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38 results for “flower evolution”
Genomic incongruence accompanies the evolution of flower symmetry in Eudicots: a case study in the poppy family (Papaveraceae, Ranunculales)
<p>Nuclear and plastid datasets and phylogenomic workflow associated to "Genomic Incongruence Accompanies the Evolution of Flower Symmetry in Eudicots: a case study in the poppy family (Papaveraceae, Ranunculales)", published in <em>Frontiers in Plant Science </em>15:1340056.<br>This compressed file (poppy_repo.zip) contains a markdown readme file (poppy_readme.md) describing the phylogenomic workflow followed, as well as two dataset folders (poppy_nuc and poppy_pl) divided into four (aln_nuc, gtr_nuc, sptr_nuc, and chrono_nuc) and three (aln_pl, sptr_pl, and chrono_pl) subfolders, respectively.<br>The nuclear folder (poppy_nuc) comprises shrunk and trimmed alignments (aln_nuc), ML gene trees (gtr_nuc), coalescent species trees (sptr_nuc), and a time tree (chrono_nuc).<br>The plastid folder (poppy_pl) comprises shrunk and trimmed alignments (aln_pl), a concatenated ML species tree (sptr_pl), and a time tree (chrono_pl).<br>The research article is available at https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/plant-science/articles/10.3389/fpls.2024.1340056 (doi: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1340056).</p>
Do flower-colonizing microbes influence floral evolution? A test with fast-cycling Brassica
<p>Pollinators are thought to be the main drivers of floral evolution. Flowers are also colonized by abundant communities of microbes that can affect the interaction between plants and their pollinators. Very little is known, however, about how flower-colonizing microbes influence floral evolution. Here we performed a six-generation experimental evolution study using fast-cycling <em>Brassica rapa</em>, in which we factorially manipulated the presence of pollinators and flower microbes to determine how pollinators and microbes interact in driving floral evolution. We measured the evolution of six morphological traits, as well as plant mating system and flower attractiveness. Only one of the six traits (flower number) evolved in response to pollinators, while microbes did not drive the evolution of any trait, nor did they interact with pollinators in driving evolution of morphological traits. Moreover, we did not find evidence that pollinators or microbes affected the evolution of flower attractiveness to pollinators. However, we found an interactive effect of pollinators and microbes on the evolution of autonomous selfing, a trait that is expected to evolve in response to pollinator limitation. Overall, we found only weak evidence that microbes mediate floral evolution. However, our ability to detect an interactive effect of pollinators and microbes might have been limited by weak pollinator-mediated selection in our experimental setting. Our results contrast with previous (similar) experimental evolution studies, highlighting the susceptibility of such experiments to drift and to experimental artefacts.</p>
Linked collectors and determiners for: Impatiens smetsiana, another example of convergent evolution of flower morphology in Impatiens.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Impatiens smetsiana, another example of convergent evolution of flower morphology in Impatiens". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/12519b86-b0a3-4b15-b713-f447c1eae8ab">https://bionomia.net/dataset/12519b86-b0a3-4b15-b713-f447c1eae8ab</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/12519b86-b0a3-4b15-b713-f447c1eae8ab">https://gbif.org/dataset/12519b86-b0a3-4b15-b713-f447c1eae8ab</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Data from: How important are functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution? An empirical test with the stomatal anatomy of flowering plants
<p>Quantifying the relative contribution of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic variation is a longstanding goal of macroevolution, but it is often difficult to distinguish different types of constraints. Alternatively, selection can limit phenotypic (co)variation if some trait combinations are generally maladaptive. The anatomy of leaves with stomata on both surfaces (amphistomatous) presents a unique opportunity to test the importance of functional and developmental constraints on phenotypyic evolution. The key insight is that stomata on each leaf surface encounter the same functional and developmental constraints, but potentially different selective pressures because of leaf asymmetry in light capture, gas exchange, and other features. Independent evolution of stomatal traits on each surface implies that functional and developmental constraints alone likely do not explain trait covariance. Packing limits on how many stomata can fit into a finite epidermis and cell-size-mediated developmental integration are hypothesized to constrain variation in stomatal anatomy. The simple geometry of the planar leaf surface and knowledge of stomatal development makes it possible to derive equations for phenotypic (co)variance caused by these constraints and compare them with data. We analyzed evolutionary covariance between stomatal density and length in amphistomatous leaves from 236 phylogenetically independent contrasts using a robust Bayesian model. Stomatal anatomy on each surface diverges partially independently, meaning that packing limits and developmental integration are not sufficient to explain phenotypic (co)variation. Hence, (co)variation in ecologically important traits like stomata arises in part because there is a limited range of evolutionary optima. We show how it is possible to evaluate the contribution of different constraints by deriving expected patterns of (co)variance and testing them using similar but separate tissues, organs, or sexes.</p>
Data from: How important are functional and developmental constraints on phenotypic evolution? An empirical test with the stomatal anatomy of flowering plants
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Do flower-colonizing microbes influence floral evolution? A test with fast-cycling Brassica
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Data from: Rapid evolution of flower phenology and clonality in restored populations of multiple grassland species
