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46 results for “flower structure”
Data From: Inflorescence and flower development in Orchidantha chinensis T. L. Wu (Lowiaceae; Zingiberales): similarities to inflorescence structure in the Strelitziaceae
<p>The monotypic Lowiaceae remains the least known family in the plant order Zingiberales, yet it holds an important key to unraveling the phylogenetic placement of the families Musaceae, Heliconiaceae, Strelitziaceae, and Lowiaceae. After nine phylogenetic studies the (Lowiaceae, Strelitziaceae) clade is the only stable clade that has emerged in this half of the order. This study was undertaken to verify the unusual inflorescence and flower structure in Orchidantha, and to search for new characters that might be used in future phylogenetic analyses. We describe both inflorescence and flower development in a previously unstudied species, confirm inflorescence morphology in the genus, and compare the structure of the inflorescence in the Lowiaceae with that of the Strelitziaceae, its potential sister group. </p> <p>The inflorescence of Orchidantha is born at the end of a vegetative shoot and is composed of two lateral branches that each bear four bracts and a single flower, before aborting. The fourth bract and its associated flower form the highly reduced flower cluster (florescence) that characterizes this genus. In technical terms Orchidantha has a polytelic synflorescence that lacks a main florescence (it has a truncated polytelic synflorescence) and bears solitary flowers in coflorescences on determinate enriching branches. The enriching branches produce a fixed number of bracts before aborting (i.e., they are special paracladia). Many of these features are shared with the Strelitziaceae.</p> <p>Similarities between the Lowiaceae and Strelitziaceae include inflorescence structure, the presence of a long prolongation of the ovary, and a delay in the formation of the third sepal during flower development, a character that is also shared with the Musaceae. Inflorescence and flower structure is now well established in this small, but important family.</p>
Fig. 1. – Flower structure. A in Scrophularia longiflora Benth. and S. nana Stiefelh. (Scrophulariaceae), two distinct species from Iran, confused under the name S. farinosa Boiss.
Fig. 1. – Flower structure. A. Scrophularia longiflora Benth.; B. Scrophularia nana Stiefelh. [A: Ranjbar 35993, BASU; B: Ranjbar 26927, BASU]
Data from: Drastic shift in flowering phenology of F1 hybrids explains the population structure of Imperata cylindrica in Japan
<p>Hybridization is a major source of phenotypic variation and a driving force for evolution. On the other hand, these novel traits can often disrupt adaptive relationships between the parental phenotypes and their environments. However, it remains unclear how new hybrid traits disrupt local adaptation. Here, we report how a new phenotype of hybrids between two ecotypes of Imperata cylindrica contributes to rapid reproductive isolation from their parents and affects hybrid fitness.</p> <p>We analyzed 350 accessions of I. cylindrica collected from the 1980s to the 2010s throughout Japan to explore the genetic population structure of the hybrids. We surveyed flowering periods, seed sets, and germination of two ecotypes and their hybrids in both natural habitats and common gardens.</p> <p>Genetic analyses of population structure revealed that the hybrid populations consisted of only F1 individuals, without post-F1 hybrids. The flowering phenology of the F1 plants was delayed to autumn, 5–6 months later than the parental ecotypes.</p> <p>The drastic shift in flowering phenology prevents F1s from backcrossing. In addition, it changes their seed dispersal time to winter. Germination is inhibited by low temperatures, and the seeds likely decay before the next spring, resulting in the absence of an F2 generation. For the first time in the field, we found environmental mismatch of F1 as a specific mechanism for the maintenance of only F1 populations.</p> <p>Synthesis. We have demonstrated that this flowering phenology mismatch promotes reproductive isolation between the parents and F1s and affects various temporal components of the hybrids, resulting in a unique hybrid population consisting only of F1s. This system sheds light on the importance of hybrid traits in terms of rapid reproductive isolation.</p>
