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41 results for “flower size”
Data from: Transcriptome analysis of apical meristem enriched bud samples for size dependent flowering commitment in Crocus sativus reveal role of sugar and auxin signalling
<p><strong>Background</strong></p> <p>Cultivation of <em>Crocus sativus</em> (saffron) faces challenges due to inconsistent flowering patterns and variations in yield. Flowering takes place in a graded way with smaller corms unable to produce flowers. Enhancing the productivity requires a comprehensive understanding of the underlying genetic mechanisms that govern this size based flowering initiation and commitment. Therefore, samples enriched with non-flowering and flowering apical buds from small (<6g) and large (>14g) corms were sequenced. </p> <p><strong>Methods and Results</strong></p> <p>Apical bud enriched samples from small and large corms were collected immediately after break of dormancy in July. RNA sequencing was performed using Illumina Novaseq 6000. <em>De-novo</em> transcriptome assembly and analysis using flowering committed buds from large corms at post-dormancy and their comparison with vegetative shoot primordia from small corms pointed out the major role of Auxin and ABA hormonal regulation. Many genes with known dual responses in flowering development and circadian rhythm like Flowering locus T and Cryptochrome 1 along with a transcript showing homology with small auxin upregulated RNA (SAUR) exhibited induced expression in flowering buds. Thorough prediction of <em>Crocus sativus</em> non-coding RNA repertoire has been carried out for the first time. Enolase was found to be acting as a major hub with protein-protein interaction analysis using Arabidopsis counterparts.</p> <p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p> <p>Transcripts belong to key pathways including phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, hormone signaling and carbon metabolism were found significantly modulated. KEGG assessment and protein-protein interaction analysis confirm the expression data. Findings unravel the genetic determinants driving the size-dependent flowering in <em>Crocus sativus</em>.</p>
How early does the selfing syndrome arise? Associations between selfing ability and flower size within populations of the mixed mater Collinsia verna
<p>Widespread associations between selfing rate and floral size within and among taxa suggest that these traits may evolve in concert. Does this association develop immediately, because of shared genetic/developmental control, or stepwise with selection shaping the evolution of one trait following the other? If the former, then association ought to appear within and across populations. We explore this fundamental question in three populations of the mixed-mater Collinsia verna where autonomous selfing (AS) ability has been shown to be under selection by the pollination environment. We grew clonal replicates of C. verna in a controlled environment to characterize broad-sense genetic correlations among traits within populations and to assess whether divergence in mating system and floral traits among these populations is consistent with their previously observed selection pressures. As predicted by their respective pollination environments, we demonstrate significant genetic divergence among populations in AS ability. However, patterns of divergence in floral traits (petal, stamen, and style size, stigmatic receptivity, and stigma-anther distance) were not as expected. Within populations, genetic variation in AS appeared largely independent from floral traits, except for a single weak negative association in one population between flower size and AS rate. Together, these results suggest that associations between selfing rate and floral traits across Collinsia species are not reflected at microevolutionary scales. If C. verna were to continue evolving toward the selfing syndrome, floral trait evolution would likely follow stepwise from mating system evolution.</p>
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of multicarpellate and apocarpous floral structures from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (a, b: PP43701, Puddledock sample 001; c: PP43000x, Puddledock sample 073). a) Anacostia? sp., strongly compressed, elongated receptacle with spirally arranged carpels (red dots; not all shown); note larger size compared to the other floral structures; b) Numerous Anacostia type pollen grains in proximal view from the base of floral structure in (a); note graded reticulum over the proximal pole of the pollen grains; c) Elongated receptacle with numerous carpels in a spiral arrangement, possibly representing an earlier developmental stage of Anacostia? sp. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, c), 10 µm (b). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of multicarpellate and apocarpous floral structures from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (a, b: PP43701, Puddledock sample 001; c: PP43000x, Puddledock sample 073). a) Anacostia? sp., strongly compressed, elongated receptacle with spirally arranged carpels (red dots; not all shown); note larger size compared to the other floral structures; b) Numerous Anacostia type pollen grains in proximal view from the base of floral structure in (a); note graded reticulum over the proximal pole of the pollen grains; c) Elongated receptacle with numerous carpels in a spiral arrangement, possibly representing an earlier developmental stage of Anacostia? sp. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, c), 10 µm (b).