<ol> <li>Restoration of terrestrial ecosystems often requires re-introduction of plants. In restored sites, the plants often face environments that differ from those of natural populations. This can affect plant traits, reduce performance and impose novel selection pressures. As a response, restored populations might rapidly evolve and adapt to the novel conditions. This may enhance population survival and contribute to restoration success but has been rarely tested so far.</li> <li>Here, we focused on populations of three grassland species restored 20 years ago (<em>Galium wirtgenii, Inula salicina </em>and<em> Centaurea jacea</em>) by the transfer of green hay, and compared them with donor populations that were the source of the hay. We measured plants both in situ and in a common garden under control and three stress conditions.</li> <li>In-situ, plants in restored sites flowered earlier than plants in donor sites in two out of the three species. In the common garden, plants from the restored populations flowered earlier (in <em>Galium</em>) or showed increased plasticity of clonal propagation in response to clipping (in <em>Inula</em>). Both these traits suggest rapid adaptation to the contrasting mowing regimes in restored in comparison to the donor sites. In <em>Centaurea</em>, we detected no differentiation, neither in situ nor in the common garden.</li> <li> <em>Synthesis and applications</em>: Grassland plants introduced into degraded habitats within the framework of ecological restoration may quite commonly evolve in response to novel selection pressures at restored sites. This rapid evolution likely increases the plant's adaptation to the new conditions of the restored grassland and thus enhances the likelihood of survival of the population and ultimately restoration success. While most practitioners do not consider evolution to be part of restoration, our finding highlights that restored populations of grassland species can be systems with considerable eco-evolutionary dynamics.</li> </ol>
Relaxed selection and the evolution of Chasmogamous flower of Impatiens capensis
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>We exploited ecotypic variation in <i>Impatiens capensis</i> to test the hypothesis that mutation accumulation accompanying relaxed selection on the chasmogamous (CH) flower leads to more variable flower shapes and smaller flowers. Sun ecotype populations of this species occur along sunny riverbanks and marshes and produce both CH and cleistogamous (CL) flowers, while shade ecotype populations occur in shady forest floors and produce only CL flowers. In the shade ecotype, it is assumed that selection on the CH flower has been relaxed. Seedlings from population samples of the two ecotypes exhibited different first internode growth responses to low ratio of red:far-red light characteristic of ecotypic differentiation to either sunny or shady conditions, helping to verify historical illumination conditions in the populations. We examined the CH floral mutation accumulation hypothesis by comparing the shape and size of the modified CH flower sepal under greenhouse conditions that triggered CH flowering in plants of both ecotypes. Contrary to our predictions, geometric morphometric analysis of sepal shape variation levels indicated little difference between the shade and sun ecotypes. We suggest that mutations that influence CH flower shape may have pleiotropic effects on structures or processes that remain under selection even when the CH flowers are not produced. On the other hand, sepal size was significantly smaller in the shade ecotype populations. In the case of CH sepal size, the mutational effects appear to be directional, towards the production of smaller sepals, and likely would be deleterious if shade ecotype plants encountered sunnier conditions where CH flowers could be produced. </span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Data from: Rapid evolution of flower phenology and clonality in restored populations of multiple grassland species
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Data from: The role of breakpoint mutations, supergene effects, and ancient nested rearrangements in the evolution of adaptive chromosome inversions in the yellow monkey flower, Mimulus guttatus
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Data from: Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the evolution and development of flower size in Saltugilia (Polemoniaceae)
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Data and code from: Widespread evolution of poricidal flowers: A striking example of morphological convergence across flowering plants
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Relaxed selection and the evolution of Chasmogamous flower of Impatiens capensis
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Data from: Phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution contribute to advancing flowering phenology in response to climate change
Anthropogenic climate change has already altered the timing of major life history transitions, such as the initiation of reproduction. Both phenotypic plasticity and adaptive evolution can underlie rapid phenological shifts in response to climate change but their relative contributions are poorly understood. Here, we combine a continuous 38-year field survey with quantitative genetic field experiments to assess adaptation in the context of climate change. We focused on Boechera stricta (Brassicaeae), a mustard native to the U.S. Rocky Mountains. Flowering phenology advanced significantly from 1973-2011, and was strongly associated with warmer temperatures and earlier snowmelt dates. Strong directional selection favored earlier flowering in contemporary environments (2010-2011). Climate change could drive this directional selection, and promote even earlier flowering as temperatures continue to increase. Our quantitative genetic analyses predict a response to selection of 0.2 to 0.5 days acceleration in flowering per generation, which could account for more than 20% of the phenological change observed in the long-term dataset. However, the strength of directional selection and the predicted evolutionary response are likely much greater now than even 30 years ago because of rapidly changing climatic conditions. We predict that adaptation will likely be necessary for long-term in situ persistence in the context of climate change.
