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26 results for “flammability”
Live fuel in-flame flammability testing data
<p>Live fuel in-flame flammability testing data for white spruce in central Alberta collected in 2014</p>
Determinants of flammability in the critically imperiled pine rocklands of Long Pine Key, 2021-2023
The distribution of plant functional trait values across environmental gradients reflects species’ adaptations to local abiotic conditions. Here, we measured plant composition and plant functional traits in 272 1m2 plots across an elevational and hydrological gradient on Long Pine Key in Everglades National Park between 2021 to 2023. At each site we measured average water depth, elevation, burn frequency, and species richness. We also measured the specific leaf area (SLA), leaf dry matter content (LDMC), leaf area (LA), maximum burn temperature (Temp_C), time to ignition (Ignite) and its inverse (IgniteINV), burn duration (Time), and percent burned (Percent) of five individuals of each species found within our plots. We then used the plant functional trait values SLA, LDMC, and LA, to calculate the CSR value of each plant species found within our plots following the methodology outlined in Pierce et al. (2016). We used these data to determine the distribution of trait values across Long Pine Key and to test for correlations between classic plant functional traits and plant flammability traits. Pierce, S., D. Negreiros, B. E. Cerabolini, J. Kattge, S. Díaz, M. Kleyer, B. Shipley, S. W. Wright, N. A. Soudzilovskaia, V. G. Onipchenko, P. M. van Bodegom, C. Frenette-Dussault, E. Weiher, B. X. Pinho, J. H. C. Corelissen, J. P. Grime, K. Thompson, R. Hunt, P. J. Wilson, G. Buffa, O. C. Nyakunga, P. B. Reich, M. Caccianiga, F. Mangili, R. M. Ceriani, A. Luzzaro, G. Brusa, A. Siefert, N.P.U. Barbosa, F. S. Chapin III, W. K. Cornwell, J. Fang, G. W. Fernandes, E. Garnier, S. Le Stradic, J. Peñuelas, F. P. L. Melo, A. Slaviero, M. Tabarelli, D. Tampucci. 2017. “A global method for calculating plant CSR ecological strategies applied across biomes world‐wide.” Functional ecology 31: 444-457.
Effects of plant hydraulic traits on the flammability of live fine canopy fuels in 62 Australian plant species
<ol> <li><span>Plant species vary in how they regulate moisture and this has implications for their flammability during wildfires. We explored how fuel moisture is shaped by variation within six hydraulic traits: saturated moisture content, cell wall rigidity, cell solute potential, symplastic water fraction and tissue capacitance.</span></li> <li><span>Using pressure-volume curves, we measured these hydraulic traits distal shoots (<i>i.e.</i> twigs + leaves) in 62 plant species across four wooded communities in south-eastern Australia. For a subset of 30 of those species, we also measured hydraulic traits of twigs using moisture-release curves. Moisture content of fine fuels was then estimated for circumstances typical of fire weather. These projections were made assuming that under the hot, dry, windy conditions typical of large wildfires, leaves and fine twigs would function at internal water pressures close to wilting point (<i>i.e. </i>turgor loss point, TLP). The effect of different moisture contents at TLP on ignition time was then modelled using a fully mechanistic, finite element model of biomass ignition based on standard principles of physical chemistry.</span></li> <li><span>We also measured predawn water potential, an indication of plant access to soil water that is influenced by root architecture. These data were used to model how root traits influence fuel moisture and ignition time.</span></li> </ol>
Effects of plant hydraulic traits on the flammability of live fine canopy fuels in 62 Australian plant species
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FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database
<p><span>FLAMITS database</span> contains 19,972 records of 40 flammability variables (classified according to the measured component of flammability). For each record, relevant details of the flammability experiment are included, such as the burning device, the ignition source, and the burned plant part. In addition, FLAMITS compiles taxonomic and functional data of the studied species and information on the study site (locality, geographic coordinates, biome, biogeographic realm, and fire activity). We compiled data from 295 studies located in 39 countries and distributed across 12 biomes worldwide over the last 62.5 years (1961 to 15th May 2023). The dataset has 1790 plant taxa from 186 families, 833 genera, and 1790 species.</p>
Output data for: Flammable Futures – Storylines of climatic impacts on wildfire events and palm oil plantations in Indonesia
<p>This repository contains the output data associated with the publication "Flammable Futures – Storylines of climatic impacts on wildfire events and palm oil plantations in Indonesia". It contains the FLAM modeled burned area and the GLOBIOM output, as well as the a downscaling grid.</p> <p>Descriptions of the results can be found in the publication (DOI will follow).</p>
Leaf decomposition, flammability and functional trait data for tropical swamp forest tree species
<p>Decomposition and fire are major carbon pathways in many ecosystems, yet the contribution of species identity to these processes can be difficult to predict. Plant decomposability and flammability have usually been studied separately but could be linked through shared predictive traits. We explored how decomposability and flammability were related to each other and to key plant functional traits in a tropical swamp forest in Singapore.</p> <p>Full methodological details <em>in situ</em> decomposition experiment in Nee Soon freshwater swamp forest, Singapore, laboratory flammability experiment, and leaf functional trait measurements can be found in the published article and supporting information stated below.</p> <p>Nur E. B. Rahman, Stuart W. Smith, Weng Ngai Lam, Kwek Yan Chong, Matthias S. E. Chua, Pei Yun Teo, Daniel W. J. Lee, Shi Yu Phua, Cheryl Y. Aw, Janice S. H. Lee, David A. Wardle. Leaf decomposition and flammability are largely decoupled across species in a tropical swamp forest despite sharing some predictive leaf functional traits. <em>New Phytologist</em></p> <p>In this data repository, we have uploaded the following decomposition, flammability and trait data as well as secondary data used in our statistical analyses to generate the findings presented in the paper. Specific datasets include the following:</p> <ul> <li>litter_mass_loss.csv : raw data of leaf litterbag dry masses before and after 1 year in situ decomposition experiment in Nee Soon Swamp Forest</li> <li>flammability_leaf_temperature.csv : raw data of temperature recorded during flammability experiments of leaf litter and fresh leaves</li> <li>flammability_timings.csv : raw data of timings of flammability events, namely smouldering and pyrolysis recorded from video footage of flammability experiments</li> <li>senesced_leaf_dryweights_area.csv : senesced leaf raw data for calculating physical traits</li> <li>senesced_leaf_dryweights.csv: senesced leaf dry weights raw data</li> <li>freshtraits_measurements.csv: fresh leaf raw data for calculating physical traits</li> <li>decomposition_constants.csv: derived decomposition constants (k) for each species from the analysis of decomposition experiments.</li> <li>functional_traits_z_standardized.csv : all traits required for the analysis, consolidated following z-standardized transformation</li> <li>functional_traits_untransformed_decomposition_flammability.csv : all traits required for the analysis, untransformed (for back transforming axis labels) and species decomposition and flammability variables</li> </ul> <p>Raw leaf litter mass loss and leaf flammability data are associated meta-data file explaining the column headers and variables. For all other datasets please refer to the paper and supporting information.</p>