How early does the selfing syndrome arise? Associations between selfing ability and flower size within populations of the mixed mater Collinsia verna
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Data from: Variation in flower size and shape of Impatiens capensis is correlated with urbanization in Montreal, Canada
<p><span>Urbanization is changing the conditions in which many species live, forcing them to adjust to these novel environments. Floral size and shape are critical traits for the reproduction of plants pollinated by animals as they are involved in the attraction of pollinators and in efficient pollination. Variation in size and shape could be affected by urbanization via its modification of the abiotic environment (habitat fragmentation, water availability, temperature, soil properties), or via its impact on the biotic environment of plants (pollination, herbivory). Although numerous studies have assessed the impact of urbanization on pollinator communities and on many plant traits, few have investigated its impact on floral size and shape while quantifying the proportion of the total urbanization effect that is due to biotic interactions. In this study, we tested if urbanization and pollinator visitation rates affects the flower shape of the spotted jewelweed, <em>Impatiens capensis</em>. We quantified size and shape of flowers in frontal and profile views using geometric morphometrics for 228 individuals from six populations from the region of Montreal, Canada. Pollinator visitation rates were estimated at each site and the main pollinators were found to be bumblebees, honeybees and hummingbirds. We found that floral size and shape are significantly correlated with urbanization as measured by the amount of vegetation in the surrounding environment of the plants (mean normalized vegetation index, NDVI) and by the visitation rates of bumblebees and honey bees. Partitioning of the total flower shape variation suggests that urbanization affects flower shape through abiotic factors and via its impact on pollinator visitation rates. While further studies from other cities are necessary to confirm the role of urbanization in shaping the floral shape of <em>I. capensis</em>, these results support the idea that urbanization could affect flower shapes.</span></p>
Dataset for: Intraspecific size shifts in generalist bumblebees and flowers lead to low functional consequences
<p>Body size is a trait that can affect plant-pollinator interaction efficiency and plant reproductive success. We explored the impact of intraspecific size shifts on the interactions between pollinators and flowering plants under controlled conditions. We considered two development conditions leading to the production of large and small individual flowers of <em>Borago</em> <em>officinalis</em> and <em>Echium</em> <em>plantagineum</em>. We also used the natural variability of worker size within bumblebee colonies to isolate small and large workers. We performed a fully crossed experiment with the two flower sizes of each plant species, and the two sizes of bumblebee workers. Our results show that the size of both partners did not affect bee foraging behavior in most of the evaluated parameters, and both bee sizes were equally efficient in depositing pollen. Significant differences were found only in the pollen deposition across the life of a flower in small flowers of <em>B. officinalis</em>, with the greatest quantity of pollen deposited by small bees. We did not find a relationship between pollinator size and plant fitness. Our results suggest that generalist plant-pollinator interactions may be resilient to future potential mismatches in the size of the partners, but remain to be tested if they are still resilient under the new environmental conditions resulting from global changes.</p>
Data from: Variation in flower size and shape of Impatiens capensis is correlated with urbanization in Montreal, Canada
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Dataset for: Intraspecific size shifts in generalist bumblebees and flowers lead to low functional consequences
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Data from: Comparative transcriptomic analysis of the evolution and development of flower size in Saltugilia (Polemoniaceae)
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Evolutionary constraints and adaptation shape the size and colour of rain forest fruits and flowers at continental scale
<p><span><b>Aim:</b> Large-scale patterns in flower and fruit traits provide critical insights into selection processes and the evolutionary history of plant lineages. To isolate and identify the role of selective pressures including different plant-animal interactions, and the factors driving trait evolution, we investigate convergence and divergence between flower and fruit traits in shared environments.</span></p> <p><span><b>Location:</b> Australia to Southeast Asia.</span></p> <p><span><b>Time period: </b>Eocene (~45 My) to Present.</span></p> <p><span><b>Major taxa studied:</b> Woody angiosperm rainforest species (2248 species, 133 families).</span></p> <p><span><b>Methods: </b>Using a continental scale data set for all woody angiosperm species in the Australian rainforest (1816 free-standing and 432 climbing species) we compare the colour and size of fleshy fruits and flowers in relation to life form (trees/shrubs and vines), species biogeographic histories and origins (Sunda vs<i>.</i> Sahul), and bio-regional distributions.</span></p> <p><span><b>Results</b><b>:</b> Fleshy fruits in the Australian rainforest are mostly small, with a diversity of colours (<30mm; 81%), while flowers are mostly small (<10mm; 65%) and whitish (~80%). Compared to trees and shrubs, climbing species showed a higher proportion of red fleshy fruits, and large coloured flowers. Small whitish flowers were dominant across lineages from different biogeographic origins (Sunda-Sahul) and geographical regions, while both small and large fleshy fruits retained a range of disperser attractant colours.</span></p> <p><span><b>Main conclusions:</b> Continental scale size and colour characteristics of flowers and fleshy fruits differed despite sharing environments with similar abiotic selective pressures through time. Plant-animal interactions including pollination and dispersal likely mediate different evolutionary outcomes for plant traits, and reflect both adaptation and evolutionary constraints.</span></p>
FIGURE 4. Apostasia fogangica. A. Flowering and fruiting plant. B. Inflorescence. C. Flower, front view. D. Flower, side view. E in Morphological, genome-size and molecular analyses of Apostasia fogangica (Apostasioideae, Orchidaceae), a new species from China
FIGURE 4. Apostasia fogangica. A. Flowering and fruiting plant. B. Inflorescence. C. Flower, front view. D. Flower, side view. E. Stamen and style, showing the stigma with a cavity. F. Column, showing honey in the nectary. G. Anthers, back view. H. Fruits. I. Flowering and fruiting plant of A. shenzhenica.
