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25 results for “fission fusion”
Speciation through chromosomal fusion and fission in Lepidoptera
<p>28 Mai 2020<br> Phylogenetic trees, the chromoSSE script and the input data for the chromoSSE models belonging to the publication "<strong>Speciation through chromosomal fusion and fission in <em>Lepidoptera" </em></strong>doi 10.1098/rstb.2019.0539. For more information, contact jurriaan.devos@unibas.ch or kay.lucek@unibas.ch.</p> <p>The zipped folder "trees" contains three posterior distributions of chronograms for each of 16 genera, based on a sample of 100 trees each.<br> Each tree includes the outgroup taxon, and the ingroup-outgroup split was dated based on one of three strategies:<br> - For the files named GENUS_tmax_pl.tre based on the reported maximum (oldest) age of the reported interval;<br> - For the files named GENUS_tmed_pl.tre based on the reported median age;<br> - For the files named GENUS_tmax_pl.tre based on the reported minimum (youngest) age of the reported interval.<br> Note that the outgroups were pruned prior to diversification rate analysis.<br> The median age files were used as input for the ChromoSSE analysis; all files were used an input for the analyses based on Brownian Motion.</p> <p>The file "chromoSSE.Rev" contains a script that runs the cromoSSE models.<br> Inorder to use this script RevBayes needs to be installed. This can be done by using the link: https://revbayes.github.io/download.<br> It can be run with the command line:<br> $> rb chromoSSE.Rev --args 1<br> As a argument every number between 1 and 16 can be used. And represent a genera:<br> 1 = Colias, 2 = Erebia, 3 = Eunica, 4 = Eurema, 5 = Heliconius, 6 = Ithomia, 7 = Lycaena,<br> 8 = Lysandra, 9 = Memphis, 10 = Morpho, 11 = Oleria, 12 = Papilio, 13 = Pieris,<br> 14 = Polyommatus, 15 = Pteronymia, 16 = Taygetis.<br> The process runs automatically and generates MCMC outputfiles and stores them in the directory "output".<br> Each tree that is analyzed returns three files:<br> -The files named "GENUS.ChromoSSE_anc_statesX.log" logfile of the states;<br> -The files named "GENUS.ChromoSSE_finalX.tree" tree output of the analysis;<br> -The files named "GENUS.ChromoSSE_modelX.log" logfile of the model.<br> The files can be easily accessed by using the software Tracer: https://beast.community/tracer</p> <p>The zipped folder "data" contains input files needed for the chromoSSE analysis.<br> To run each analysis a tree "GENUS.pruned.trees" and a tsv-file "GENUS.pruned.states.tsv" with the number of chromosomes per species is needed.<br> In the trees all species without a chromosom number were excluded.</p>
Do food distribution and competitor density affect agonistic behaviour within and between clans in a high fission-fusion species?
<p>Socioecological theory attributes social variation in female-bonded species to differences in within- and between-group competition, shaped by food distribution. Strong between-group contests are expected over large, monopolisable resources, but not when low-quality food is distributed across large, undefended home ranges. Within-group contests are expected to be more frequent with increasing heterogeneity in feeding sites. We tested these predictions in female Asian elephants, which show traits associated with infrequent contests – predominant graminivory, overlapping home ranges, and high fission-fusion. We examined how agonistic interactions within and between female elephant clans (social groupings) vary with food distribution and competitor density. We found stronger between-clan contests than that known from neighbouring forests and more frequent agonism between females between clans than within clans. Such strong between-clan contest is attributable to food patchiness as the Kabini grassland in the study area had three times the grass biomass as adjacent forests. Within-clan agonism was also frequent but was not influenced by food distribution, contradicting socioecological predictions. Contrary to recent claims, increasing within-clan agonism with group (party) size showed that ecological constraints operate despite high fission-fusion in Asian elephants. Thus, despite graminivory and fission-fusion, within-clan and between-clan agonism can be frequent, especially at high population density.</p>
Do food distribution and competitor density affect agonistic behaviour within and between clans in a high fission-fusion species?