Data from: Water availability as an agent of selection in introduced populations of Arabidopsis thaliana: impacts on flowering time evolution
Flowering is one of the most influential events in the life history of a plant and one of the main determinants of reproductive investment and lifetime fitness. It is also a highly complex trait controlled by dozens of genes. Understanding the selective pressures influencing time to flowering, and being able to reliably predict how it will evolve in novel environments, are unsolved challenges for plant evolutionary geneticists. Using the model plant species, Arabidopsis thaliana, we examined the impact of simulated high and low winter precipitation levels on the flowering time of naturalized lines from across the eastern portion of the introduced North American range, and the fitness consequences of early versus late flowering. Flowering time order was significantly correlated across two environments—in a previous common garden experiment and in environmental chambers set to mimic mid-range photoperiod and temperature conditions. Plants in low water flowered earlier, had fewer basal branches and produced fewer fruits. Selection in both treatments favored earlier flowering and more basal branches. Our analyses revealed an interaction between flowering time and water treatment for fitness, where flowering later was more deleterious for fitness in the low water treatment. Our results are consistent with the hypothesis that differences in winter precipitation levels are one of the selective agents underlying a flowering time cline in introduced A. thaliana populations.
Data from: Molecular evolution of anthocyanin pigmentation genes following losses of flower color
Background: Phenotypic transitions, such as trait gain or loss, are predicted to carry evolutionary consequences for the genes that control their development. For example, trait losses can result in molecular decay of the pathways underlying the trait. Focusing on the Iochrominae clade (Solanaceae), we examine how repeated losses of floral anthocyanin pigmentation associated with flower color transitions have affected the molecular evolution of three anthocyanin pathway genes (Chi, F3h, and Dfr). Results: We recovered intact coding regions for the three genes in all of the lineages that have lost floral pigmentation, suggesting that molecular decay is not associated with these flower color transitions. However, two of the three genes (Chi, F3h) show significantly elevated dN/dS ratios in lineages without floral pigmentation. Maximum likelihood analyses suggest that this increase is due to relaxed constraint on anthocyanin genes in the unpigmented lineages as opposed to positive selection. Despite the increase, the values for dN/dS in both pigmented and unpigmented lineages were consistent overall with purifying selection acting on these loci. Conclusions: The broad conservation of anthocyanin pathway genes across lineages with and without floral anthocyanins is consistent with the growing consensus that losses of pigmentation are largely achieved by changes in gene expression as opposed to structural mutations. Moreover, this conservation maintains the potential for regain of flower color, and indicates that evolutionary losses of floral pigmentation may be readily reversible.
Data from: Correlated evolution of mating system and floral display traits in flowering plants and its implications for the distribution of mating system variation
Reduced allocation to structures for pollinator attraction is predicted in selfing species. We explored the association between outcrossing and floral display in a broad sample of angiosperms. We used the demonstrated relationship to test for bias against selfing species in the outcrossing rate distribution, the shape of which has relevance for the stability of mixed mating. Relationships between outcrossing rate, flower size, flower number and floral display, measured as the product of flower size and number, were examined using phylogenetically independent contrasts. The distribution of floral displays among species in the outcrossing rate database was compared with that of a random sample of the same flora. The outcrossing rate was positively associated with the product of flower size and number; individually, components of display were less strongly related to outcrossing. Compared with a random sample, species in the outcrossing rate database showed a deficit of small floral display sizes. We found broad support for reduced allocation to attraction in selfing species. We suggest that covariation between mating systems and total allocation to attraction can explain the deviation from expected trade-offs between flower size and number. Our results suggest a bias against estimating outcrossing rates in the lower half of the distribution, but not specifically against highly selfing species.