Text-fig. 2. SEM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Flowers in oblique lateral view showing remains of calyx and slightly semi-inferior ovary with elongated apical style (a); note larger openings in the floral tissue (asterisk) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities and the stomata-like secretory structures on the upper portion of the ovary (arrows) that are interpreted as nectariferous (b). c: Detail of ovary surface showing secretory stomata-like structures (arrows). d: Flower in lateral view showing fragmentary calyx and broken slightly semi-inferior ovary with secretory stomata-like structures; note the point of attachment of the central placenta (pl). e: Cluster of seeds removed from the ovary in (d) showing reticulate surface. f: Outer (abaxial) surface of calyx lobe showing the slightly pointed papillae and scattered, fine trichomes (arrows). g: Triaperturate pollen grains from the ovary surface. Specimens, Mira 100-S153146 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c), Mira 100-S101266 (d, e), Mira 105-S100732 (f), Mira 100-S170125 (g). Scale bars = 600 µm (a, b, d), 300 µm (f), 100 µm (c, e), 10 µm (g). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 2. SEM images of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Flowers in oblique lateral view showing remains of calyx and slightly semi-inferior ovary with elongated apical style (a); note larger openings in the floral tissue (asterisk) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities and the stomata-like secretory structures on the upper portion of the ovary (arrows) that are interpreted as nectariferous (b). c: Detail of ovary surface showing secretory stomata-like structures (arrows). d: Flower in lateral view showing fragmentary calyx and broken slightly semi-inferior ovary with secretory stomata-like structures; note the point of attachment of the central placenta (pl). e: Cluster of seeds removed from the ovary in (d) showing reticulate surface. f: Outer (abaxial) surface of calyx lobe showing the slightly pointed papillae and scattered, fine trichomes (arrows). g: Triaperturate pollen grains from the ovary surface. Specimens, Mira 100-S153146 (a, b), Mira 100-S170155 (c), Mira 100-S101266 (d, e), Mira 105-S100732 (f), Mira 100-S170125 (g). Scale bars = 600 µm (a, b, d), 300 µm (f), 100 µm (c, e), 10 µm (g).
Text-fig. 1. SEM images of flowers of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Flowers in lateral view showing elongated pedicel, narrowly triangular sepals and elongated protruding style (a); note the large openings in the floral tissue and pedicel (asterisks) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities. c: Flower in lateral view with portion of the calyx missing exposing the ovary wall and slightly raised nectariferous ring with probable stomata-like secretory structures (arrow). d: Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and three of the five tepals; note the elongated narrowly triangular form of the sepals. e: Flower in oblique lateral view with portion of the calyx missing exposing the ovary and elongated style. f, g: Flowers in apical view showing the bases of five sepals (f) and apex of the five-parted ovary; note larger openings in the floral tissue (asterisk) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities. Specimens, Mira 100-S170155 (a, holotype), Mira 100-S153145 (b, c, g), Mira 100- S101267 (d), Mira 105-S100732 (e), Mira 100-S101268 (f). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–g). in Early Flowers Of Primuloid Ericales From The Late Cretaceous Of Portugal And Their Ecological And Phytogeographic Implications
Text-fig. 1. SEM images of flowers of Miranthus elegans gen. et sp. nov.; Mira locality, Portugal. a, b: Flowers in lateral view showing elongated pedicel, narrowly triangular sepals and elongated protruding style (a); note the large openings in the floral tissue and pedicel (asterisks) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities. c: Flower in lateral view with portion of the calyx missing exposing the ovary wall and slightly raised nectariferous ring with probable stomata-like secretory structures (arrow). d: Flower in lateral view showing long pedicel and three of the five tepals; note the elongated narrowly triangular form of the sepals. e: Flower in oblique lateral view with portion of the calyx missing exposing the ovary and elongated style. f, g: Flowers in apical view showing the bases of five sepals (f) and apex of the five-parted ovary; note larger openings in the floral tissue (asterisk) interpreted as schizogenous secretory cavities. Specimens, Mira 100-S170155 (a, holotype), Mira 100-S153145 (b, c, g), Mira 100- S101267 (d), Mira 105-S100732 (e), Mira 100-S101268 (f). Scale bars = 600 µm (a–g).
Fig. 1. – Flower structure. A. Scrophularia sulaimanica S.A in Taxonomic revision of the broad-margined calyx species of Scrophularia (Scrophulariaceae) in Iran, with one new species
Fig. 1. – Flower structure. A. Scrophularia sulaimanica S.A. Ahmad; B. Scrophularia haematantha Boiss. & Heldr.; C. Scrophularia kollakii S.A. Ahmad; D. Scrophularia mesopotamica Boiss.; E. Scrophularia pruinosa Boiss.; F. Scrophularia rosulata Stiefelh.; G. Scrophularia sanguinea Grau; H. Scrophularia sardashtensis Ranjbar & Rahch.; I. Scrophularia valida Grau.
