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Linked collectors and determiners for: Supplementary description of floral characters and nomenclatural note for the rare maple Acer yui W. P. Fang (Sapindaceae) from western China.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Supplementary description of floral characters and nomenclatural note for the rare maple Acer yui W. P. Fang (Sapindaceae) from western China". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/7000f6e8-f821-42c4-98a0-7dcbf8dfa935">https://bionomia.net/dataset/7000f6e8-f821-42c4-98a0-7dcbf8dfa935</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/7000f6e8-f821-42c4-98a0-7dcbf8dfa935">https://gbif.org/dataset/7000f6e8-f821-42c4-98a0-7dcbf8dfa935</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Phylogeny and floral character evolution of Mentzelia section Bicuspidaria (Loasaceae)
<p><i>Mentzelia</i> section <i>Bicuspidaria</i> (Loasaceae) is a monophyletic group of desert ephemerals that inhabit the complex, heterogeneous landscapes of the southwestern United States and northwestern Mexico. To investigate species circumscriptions and evolutionary relationships in <i>Bicuspidaria</i>, we employed phylogeny reconstructions based on DNA sequences from the plastid <i>trnL-trnF</i>, <i>trnS-trnfM</i>, <i>ndhF-rpl32</i>, and <i>rpl32-trnL</i> regions and the nuclear ribosomal ITS and ETS regions. Due to evidence of discordant relationships reconstructed from the plastid and nuclear partitions, we used coalescent-based methods in addition to concatenated data sets to estimate the species tree. Maximum likelihood reconstructions based on the combined plastid and nuclear data and coalescent-based reconstructions inferred congruent, fully-resolved species-level phylogenies of section <i>Bicuspidaria</i>. A monophyletic section <i>Bicuspidaria</i> was composed of two main clades, which corresponded to a clade of species endemic to the United States composed of <i>M. reflexa</i>, <i>M. tricuspis</i>,<i> </i>and <i>M. tridentata</i> that was sister to a clade of species at least partially distributed in Mexico, composed of <i>M. hirsutissima</i> and <i>M. involucrata</i>. Despite the unusual floral morphology of <i>M. reflexa</i>, molecular reconstructions placed <i>M. reflexa</i> sister to <i>M. tridentata</i>. All species of <i>Bicuspidaria</i> were monophyletic, except for <i>M. hirsutissima</i>, which was composed of two distinct lineages and paraphyletic with respect to <i>M. involucrata</i>. The northern clade of <i>M. hirsutissima</i> from California and Baja California was sister to <i>M. involucrata</i>, and both, in turn, were sister to a geographically disjunct southern clade of <i>M. hirsutissima</i> from Baja California Sur and Cedros Island. These phylogeny reconstructions provide evidence for the inclusion of five species in section <i>Bicuspidaria</i> and have uncovered cryptic diversity that has been largely unrecognized. Character state reconstructions based on the phylogeny of section <i>Bicuspidaria</i> suggest innovative and, at times, homoplasious floral evolution.</p>
FIG. 4 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 4. — Gynoecium conditions (cont.): A, B, the ventral carpellary bundles in the form of ventral cord that separated into two distinct masses (each one arising from the fusion of two ventrals) (Sutera cordata Kuntze); C, the ventral carpellary bundies in the form of two distinct masses one for each carpel (Russelia equisetiformis Schlecht. & Cham.); D, E, the ventral carpellary bundles fused in the form of ventral cord above (Verbascum letourneuxii Asch. & Schweinf.); F, G, the ventral carpellary bundles in the form of four ventral bundles at the beginning and fused into two at a higher level (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.)); H-J, the ventral carpellary bundles originated from staminal carpellary vascular supply (Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nábělek); K, the non-vascularized nectariferous disc (Anarrhinum pubescens); L, the vascularized nectariferous disc (Digitalis purpurea L.). Abbreviations: D.C.B., dorsal carpellary bundle; D.C.M., dorsal carpellary mass; D.C.T., dorsal carpellary trace; L.C.B., lateral carpellary bundle; N.D., nectariferous disc; N.D.Bs., nectariferous disc bundles; St.B., staminal bundle; St.C.Vs., staminal carpellary vascular supply; St.Lc.C., staminal lateral carpellary complex; V.C.B., ventral carpellary bundle; V.Co., ventral cord. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 3 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 3. — Gynoecium conditions: A, the anterior dorsal carpellary bundle arose from the stele, while the posterior dorsal carpellary bundle arose from the staminal dorsal carpellary complex (Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen. Hort. ex Loudon); B, the lateral carpellary bundles originated from the central stele and staminal lateral carpellary complex (Anarrhinum pubescens) (two per each carpel); C, D, the lateral carpellary bundles originated from the ramification of the dorsal carpellary mass (two per each carpel) (Veronica anagalloides Guss.); E, F, the lateral carpellary bundles originated from the ramification of the dorsal carpellary mass (four per each one) (Sutera cordata Kuntze); G, H, each carpel has two lateral carpellary bundles, one from staminal carpellary complex and one from staminal lateral carpellary mass (Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nábělek); I-L, each carpel has two carpellary bundles, one originated from dorsal carpellary mass, and one from both the central stele and dorsal carpellary mass (Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.). Abbreviations: D.C.B., dorsal carpellary bundle; D.C.M., dorsal carpellary mass; D.C.T., dorsal carpellary trace; L.C.B., lateral carpellary bundle; L.C.T., lateral carpellary trace; St.B., staminal bundle; St.C.Vs., staminal carpellary vascular supply; St.Dc.C., staminal dorsal carpellary complex; St.Lc.C., staminal lateral carpellary complex; St.Vc.C., staminal ventral carpellary complex; V.C.B., central carpellary bundle; V.Co., ventral cord. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 2 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 2. — Androecium conditions: A, five staminal traces splitted from the central stele supplying five fertile stamens (Verbascum letourneuxii Asch. & Schweinf.); B, posterior staminal trace suppressed in corolla tube (Antirrhinum majus L.); C, posterior staminal trace represented by staminode (Russelia equisetiformisSchlecht.& Cham.); D-F, five staminal traces diverged from both staminal dorsal carpellary complex and staminal lateral carpellary complex, and staminal ventral carpellary complex (Kickxia aegyptiaca (L.) Nábělek); G, five staminal traces diverging from staminal lateral carpellary complex and central stele (Linaria maroccana Hook.f.); H, five stamina traces diverged from sepal median staminal complexes, the posterior one suppressed in the corolla tube while the other four enter the four fertile stamens (Scrophularia xanthoglossa Boiss.); I, J, four staminal traces splitted from the central stele (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.)); K, four staminal traces splitted from the central stele and staminal lateral carpellary complex (Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.); L, two staminal traces diverged from the central stele (Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.). Abbreviations:D.C.B., dorsal carpellary bundle; D.C.T., dorsal carpellary trace; L.C.B., lateral carpellary bundle; L.C.T., lateral carpellary trace; N.D., nectariferous disc; P.B., petal bundle; P.Sma.C., petal sepal marginal complex; P.T., petal trace; S.Ma.B., sepal marginal bundle; S.M.B., sepal median bundle; St.B., staminal bundle; St.C.Vs., staminal carpellary vascular supply; St.Dc.C., staminal dorsal carpellary complex; St.Lc.C., staminal lateral carpellary complex; St.T., staminal trace; Stn, staminode; V.C.B., ventral carpellary bundle; V.C.T., ventral carpellary trace. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
FIG. 1 in Diversity and evolutionary trends in the floral characters of some taxa of Scrophulariaceae sensu lato
FIG. 1. — Receptacle, calyx and corolla conditions: A, receptacle vascular supply shows continuous siphonostelic structure (Anarrhinum pubescens Fresen. Hort. ex Loudon); B, C, sepal median bundle diverged from sepal median-staminal complex (Scrophularia xanthoglossa Boiss.); D, E, sepal marginal bundles came from the central stele (Paulownia tomentosa (Thunb.)); F, G, sepal marginal bundles came from petal-sepal marginal complex (Kickxia aegyptiaca); H, sepal marginal bundles came from both petal-sepal marginal complexes and sepal median bundle, and the petal trace derived from petal-sepal marginal complex (Torenia fournieri Linden ex E. Fourn.); I, J, petal supplied by a single trace, derived from the central stele, then branched into several accessory bundles in the corolla tube (Paulownia tomentosa); K, L, petal trace derived from both petal-sepal marginal complex and central stele (Veronica anagallis-aquatica L.). Abbreviations: P.B., petal bundle; P.M.B., petal median bundle; P.Sma.C., petal sepal marginal complex; P.T., petal trace; S.Ma.B., sepal marginal bundle; S.Ma.T., sepal marginal trace; S.M.B., sepal median bundle; Siph., siphonostele; Sm.St.C., sepal median staminal complex; St.T., staminal trace. Scale bars: 0.5 mm.