Data from: Genetic component of flammability variation in a Mediterranean shrub
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Leaf size and shape interact to control flammability: An experiment with artificial leaves cut from the large-leaved species Sapranthus palanga
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Data from: Climate change-driven shifts in C3 and C4 grass distributions and leaf traits could lead to changes in community-level flammability
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FLAMITS: FLAMmability plant traiTS database
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Data from: From traits to flames: Leaf traits, plant strategies, and plant flammability across a moisture gradient in a frequently burned subtropical landscape
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FIGURE 1. Vellozia pyrantha. A. Habit with marcescent and reflexed leaves without recent fire influence. B. Habit after fire and flowering. C. Orange flammable resin. D. Flowers. E. Tepal with three stamens. F. Ovary, transversal cut. G–H. Ovary, longitudinal cut. I–M. Fruits morphology variation. K. Apical slits showing seeds inside the fruit. L in Old for people, new for science: a previously undescribed species of harvested Vellozia (Velloziaceae) endemic to the Chapada Diamantina National Park, Bahia (Brazil)
FIGURE 1. Vellozia pyrantha. A. Habit with marcescent and reflexed leaves without recent fire influence. B. Habit after fire and flowering. C. Orange flammable resin. D. Flowers. E. Tepal with three stamens. F. Ovary, transversal cut. G–H. Ovary, longitudinal cut. I–M. Fruits morphology variation. K. Apical slits showing seeds inside the fruit. L. Longer fruits in population of Morro dos Ventos. N. Seeds.
Experimental evidence that leaf litter decomposability and flammability are decoupled across gymnosperm species
<p><span>1. Biological decomposition and wildfire are two predominant and alternative processes that can mineralize organic C in forest litter. Currently, the relationships between decomposition and fire are still poorly understood.</span></p> <p><span>2. We provide an empirical test of the hypothesized decoupling of surface litter bed decomposability and flammability, and the underlying traits and trait spectra.</span></p> <p><span>3. We employed a 41-species set of gymnosperms of very broad evolutionary and geographic spread, because of the wide range of (absent to frequent) fire regimes they are associated with.</span></p> <p><span>4. We found that the interspecific pattern of mass loss proportions in a "common garden" decomposition experiment was not correlated with any of the flammability parameters and an RDA analysis also showed that the decomposability and flammability of leaf litter were decoupled across species. This decoupling originates from the former depending mostly on SSS traits and the latter on PES traits and those trait spectra being virtually uncorrelated.</span></p> <p><span>5. Synthesis. Our results show that, indeed, leaf litter decomposability and flammability parameters are decoupled across species, and this decoupling can be explained by their different drivers in terms of trait spectra: chemical traits for decomposability and size-shape traits for flammability.</span></p>
Data from: Patterns of flammability after a sequence of mixed-severity wildfire in dry eucalypt forests of southern Australia
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Experimental evidence that leaf litter decomposability and flammability are decoupled across gymnosperm species
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Data from: Community-level flammability declines over 25 years of plant invasion in grasslands
1. Exotic plant invasions can alter fire regimes in plant communities. Invaders often possess traits that differ from native plants in the community, resulting in increases or declines in community-level flammability, changing fire regimes, and potentially causing long-term modifications to plant community composition. Although considering traits of multiple invaders and native species together is useful to better understand how invasions change community-level flammability, few studies have done this. 2 Measured morphological and flammability traits of 51 native and exotic plant species common in tussock grasslands in New Zealand's south-eastern South Island to examine relationships between morphology and whole-plant and shoot-level flammability. Plant community data from 103 permanent transects in this region measured over a 25 year period (c. 1982-2007) were used to determine how flammability changed with increasing levels of plant invasion. 3. Invasion by exotic plants has led to reduced community-level flammability due to shifts from native tussock grasses with high flammability and high fuel loads to mat-forming exotic forbs with low flammability and little fuel. These changes will likely lead to considerable alterations to the fire regime, resulting in lower intensity fires that burn more patchily and for shorter amounts of time, potentially causing further changes in floristic composition. We found considerable differences in flammability across the wide range of species and growth forms that we studied, emphasising the importance of quantifying species-level flammability and the need to avoid treating grasslands as homogenous in terms of their flammability. Total biomass, leaf length and leaf area were the traits most positively correlated with flammability in these tussock grasslands. 4. SYNTHESIS. We show how plant invasions over decadal timescales have reduced the community-level flammability of tussock grasslands and, for the first time, demonstrate how this can be driven by exotic forbs. The total biomass of constituent species is a useful surrogate for community flammability across a wide range of species and growth forms in both temperate grasslands and savanna ecosystems and should be used in dynamic global vegetation models to assess how flammability varies under various global change scenarios.