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Data from: Fission–fusion processes weaken dominance networks of female Asian elephants in a productive habitat
Dominance hierarchies are expected to form in response to socioecological pressures and competitive regimes. We assess dominance relationships among free-ranging female Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) and compare them with those of African savannah elephants (Loxodonta africana), which are known to exhibit age-based dominance hierarchies. Both species are generalist herbivores, however, the Asian population occupies a more productive and climatically stable environment relative to that of the African savannah population. We expected this would lower competition relative to the African taxon, relaxing the need for hierarchy. We tested whether 1) observed dominance interactions among individuals were transitive, 2) outcomes were structured either by age or by social unit according to 4 independent ranking methods, and 3) hierarchy steepness among classes was significant using David's score. Elephas maximus displayed less than a third the number of dominance interactions as observed in L. africana, with statistically insignificant transitivity among individuals. There was weak but significant order as well as steepness among age-classes but no clear order among social units. Loxodonta africana showed significant transitivity among individuals, with significant order and steepness among age-classes and social units. Elephas maximus had a greater proportion of age-reversed dominance outcomes than L. africana. When dominance hierarchies are weak and nonlinear, signals of dominance may have other functions, such as maintaining social exclusivity. We propose that resource dynamics reinforce differences via influence on fission–fusion processes, which we term "ecological release." We discuss implications of these findings for conservation and management when animals are spatially constrained.
Daily ranging and den usage patterns structure fission-fusion dynamics and social associations in spotted hyenas
<p>Environment structure often shapes social interactions. Spatial attractors that draw multiple individuals may play a particularly important role in dispersed groups, where individuals must first encounter one another to interact. We use GPS data recorded simultaneously from five spotted hyenas (<i>Crocuta crocuta</i>) within a single clan to investigate how communal dens and daily ranging patterns shape fission-fusion dynamics (subgroup splits and merges). We introduce a species-general framework for identifying and characterizing dyadic fission-fusion events and describe a taxonomy of ten possible configurations of these events. Applying this framework to the hyena data illuminates the spatiotemporal structure of social interactions within hyenas' daily routines. The most common types of fission-fusion events involve close approaches between individuals, do not involve co-travel together, and occur at the communal den. Comparison to permutation-based reference models suggests that den usage structures broad-scale patterns of social encounters, but that other factors influence how those encounters unfold. We discuss the dual role of communal dens in hyenas as physical and social resources, and suggest that dens are an example of a general "social piggybacking" process whereby environmental attractors take on social importance as reliable places to encounter conspecifics, causing social and spatial processes to become fundamentally intertwined.</p>
Short-term, but not long-term grooming reciprocity in a species with high fission-fusion dynamics
<p>Reciprocity allows animals to balance the costs and benefits of cooperative interactions by switching roles over time. Reciprocity can be based on two different processes: partner control and partner choice. Although not mutually exclusive, the relative roles of the two processes remain debated. We investigated grooming reciprocity in wild Geoffroy's spider monkeys (<em>Ateles</em> <em>geoffroyi</em>), <span>a species with </span>low grooming rates <span>and reduced opportunities for group members to interact due to a </span>high degree of fission-fusion dynamics. We assessed separately the roles of partner control and partner choice in grooming exchanges and investigated the factors affecting reciprocity. We found short-term reciprocity based on partner-control with reciprocation occurring within 401 s after receiving grooming. In contrast, we did not find evidence for long-term reciprocity based on partner choice. Short-term reciprocity based on partner control was not affected by kinship, whereas reduced time spent together in the same subgroup increased the probability of short-term grooming reciprocation. Our results suggest the opportunity to interact is a potent modulator of reciprocity. In species characterized by a high degree of fission-fusion dynamics and low grooming rates, short-term reciprocation based on partner control can be favoured at the expense of partner choice.</p>
Data from: Fission-fusion dynamics in sheep: The influence of resource distribution and temporal activity patterns
