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Fig. 5 in Fish beta diversity responses to environmental heterogeneity and flood pulses are different according to reproductive guild

Fig. 5. Relationship between beta diversity (mean distance to centroid), environmental heterogeneity and period of the hydrological cycle. a. Beta diversity of non-migratory fish species with external fertilization and parental care (NEFC); b. beta diversity of non-migratory fish species with internal fertilization (NIF).

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Fig. 4 in Fish beta diversity responses to environmental heterogeneity and flood pulses are different according to reproductive guild

Fig. 4. Beta diversity variation among the guilds. The boxes represent the interquartile ranges, the horizontal lines indicate the medians, the bars indicate the minimum and maximum values, and the closed diamonds represent the mean beta diversity of each guild. LMEF: long-distance migratory and external fertilization; NEFC: non-migratory with external fertilization and parental care; NEFW: nonmigratory with external fertilization without parental care; NIF: non-migratory with internal fertilization; DET: detritivorous; HER: herbivorous; INS: insectivorous; INV: invertivorous; ONI: omnivorous; and PIS: piscivorous.

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Fig. 2 in Fish beta diversity responses to environmental heterogeneity and flood pulses are different according to reproductive guild

Fig. 2. Hydrometric-level (a) and environmental heterogeneity (b) variation between 2000 and 2012 in the Paraná River. The horizontal black dashed line indicates the flood level of the floodplain. Source: ANA - Estação Fluviométrica of Porto São José, PR.

FIGURE 4 in Dietary shift of a pimelodid catfish in response to the flood pulse in the Xingu River

FIGURE 4 | Trophic niche breadth of Pimelodus blochii collected in different hydrological periods in the middle Xingu River region (Eastern Amazon, Brazil). Based on centroid distances between groups from the Permutational Multivariate Dispersion Analysis (PERMDISP).

FIGURE 3 in Dietary shift of a pimelodid catfish in response to the flood pulse in the Xingu River

FIGURE 3 | Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling (nMDS) graphical representation of the diet of Pimelodus blochii collected in different hydrological periods in the middle Xingu River region, Eastern Amazon, Brazil.

FIGURE 2 in Dietary shift of a pimelodid catfish in response to the flood pulse in the Xingu River

FIGURE 2 | Alimentary index (Ai) of the diet of Pimelodus blochii collected in different hydrological periods in the middle Xingu River region, Eastern Amazon, Brazil. *Less than 5% of contribution.

FIGURE 1 in Dietary shift of a pimelodid catfish in response to the flood pulse in the Xingu River

FIGURE 1 | Map depicting the Volta Grande do Xingu (Xingu River, Brazil), with emphasis on the reduced flow section created by the construction of the Belo Monte Dam (including the Pimental Dam). The orange circles represent the sampling sites where Pimelodus blochii specimens were collected, and the arrows indicate the direction of water flow. The orange star and triangle represent the Pimental Dam and the Belo Monte Dam, respectively.

Fig. 4 in Effects of the interannual variations in the flood pulse mediated by hypoxia tolerance: the case of the fish assemblages in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Fig. 4. Ordination of the samples of the upper Paraná River floodplain, through the detrended correspondence analysis (DCA), in years of short (diamond: 2000 white, 2001 gray) and moderate floods (square: 2002 gray, 2003 black). Numbers 1-6 are codes of the sampling stations (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 5 in Effects of the interannual variations in the flood pulse mediated by hypoxia tolerance: the case of the fish assemblages in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Fig. 5. Fish assemblage attributes in the main habitats of the upper Paraná River floodplain in years of short (2000 and 2001) and moderate (2002 and 2003) floods. The black area of the bars represents the proportion of STH. Numbers 1-6 on the abscissa are codes of the sampling stations (see Fig. 1).

Fig. 2 in Effects of the interannual variations in the flood pulse mediated by hypoxia tolerance: the case of the fish assemblages in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Fig. 2. Monthly (a) and daily level (b, between January and March) of the upper Paraná River recorded in Porto São José municipality. In b (right axis), the number of days between January and March, when the upper Paraná River surpassed the threshold of 350 cm (horizontal braked line). The years 2000 and 2001 were considered as years of short floods and 2002 and 2003 as years of moderate floods. Source: National Department of Waters and Electric Energy.