Data from: Fuel moisture content enhances nonadditive effects of plant mixtures on flammability and fire behavior
Fire behavior of plant mixtures includes a complex set of processes for which the interactive contributions of its drivers, such as plant identity and moisture, have not yet been unraveled fully. Plant flammability parameters of species mixtures can show substantial deviations of fire properties from those expected based on the component species when burnt alone; that is, there are nonadditive mixture effects. Here, we investigated how fuel moisture content affects nonadditive effects in fire behavior. We hypothesized that both the magnitude and variance of nonadditivity in flammability parameters are greater in moist than in dry fuel beds. We conducted a series of experimental burns in monocultures and 2‐species mixtures with two ericaceous dwarf shrubs and two bryophyte species from temperate fire‐prone heathlands. For a set of fire behavior parameters, we found that magnitude and variability of nonadditive effects are, on average, respectively 5.8 and 1.8 times larger in moist (30% MC) species mixtures compared to dry (10% MC) mixed fuel beds. In general, the moist mixtures caused negative nonadditive effects, but due to the larger variability these mixtures occasionally caused large positive nonadditive effects, while this did not occur in dry mixtures. Thus, at moister conditions, mixtures occasionally pass the moisture threshold for ignition and fire spread, which the monospecific fuel beds are unable to pass. We also show that the magnitude of nonadditivity is highly species dependent. Thus, contrary to common belief, the strong nonadditive effects in mixtures can cause higher fire occurrence at moister conditions. This new integration of surface fuel moisture and species interactions will help us to better understand fire behavior in the complexity of natural ecosystems.
Data from: Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species
1. Tropical grasses fuel the majority of fires on Earth. In fire-prone landscapes, enhanced flammability may be adaptive for grasses via the maintenance of an open canopy and an increase in spatiotemporal opportunities for recruitment and regeneration. In addition, by burning intensely but briefly, high flammability may protect resprouting buds from lethal temperatures. Despite these potential benefits of high flammability to fire-prone grasses, variation in flammability among grass species, and how trait differences underpin this variation, remains unknown. 2. By burning leaves and plant parts, we experimentally determined how five plant traits (biomass quantity, biomass density, biomass moisture content, leaf surface-area-to-volume ratio and leaf effective heat of combustion) combined to determine the three components of flammability (ignitability, sustainability and combustibility) at the leaf and plant scales in 25 grass species of fire-prone South African grasslands at a time of peak fire occurrence. The influence of evolutionary history on flammability was assessed based on a phylogeny built here for the study species. 3. Grass species differed significantly in all components of flammability. Accounting for evolutionary history helped to explain patterns in leaf-scale combustibility and sustainability. The five measured plant traits predicted components of flammability, particularly leaf ignitability and plant combustibility in which 70% and 58% of variation, respectively, could be explained by a combination of the traits. Total above-ground biomass was a key driver of combustibility and sustainability with high biomass species burning more intensely and for longer, and producing the highest predicted fire spread rates. Moisture content was the main influence on ignitability, where species with higher moisture contents took longer to ignite and once alight burnt at a slower rate. Biomass density, leaf surface-area-to-volume ratio and leaf effective heat of combustion were weaker predictors of flammability components. 4. Synthesis. We demonstrate that grass flammability is predicted from easily measurable plant functional traits and is influenced by evolutionary history with some components showing phylogenetic signal. Grasses are not homogenous fuels to fire. Rather, species differ in functional traits that in turn demonstrably influence flammability. This diversity is consistent with the idea that flammability may be an adaptive trait for grasses of fire-prone ecosystems.
Data from: Determinants of flammability in savanna grass species
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