<p><span>Fission-fusion events, i.e. changes to the size and composition of animal social groups, are a mechanism to adjust the social environment in response to short-term changes in the cost-benefit ratio of group living. Furthermore, the time and location of fission-fusion events provide insight into the underlying drivers of these dynamics. Here, we describe a method for identifying group membership over time and for extracting fission-fusion events from animal tracking data. We applied this method to high-resolution GPS data of free-ranging sheep (<em>Ovis aries</em>). Group size was highest during times when sheep typically rest (mid-day and at night), and when anti-predator benefits of grouping are high while costs of competition are low. Consistent with this, fission and fusion frequencies were highest during early morning and late evening, suggesting that social restructuring occurs during periods of high activity. However, fission and fusion events were not more frequent near food patches and water resources when adjusted for overall space use. This suggests a limited role of resource competition. Our results elucidate the dynamics of grouping in response to social and ecological drivers, and we provide a tool for investigating these dynamics in other species.</span></p>
Data from: multiexciton interactions in singlet fission and triplet fusion upconversion dendrimers
<p>Singlet fission (SF) and triplet-triplet annihilation upconversion (TTA-UC) are two multiexciton processes intimately related to the dynamic interaction between one high-lying energy singlet and two low-lying energy triplet excitons. Here, we introduce a series of dendritic macromolecules that serve as a platform to study the effect of interchromophore interactions on the dynamics of multiexciton generation and decay as a function of dendrimer generation. The dendrimers (generations 1-4) consist of trimethylolpropane (TMP) core and 2,2-bis(methylol)propionic acid (bis-MPA) dendrons that provide exponential growth of the branches, leading to a corona decorated with pentacenes for SF or anthracenes for TTA-UC. The findings reveal a trend where a few highly ordered sites emerge as the dendrimer generation grows, dominating the multiexciton dynamics, as deduced from optical spectra, and transient absorption spectroscopy. While the dendritic structures enhance TTA-UC at low annihilator concentrations in the largest dendrimers, the paired chromophore interactions induce a broadened and red-shifted excimer emission. In SF dendrimers of higher generations, the triplet dynamics become increasingly dominated by pairwise sites exhibiting strong coupling (Type II), which can be readily distinguished from sites with weaker coupling (Type I) by their spectral dynamics and decay kinetics.</p>
Daily ranging and den usage patterns structure fission-fusion dynamics and social associations in spotted hyenas
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Data from: fission-fusion dynamics in sheep: the influence of resource distribution and temporal activity patterns
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Short-term, but not long-term grooming reciprocity in a species with high fission-fusion dynamics
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Data from: multiexciton interactions in singlet fission and triplet fusion upconversion dendrimers
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Data from: Fission–fusion processes weaken dominance networks of female Asian elephants in a productive habitat
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Data from: Quantifying uncertainty due to fission-fusion dynamics as a component of social complexity
Groups of animals (including humans) may show flexible grouping patterns, in which temporary aggregations or subgroups come together and split, changing composition over short temporal scales, i.e. fission and fusion). A high degree of fission-fusion dynamics may constrain the regulation of social relationships, introducing uncertainty in interactions between group members. Here we use Shannon's entropy to quantify the predictability of subgroup composition for three species known to differ in the way their subgroups come together and split over time: spider monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi), chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes) and geladas (Theropithecus gelada). We formulate a random expectation of entropy that considers subgroup size variation and sample size, against which the observed entropy in subgroup composition can be compared. Using the theory of set partitioning, we also develop a method to estimate the number of subgroups that the group is likely to be divided into, based on the composition and size of single focal subgroups. Our results indicate that Shannon's entropy and the estimated number of subgroups present at a given time provide quantitative metrics of uncertainty in the social environment (within which social relationships must be regulated) for groups with different degrees of fission-fusion dynamics. These metrics also represent an indirect quantification of the cognitive challenges posed by socially dynamic environments. Overall, our novel methodological approach provides new insight for understanding the evolution of social complexity and the mechanisms to cope with the uncertainty that results from fission-fusion dynamics.
Data from: Do males form social associations based on sexual attractiveness in a fission-fusion fish society?
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Data from: Are fission-fusion dynamics consistent among populations? A large-scale study with Cape buffalo
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Data from: Applying the resource dispersion hypothesis to a fission–fusion society: A case study of the African lion (Panthera leo).
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Data from: Quantifying uncertainty due to fission-fusion dynamics as a component of social complexity
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Data from: Wolves at the crossroad: fission-fusion range biogeography in the Western Carpathians and Central Europe
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Data from: Similar but different: dynamic social network analysis highlights fundamental differences between the fission-fusion societies of two equid species, the onager and Grevy's zebra
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