FIGURE 3. Apostasia fogangica. A. Flowering plant. B. Flower, front view. C. Flower, side view. D. Sepal and petal. E in Morphological, genome-size and molecular analyses of Apostasia fogangica (Apostasioideae, Orchidaceae), a new species from China
FIGURE 3. Apostasia fogangica. A. Flowering plant. B. Flower, front view. C. Flower, side view. D. Sepal and petal. E. Column, stamen and style, front view. F. Column, stamen and style, back view. G. Column, stamen and style, side view.
FIGURE 2. Size comparisons. Praxelis capillaris A. flower. B. style branches. C. fruit. P in A new species of the Cerrado in Brazil
FIGURE 2. Size comparisons. Praxelis capillaris A. flower. B. style branches. C. fruit. P. macrocarpa sp. nov. D. flower. E. style branches. F. fruit.
Data from: Within-species tradeoffs in plant-stimulated soil enzyme activity and growth, flowering and seed size
1. Soil microbial communities affect species demographic rates of plants. In turn, plants influence the composition and function of the soil microbiome, potentially resulting in beneficial feedbacks that alter their fitness and establishment. For example, differences in the ability to stimulate soil enzyme activity among plant lineages may affect plant growth and reproduction. 2. We used a common garden study to test differences in plant-stimulated soil enzyme activity between lineages of the same species across developmental stages. 3. Lineages employed different strategies whereby growth, days to flowering and seed size traded-off with plant-stimulated soil enzyme activity. Specifically, the smaller seeded lineage stimulated more enzyme activity at the early stage of development and flowered earlier while the larger seeded lineage sustained lower but consistent enzyme activity through development. 4. We suggest that these lineages, which are both successful invaders, employ distinct strategies (a colonizer and a competitor) and differ in their influence on soil microbial activity. Synthesis. The ability to influence the soil microbial community by plants may be an important trait that trades-off with other growth, flowering and seed size for promoting plant establishment, reproduction and invasion.
FIGURE 5 in Measuring relative flower size in Anthurium (Araceae) as a continuous quantitative character
FIGURE 5. Comparison of relative flower size (RFS) between spadix zones within three populations of Anthurium erskinei and A. talmonii. Boxplots show untransformed RFS values. Populations: ersk_Lencois: A. erskinei, Lençóis; talm_Lencois: A. talmonii, Lençóis; talm_Mucuge: A. talmonii, Mucugê. Computed in R (R Core Team. 2013).
FIGURE 2. Anthurium talmonii. A in Measuring relative flower size in Anthurium (Araceae) as a continuous quantitative character
FIGURE 2. Anthurium talmonii. A. Natural population in habitat on rock outcrops. B. Spadix in close-up showing the flowers. C. Inflorescence rotated to a horizontal position, showing the spadix and the three spadix zones sampled for flower and spadix diameter measurements. Ba: Base zone. d: spadix diameter. M: Middle zone. U: Upper zone. w: flower transverse width. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (B and C); 10.0 cm (A).
FIGURE 1. Anthurium erskinei. A in Measuring relative flower size in Anthurium (Araceae) as a continuous quantitative character
FIGURE 1. Anthurium erskinei. A. Natural population in habitat on rock outcrops. B. Spadix in close-up showing the flowers. C. Inflorescence rotated to a horizontal position, showing the spadix, spathe and the three spadix zones sampled for flower and spadix diameter measurements. Ba: Base zone. d: spadix diameter. M: Middle zone. U: Upper zone. w: flower transverse width. Scale bars: 1.0 cm (B and C); 10.0 cm (A).
FIGURE 4 in Measuring relative flower size in Anthurium (Araceae) as a continuous quantitative character
FIGURE 4. Comparison of relative flower size (RFS) in three populations (one of Anthurium erskinei and two of A. talmonii). Boxplots show RFS values plotted as natural logarithms to achieve homogeneity of variances. Populations: ersk_Lencois: A. erskinei, Lençóis; talm_Lencois: A. talmonii, Lençóis; talm_Mucuge: A. talmonii, Mucugê. Computed in R (R Core Team 2013).
FIGURE 6 in Measuring relative flower size in Anthurium (Araceae) as a continuous quantitative character
FIGURE 6. Comparison of relative flower size (RFS) in three populations of Anthurum erskinei and A. talmonii. Left Column: original RFS values. Right Column: bootstrapped mean RFS values (means of 10,000 samples of 25 RFS values, with replacement). Populations:- ersk_Lencois: A. erskinei, Lençóis; talm_Lencois: A. talmonii, Lençóis; talm_Mucuge: A. talmonii, Mucugê. Computed in R (R Core Team 2013).
FIGURE 3 in Measuring relative flower size in Anthurium (Araceae) as a continuous quantitative character
FIGURE 3. Phenological phases in Anthurium talmonii (A–F) and A. erskinei (G–L) respectively, with the enlarged detail. Pre-anthesis (A, G); Female anthesis (B, H); Male anthesis (C, I); Post-anthesis (D, J); Pre-fruiting (E, K), Fruiting (F, L). Scale bars: 1.0 cm. Photos by T.A. Pontes©, except F (macro): L. Pataro©.
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