FIGURE 59. Claiborne Undetermined Structure 4 in Fruits, seeds and flowers from the Bovay and Bolden clay pits (early Eocene Tallahatta Formation, Claiborne Group), northern Mississippi, USA
FIGURE 59. Claiborne Undetermined Structure 4, UF15737-008228. Specimen showing scale-like, irregular hexagonal surface pattern of the structure. Scale bar equals 0.25 mm.
FIGURE 56. Claiborne Undetermined Structure 1 in Fruits, seeds and flowers from the Bovay and Bolden clay pits (early Eocene Tallahatta Formation, Claiborne Group), northern Mississippi, USA
FIGURE 56. Claiborne Undetermined Structure 1 (1-2), UF15737-059229, 059229'. Specimen showing a median ridge on part and a median groove on the counterpart. Scale bar equals 1 mm.
FIGURE 57. Claiborne Undetermined Structure 2 in Fruits, seeds and flowers from the Bovay and Bolden clay pits (early Eocene Tallahatta Formation, Claiborne Group), northern Mississippi, USA
FIGURE 57. Claiborne Undetermined Structure 2, UF15737-059297. Specimen showing a symmetric structure with a central groove. Scale bar equals 2 mm.
FIGURE 58. Claiborne Undetermined Structure 3 in Fruits, seeds and flowers from the Bovay and Bolden clay pits (early Eocene Tallahatta Formation, Claiborne Group), northern Mississippi, USA
FIGURE 58. Claiborne Undetermined Structure 3, UF15737-059244. Specimen showing linear, basally fused units encircling a central area. Note that the apices of the linear units (indicated by arrows) are curved into the matrix. Scale bar equals 1 mm.
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of multicarpellate and apocarpous floral structures from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (a, b: PP43701, Puddledock sample 001; c: PP43000x, Puddledock sample 073). a) Anacostia? sp., strongly compressed, elongated receptacle with spirally arranged carpels (red dots; not all shown); note larger size compared to the other floral structures; b) Numerous Anacostia type pollen grains in proximal view from the base of floral structure in (a); note graded reticulum over the proximal pole of the pollen grains; c) Elongated receptacle with numerous carpels in a spiral arrangement, possibly representing an earlier developmental stage of Anacostia? sp. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, c), 10 µm (b). in Multiparted, Apocarpous Flowers From The Early Cretaceous Of Eastern North America And Portugal
Text-fig. 6. Scanning electron micrographs of multicarpellate and apocarpous floral structures from the Early Cretaceous Puddledock locality, Virginia, USA (a, b: PP43701, Puddledock sample 001; c: PP43000x, Puddledock sample 073). a) Anacostia? sp., strongly compressed, elongated receptacle with spirally arranged carpels (red dots; not all shown); note larger size compared to the other floral structures; b) Numerous Anacostia type pollen grains in proximal view from the base of floral structure in (a); note graded reticulum over the proximal pole of the pollen grains; c) Elongated receptacle with numerous carpels in a spiral arrangement, possibly representing an earlier developmental stage of Anacostia? sp. Scale bars = 1 mm (a, c), 10 µm (b).
Text-fig. 43. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy SRXTM images of "Tricarpellate flower sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the apical projection of the carpels and the semiinferior organization; b) Apical view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the triangular shape of the hypanthial rim, the tricarpellate ovary with a single apical style; note that one locule is fully developed while the other two are collapsed; note also slits of unknown nature in the corners of the triangular hypanthial rim (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0712) close to the floral apex showing the locule of the one fully developed carpel with ovules borne along ventral placentae; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; d) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0858) through the locule of the one fully developed carpel showing the semi-inferior organization and ovules arranged along the full length of the carpel; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; e) Tangential longitudinal section (orthoslice yz1019) through the one fully developed locule, showing the densely packed ovules and the amorphous substance (asterisk) with which they are associated. Specimen, Catefica 50-S174901 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 43. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy SRXTM images of "Tricarpellate flower sp. 2"; Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the apical projection of the carpels and the semiinferior organization; b) Apical view of floral structure (volume rendering) showing the triangular shape of the hypanthial rim, the tricarpellate ovary with a single apical style; note that one locule is fully developed while the other two are collapsed; note also slits of unknown nature in the corners of the triangular hypanthial rim (arrows); c) Transverse section (orthoslice xy0712) close to the floral apex showing the locule of the one fully developed carpel with ovules borne along ventral placentae; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; d) Longitudinal section (orthoslice xz0858) through the locule of the one fully developed carpel showing the semi-inferior organization and ovules arranged along the full length of the carpel; note amorphous substance (asterisk) associated with the developing ovules that fills part of the locule space; e) Tangential longitudinal section (orthoslice yz1019) through the one fully developed locule, showing the densely packed ovules and the amorphous substance (asterisk) with which they are associated. Specimen, Catefica 50-S174901 (a–e). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a–e).
Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c, d) images of "Hexacarpellate flower". a) Lateral view of flower showing epigynous organization with remains of tepals inserted at top of the hypanthium; b) Detail of apical part of flower showing laminar structures (arrows) that may be stamen bases, adhering to, or fused with, the tepals; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0540) of flower through the median plane showing the epigynous organization and central axis with ovules (arrows); d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1250) through the ovary of the flower showing the hexagonal outline, the six locules and ovules (arrows) borne near the center of the gynoecium. Specimen, Catefica 153-S174313 (a–d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c), 100 Μm (b, d). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 44. Scanning electron microscope (SEM, a, b) and synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, c, d) images of "Hexacarpellate flower". a) Lateral view of flower showing epigynous organization with remains of tepals inserted at top of the hypanthium; b) Detail of apical part of flower showing laminar structures (arrows) that may be stamen bases, adhering to, or fused with, the tepals; c) Longitudinal section (orthoslice yz0540) of flower through the median plane showing the epigynous organization and central axis with ovules (arrows); d) Transverse section (orthoslice xy1250) through the ovary of the flower showing the hexagonal outline, the six locules and ovules (arrows) borne near the center of the gynoecium. Specimen, Catefica 153-S174313 (a–d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c), 100 Μm (b, d).
Text-fig. 33. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a, c) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b, d) images of Paisia pantoporata (a–c) and?Paisia sp. (d); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view (volume rendering) of flower showing the carpels (c) and the fleshy tepals (t) that have a slightly bulge near the base; b) Pollen grains in situ from stamen showing scattered pores and spiny supratectal ornamentation; c) Transverse section (orthoslice xz1024) through flower showing the pentamerous organization with five tepals (green) five stamens (yellow) and five carpels (red) all on the same radii; d) Lateral view of floral structure with three free carpels borne on the swollen receptacle that has poorly defined facets at the apex indicating the former presence of perianth parts. Specimens, Catefica 49-S101214 (a, c), Catefica 50-S170188 (b), Catefica MM125-P0292 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d), 6 Μm (b). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Catefica, Portugal: Angiosperms
Text-fig. 33. Synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy (SRXTM, a, c) and scanning electron microscope (SEM, b, d) images of Paisia pantoporata (a–c) and?Paisia sp. (d); Catefica locality, Portugal. a) Lateral view (volume rendering) of flower showing the carpels (c) and the fleshy tepals (t) that have a slightly bulge near the base; b) Pollen grains in situ from stamen showing scattered pores and spiny supratectal ornamentation; c) Transverse section (orthoslice xz1024) through flower showing the pentamerous organization with five tepals (green) five stamens (yellow) and five carpels (red) all on the same radii; d) Lateral view of floral structure with three free carpels borne on the swollen receptacle that has poorly defined facets at the apex indicating the former presence of perianth parts. Specimens, Catefica 49-S101214 (a, c), Catefica 50-S170188 (b), Catefica MM125-P0292 (d). Scale bars = 300 Μm (a, c, d), 6 Μm (b).
