pee Dee Belemnite and atmospheric nitrogen standards, which are the international reference standards commonly used as isotopic references for carbon and nitrogen.  Primary productivity samples, snails, oysters, and clams were collected by hand at low tide. Fish and crabs were collected via beach seine and crab pots deployed concurrently with seining.  Samples were collected either within bivalve farms, or within eelgrass meadow reference sites outside of farmed areas. All code and data necessary to reproduce the analysis is available via my Github page.  The metadata spreadsheet contains descriptions of each column in the datasheet. For more information, see my chapter 2 thesis.