Fig. 6 in Effects of the interannual variations in the flood pulse mediated by hypoxia tolerance: the case of the fish assemblages in the upper Paraná River floodplain

Fig. 6. Relationships between each assemblage attribute and dissolved oxygen, in years of short (white) and moderate floods (black). Attributes where either calculated for the entire fish assemblage (STH+SIH) (a-c) and for the subsets of STH (d-f) and SIH (g-i). Numbers 1-6 are codes of the sampling stations (see Fig. 1).

FIGURE 2 in Flood pulse influence on the feeding ecology of two Amazonian auchenipterid catfishes

FIGURE 2 | Graphic representation of the Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of the diet composition of Auchenipterus nuchalis (A) from the Xingu River (Eastern Amazon, Brazil). Colors represent the hydrological seasons: flood (blue), dry (red), and filling (green). The contribution of the main food items is expressed according to the circle size (B – terrestrial insects; C – aquatic insects; and D – crustaceans). The purple color represents an overlap of dry and flood samples.

FIGURE 6 in Flood pulse influence on the feeding ecology of two Amazonian auchenipterid catfishes

FIGURE 6 | Infographic summarizing the feeding ecology of Auchenipterus nuchalis and Tocantinsia piresi from the Xingu River, Eastern Amazon, Brazil.

FIGURE 5 in Flood pulse influence on the feeding ecology of two Amazonian auchenipterid catfishes

FIGURE 5 | Variation in the Repletion Index (RI%) of Auchenipterus nuchalis (A–C) and Tocantinsia piresi (B–D) from the Xingu River (Eastern Amazon, Brazil). Black line represents the linear regression model (C–D).

FIGURE 1 in Flood pulse influence on the feeding ecology of two Amazonian auchenipterid catfishes

FIGURE 1 | Study area on the middle Xingu River (Eastern Amazon, Brazil). The black dots represent the sampling sites, and the arrows indicate the direction of the water flow. Black triangle = Altamira municipality; black star = Belo Monte Dam.

FIGURE 4 in Flood pulse influence on the feeding ecology of two Amazonian auchenipterid catfishes

FIGURE 4 | Alimentary index (Ai%) values of the autochthonous (dark gray) and allochthonous (light gray) items of the diet of Auchenipterus nuchalis (A) and Tocantinsia piresi (B) from the Xingu River (Eastern Amazon, Brazil). The dotted line represents the fluviometric variation. Asterisks indicate the months which was not obtained the minimal specimens numbers required to obtain the alimentary index.

FIGURE 3 in Flood pulse influence on the feeding ecology of two Amazonian auchenipterid catfishes

FIGURE 3 | Graphic representation of the Principal Coordinates Analysis (PCoA) of the diet composition of Tocantinsia piresi (A) from the Xingu River (Eastern Amazon, Brazil). Colors represent the hydrological seasons: flood (blue), ebb (yellow), and filling (green). The contribution of the main food items is expressed according to the circle size (B – fruits and seeds; C – aquatic insects; and D – fish).

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Fig. 6 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 6. Above: Retreat of the Pilcomayo River and dynamic creation of new flood plains due to self-blockage (silting up) of the river channel. This caused a retreat of hundreds of kilometers of the choke point in a few decades (indicated by the black arrow) and an upstream migration of the flood plains. Bullets indicate migrating Sábalo population in the Pilcomayo River (white) and Sábalo population in the La Plata basin (black). Below: Breakthrough of Pilcomayo River bank inundating new areas in the Chaco floodplain area.

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Fig. 5 in Population dynamics of the migratory fish Prochilodus lineatus in a neotropical river: the relationships with river discharge, flood pulse, El Niño and fluvial megafan behaviour

Fig. 5. (a) Mean annual discharge and Sábalo catches over the years in the Pilcomayo River near Villa Montes. (b) Calculated and observed Sábalo catches based on the data presented in Fig. 4a. Correlations were obtained by stepwise multiple linear regression with backward selection (SPSS v. 15.0). The river discharge of the seven preceding years (Y1-Y7) plus the current year (Y0) were used in the analyses. The solid line is based upon the years 1980-2006. The dashed line is based upon the years 1997-2007. (c) Observed Sábalo catches plotted against the calculated Sábalo catches for the years 1980-1996 and 1997- 2006. Data of Sábalo catches and mean river discharges were obtained from Proyecto Pilcomayo (Tarija, Bolivia).