Data From: Inflorescence and flower development in Orchidantha chinensis T. L. Wu (Lowiaceae; Zingiberales): similarities to inflorescence structure in the Strelitziaceae
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Data from: Drastic shift in flowering phenology of F1 hybrids explains the population structure of Imperata cylindrica in Japan
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Data from: Fine-scale genetic structure in the orchid Gymnadenia conopsea is not associated with local density of flowering plants
<p><span><strong>Premise</strong>:</span><span> Density-dependent pollinator visitation can lead to density-dependent mating patterns and within-population genetic structure. In Gymnadenia conopsea, individuals in low-density patches receive more self-pollen than individuals in high-density patches, suggesting higher relatedness at low density. Ongoing fragmentation is also expected to cause more local matings, potentially leading to biparental inbreeding depression.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Methods</strong>: </span><span>To evaluate whether relatedness decreases with local density, we analysed 1315 SNP loci in 113 individuals within two large populations. We quantified within-population genetic structure in one of the populations, recorded potential habitat barriers, and visualized gene flow using estimated effective migration surfaces (EEMS). We further estimated the magnitude of biparental inbreeding depression that would result from matings restricted to within 5 m.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Results</strong>: </span><span>There was no significant relationship between local density and relatedness in any population. We detected significant fine-scale genetic structure consistent with isolation-by-distance, with positive kinship coefficients at distances below 10 m. Kinship coefficients were low, and predicted biparental inbreeding depression resulting from matings within the closest 5 m was a modest 1–3%.</span> <span>EEMS suggested that rocks and bushes may act as barriers to gene flow within a population.</span></p> <p><span><strong>Conclusions</strong>: </span><span>The results suggest that increased self-pollen deposition in sparse patches does not necessarily cause higher selfing rates, or that inbreeding depression results in low establishment success of inbred individuals. The modest relatedness suggests that biparental inbreeding depression is unlikely to be an immediate problem following fragmentation of large populations. The results further indicate that habitat structure may contribute to governing fine-scale genetic structure in <em>G. conopsea</em>.</span></p>
Data from: Flowering overlap and floral trait similarity help explain the structure of pollination network
<p><span>Co-flowering communities are usually characterized by high plant generalization but knowledge of the underlying factors leading to high levels of generalization and pollinator sharing, and how these may contribute to network structure is still limited. </span>Flowering phenology and floral trait similarity are considered among the most important factors determining plant generalization and pollinator sharing. However, these have been evaluated independently even though they can act in concert with each other. Moreover, the importance of flowering phenology and floral similarity, via their effects on plant generalization, in the structure of plant–pollinator networks have been scarcely studied. Here, we aim to evaluate the effect of flowering phenology and floral similarity in mediating the degree of pollinator sharing and plant generalization in two coastal communities and uncover their importance as drivers of plant–pollinator network structure.</p> <p>We recorded flower production per species, as well as the identity and frequency of floral visitors along the entire flowering season. We estimated the degree of flowering overlap, the degree of floral similarity (using floral traits associated with size and color), and the degree of pollinator sharing among plant species within both communities.</p> <p>Structural equation models (SEM) showed a positive effect of flowering overlap on pollinator sharing and plant generalization. Pollinator sharing and plant generalization positively affected network nestedness. Furthermore, SEM showed a direct positive effect of flowering overlap on network modularity. The SEM analyses also revealed a significant interaction effect of floral similarity and flowering overlap on pollinator sharing, with consequences for network nestedness in one community.</p> <p><span>Our results highlight the importance of integrating multiple axes of differentiation such as flowering phenology and floral similarity into our understanding of the drivers of plant–pollinator network structure.</span></p>
Structural anther mimics improve reproductive success through dishonest signalling that enhances both attraction and the morphological fit of pollinators with flowers
<p><span>Numerous studies have identified traits associated with anther mimicry, however, the processes underlying floral deception remains poorly documented for these structures. We studied the importance of pollinator attraction and mechanical fit of anther mimics in <em>Tritonia laxifolia</em> (Iridaceae) and their relative contributions to reproductive success. To determine anther mimics role in pollinator attraction, we offered bees' binary choices to flowers painted with UV absorbent and reflecting paint. We also conducted preference experiments between flowers with excised anther mimics and unmanipulated controls, from which mechanical fit was assessed by allowing single visits. Anther mimics effects on female reproductive success was determined using similar treatments, but on rooted plants. Bees preferred UV absorbent over UV reflecting anther mimics. Bees did not discriminate between flowers with and without three-dimensional anther mimics. Single visits resulted in more pollen deposition on unmanipulated controls over flowers with their anther mimics excised, which was directly linked to pollen-collecting behaviour. Controls with unmanipulated anther mimics had higher seed set than those with their anther mimics excised. This study provides insights into pollinator-mediated selection on deceptive floral signals and shows that three-dimensional anther mimics increases reproductive success through both attraction and pollen-collecting behaviours.</span></p>
Research data supporting "Rolling Circle Transcription-Amplified Hierarchically Structured Organic-Inorganic Hybrid RNA Flowers for Enzyme Immobilization""
<p>Raw research data supporting the publication:</p> <p>Wang Y. et al., 2019, ACS Applied Materials and Interfaces, DOI: 10.1021/acsami.9b04663</p>
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Allen Brain Atlas
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Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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