FIGURE 9. Helonias yunnanensis var. mesostyla. A. Flower with frontal tepal and stamen removed. B. Pistil. C. Fruit with persistent floral parts. One frontal tepal removed. D. Two seeds. A, B from N in Taxonomy, evolution and phylogeography of the genus Helonias (Melanthiaceae) revisited
FIGURE 9. Helonias yunnanensis var. mesostyla. A. Flower with frontal tepal and stamen removed. B. Pistil. C. Fruit with persistent floral parts. One frontal tepal removed. D. Two seeds. A, B from N Myanmar (Kermode 17139, holotype, K-001235138). C, D from Yunnan, China (Gaoligongshan Biodiversity Survey 32015, GH-00292433). Scale on right corner for B and D. Drawn by Noriyuki Tanaka.
Intraspecific independent evolution of floral spur length in response to local flower visitor size in Japanese Aquilegia in different mountain regions
<p>Geographic differences in floral traits may reflect geographic differences in effective pollinator assemblages. Independent local adaptation to pollinator assemblages in multiple regions would be expected to cause parallel floral trait evolution, although sufficient evidence for this is still lacking. In this study, we investigated the relationship between flower spur length and pollinator size in 16 populations of <i>Aquilegia buergeriana </i>var.<i> buergeriana</i> distributed in four mountain regions in the Japanese Alps. We also examined the genetic relationship between yellow- and red-flowered individuals, to see if color differences caused genetic differentiation by pollinator isolation. Genetic relationships among 16 populations were analyzed based on genome-wide single-nucleotide polymorphisms. Even among populations within the same mountain region, pollinator size varied widely, and the average spur length of <i>A. buergeriana</i> var. <i>buergeriana</i> in each population was strongly related to the average visitor size of that population. Genetic relatedness between populations was not related to the similarity of spur length between populations; rather, it was related to the geographic proximity of populations in each mountain region. Our results indicate that spur length in each population evolved independently of the population genetic structure but in parallel in different mountain regions. Further, yellow- and red-flowered individuals of <i>A. buergeriana</i> var. <i>buergeriana</i> were not genetically differentiated. Unlike other <i>Aquilegia</i> species in Europe and America visited by hummingbirds and hawkmoths, this species is consistently visited by bumblebees in Japan. As a result, genetic isolation by flower color has not occurred.</p>
Ancient hybridization leads to the repeated evolution of red flowers across a monkeyflower radiation
<p>The re-use of old genetic variation can promote rapid diversification in evolutionary radiations, but in most cases, the historical events underlying this divergence are not known. For example, ancient hybridization can generate new combinations of alleles that sort into descendant lineages, potentially providing the raw material to initiate divergence. In the <em>Mimulus</em> <em>aurantiacus</em> species complex, there is evidence for widespread gene flow among members of this radiation. In addition, allelic variation in the <em>MaMyb2</em> gene is responsible for differences in flower color between the closely related ecotypes of subspecies <em>puniceus</em>, contributing to reproductive isolation by pollinators. Previous work suggested that <em>MaMyb2</em> was introgressed into the red-flowered ecotype of <em>puniceus</em>. However, additional taxa within the radiation have independently evolved red flowers from their yellow-flowered ancestors, raising the possibility that this introgression had a more ancient origin. In this study, we used repeated tests of admixture from whole-genome sequence data across this diverse radiation to demonstrate that there has been both ancient and recurrent hybridization in this group. However, most of the signal of this ancient introgression has been removed due to selection, suggesting that widespread barriers to gene flow are in place between taxa. Yet, a roughly 30 kb region that contains the <em>MaMyb2</em> gene is currently shared only among the red-flowered taxa. Patterns of admixture, sequence divergence, and extended haplotype homozygosity across this region confirm a history of ancient hybridization, where functional variants have been preserved due to positive selection in red-flowered taxa but lost in their yellow-flowered counterparts. The results of this study reveal that selection against gene flow can reduce genomic signatures of ancient hybridization, but that historical introgression can provide essential genetic variation that facilitates the repeated evolution of phenotypic traits between lineages.</p>
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