Phylogeny and floral character evolution of Mentzelia section Bicuspidaria (Loasaceae)
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Character displacement drives floral variation in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) communities
<p><span>Interactions between plant community members are an underexplored driver of angiosperm floral variation. We investigate character displacement as a potential contributor to floral variation in <i>Pelargonium</i> communities. Pelargoniums all place pollen on the ventral sides of their pollinators, potentially leading to interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) in sympatry. We show that the positions of pollen placement and receipt are determined by anther and style exsertion lengths. Using field experiments, we demonstrate that heterospecific species experience high IPT if they have similar style lengths. In contrast, heterospecific species with greater style length differences experience less IPT. Using crosses, we show that IPT has negative consequences on seed set. In combination, these results suggest that character displacement in style length is likely to reduce IPT and increase female fitness in sympatry. Patterns of style length variation across twenty-nine different <i>Pelargonium</i> communities suggest that character displacement has occurred in multiple communities. Furthermore, analyses using a wide-ranging species pair show that style lengths are more different between sympatric populations than they are between allopatric populations. In addition to pollinators as agents of floral divergence, this study suggests that variation in <i>Pelargonium</i> community structure has driven style length variation through character displacement.Interactions between plant community members are an underexplored driver of angiosperm floral variation. We investigate character displacement as a potential contributor to floral variation in <i>Pelargonium</i> communities. Pelargoniums all place pollen on the ventral sides of their pollinators, potentially leading to interspecific pollen transfer (IPT) in sympatry. We show that the positions of pollen placement and receipt are determined by anther and style exsertion lengths. Using field experiments, we demonstrate that heterospecific species experience high IPT if they have similar style lengths. In contrast, heterospecific species with greater style length differences experience less IPT. Using crosses, we show that IPT has negative consequences on seed set. In combination, these results suggest that character displacement in style length is likely to reduce IPT and increase female fitness in sympatry. Patterns of style length variation across twenty-nine different <i>Pelargonium</i> communities suggest that character displacement has occurred in multiple communities. Furthermore, analyses using a wide-ranging species pair show that style lengths are more different between sympatric populations than they are between allopatric populations. In addition to pollinators as agents of floral divergence, this study suggests that variation in <i>Pelargonium</i> community structure has driven style length variation through character displacement.</span></p>
Character displacement drives floral variation in Pelargonium (Geraniaceae) communities
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FIGURE 2. Acer yui. A in Supplementary description of floral characters and nomenclatural note for the rare maple Acer yui W.P.Fang (Sapindaceae) from western China
FIGURE 2. Acer yui. A. Habitat; B. Flowering plant; C. Trunks showing the bark; D. Branchs with inflorescence; E. Leaf blade variations. F. Infructescence; G. Abaxial leaf surface.
FIGURE 3. Acer yui. A in Supplementary description of floral characters and nomenclatural note for the rare maple Acer yui W.P.Fang (Sapindaceae) from western China
FIGURE 3. Acer yui. A. Male flower branch; B. Female flower branch; C. Inflorescence with staminate flowers; D. Involucrate bracts; E. A pistillate flower; F. Sepals of a female flower; G. Petals of pistillate flower; H. Ovary and staminodes of a pistillate flower; I. A staminate flower; J. Sepals of a staminate flower; K. Petals of a staminate flower; L. Stamens and disk of a staminate flower.
FIGURE 6 in Rediscovery of Styrax buchananii and S. chrysocarpus, with supplemental descriptions adding fruit and floral characters, respectively
FIGURE 6. Styrax chrysocarpus from Malipo County, Yunnan, China. A. Leaf blades in adaxial (left) and abaxial (right) view. B. Flower (apical view). C. Flower (lateral view). D. Calyx (lateral view). E. Stamen (lateral view). F. Ovary and style. G. Fruit (lateral view). H. Seed (lateral view). Note: a, d, g show the indumentum on the abaxial surface of the leaf blade, calyx and pericarp, respectively. All photographs by R. Zhang except B, C, E and F by X.X. Zhu.
FIGURE 5 in Rediscovery of Styrax buchananii and S. chrysocarpus, with supplemental descriptions adding fruit and floral characters, respectively
FIGURE 5. Styrax chrysocarpus from Malipo County, Yunnan, China. A. Habit. B. Flowering branchlet. C. Fruiting branchlet. A and C from R. Zhang et al. zrr2 (JXAU), B from E.D. Liu et al. LiuED6087 (KUN). Photographs A and C by R. Zhang, and B by X.X. Zhu.
FIGURE 3 in Rediscovery of Styrax buchananii and S. chrysocarpus, with supplemental descriptions adding fruit and floral characters, respectively
FIGURE 3. Styrax buchananii from Yingjiang County, Yunnan, China. A. Habit, the arrow shows S. buchananii. B. Flowering branchlet. C. Fruiting branchlets. A and C from R. Zhang et al. zrr14 (JXAU), B from W.Y. Zhao & F. Ye zwy-1606 (JXAU). Photographs A and C by R. Zhang, and B by W.Y. Zhao.
FIGURE 4 in Rediscovery of Styrax buchananii and S. chrysocarpus, with supplemental descriptions adding fruit and floral characters, respectively
FIGURE 4. Styrax buchananii from Yingjiang County, Yunnan, China. A. Leaf blades in adaxial (left) and abaxial (right) view. B. Flower (lateral view). C. Flower (lateral view). D. Calyx (lateral view). E. Stamen (lateral view). F. Fruit (lateral view). G. Fruit cut longitudinally to show thick pericarp. H. Seed (lateral view). a, d, f show indumentum on the abaxial surface of leaf blade, calyx and pericarp, respectively. All photographs by R. Zhang except B, C and E by W. Y. Zhao.
FIGURE 2 in Rediscovery of Styrax buchananii and S. chrysocarpus, with supplemental descriptions adding fruit and floral characters, respectively
FIGURE 2. Specimens of Styrax buchananii (A, C) and S. chrysocarpus (B, D). A. China, Yunnan, Yingjiang County, W.Y. Zhao & F. Ye zwy-1608 (SYS). B. China, Yunnan, Malipo County, E.D. Liu et al. LiuED6087 (KUN). C. China, Yunnan, Yingjiang County, R. Zhang et al. zrr14 (JXAU). D. China, Yunnan, Malipo County, R. Zhang et al. zrr2 (JXAU).
FIGURE 1 in Rediscovery of Styrax buchananii and S. chrysocarpus, with supplemental descriptions adding fruit and floral characters, respectively
FIGURE 1. Holotype sheets of Styrax buchananii (E. M. Buchanan 51, E00105737) (A) and S. chrysocarpus (H. T. Tsai 62505, A00018412) (B).
Reproductive character displacement and potential underlying drivers in a species-rich and florally diverse lineage of tropical angiosperms (Ruellia; Acanthaceae)
Reproductive character displacement is a pattern whereby sympatric lineages diverge more in reproductive character morphology than allopatric lineages. This pattern has been observed in many plant species, but comparably few have sought to disentangle underlying mechanisms. Here, in a diverse lineage of Neotropical plants (Ruellia; Acanthaceae), we present evidence of reproductive character displacement in a macroevolutionary framework (i.e., among species) and document mechanistic underpinnings. In a series of inter-specific hand pollinations in a controlled glasshouse environment, we found that crosses between species that differed more in overall flower size, particularly in style length, were significantly less likely to produce viable seeds. Further, species pairs that failed to set seed were more likely to have sympatric distributions in nature. Competition for pollinators and reinforcement to avoid costly inter-specific mating could both result in these patterns and are not mutually exclusive processes. Our results add to growing evidence that reproductive character displacement contributes to exceptional floral diversity of angiosperms.
FIGURE 4 in Supplementary description of floral characters and nomenclatural note for the rare maple Acer yui W.P.Fang (Sapindaceae) from western China
FIGURE 4. Distribution map of Acer yui (green triangle stands for the site with specimen record).
FIGURE 1 in Supplementary description of floral characters and nomenclatural note for the rare maple Acer yui W.P.Fang (Sapindaceae) from western China
FIGURE 1. One of the isolectotype of Acer yui at PE (PE00023478).
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