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93 results for “flower visitation”
Pollinator visitation, flower count, and seed set in Black Sand plots, 2020.
Anthropogenic climate change is altering interactions among numerous species, including plants and pollinators. Plant-pollinator interactions, crucial for the persistence of most plant and many insect species, are threatened by climate change-driven phenological shifts. Phenological mismatches between plants and their pollinators may affect pollination services, and simulations indicated that these mismatches may reduce floral resources available to up to 50% of insect pollinator species. Although alpine plants rely heavily on vegetative reproduction, seedling recruitment and seed dispersal are likely to be important drivers of alpine community structure. Similarly, advanced flowering may expose plants to increased risk of frost damage and shifted soil moisture regimes; phenologically advanced plants will experience these environmental factors differently, which may alter their floral resource production. These effects may be dependent upon topography. Some species of alpine plants on the Niwot Ridge have displayed advanced phenology under treatments of advanced snowmelt (Forrester, 2021). However, little is understood about how these differences in distribution and phenology affect pollinator community composition and plant fecundity. Here we strive to examine how experimentally-induced changes in the timing of flowering and number of flowers produced by plants impact plant-pollinator interactions and seed set. We also ask how topography and the number of flowers interact with early snowmelt to affect pollination rates and the diversity of pollinating insects. Finally, we ask how seed set of Geum rossii is affected by pollinator visitation at different times of the season, under experimentally advanced snowmelt versus unmanipulated snowmelt, and with visitation by different insect taxa. In summer 2020, we found that plots with advanced phenology experienced peaks in pollinator visitation rates and pollinator diversity earlier than plots with unmanipulated snowmelt.
Cuckoo male bumblebees perform slower and longer flower visits than free-living male and worker bumblebees
<p>These .txt files include the dataset (tab-separated) and the annotated R-scripts (R-scripts_R1 is the final version) used in the analyses reported in the preprint "Cuckoo male bumblebees perform slower and longer flower visits than free-living male and worker bumblebees".</p> <p>The preprint is available on Zenodo (<a href="https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4489066">https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4489066</a>) and has been recommended by PCI Zoology (<a href="http://zool.peercommunityin.org/articles/rec?id=44">https://zool.peercommunityin.org/articles/rec?id=44</a>). The article has then been published in the Belgian Journal of Zoology (2021, 151:193:203, <a href="https://belgianjournalofzoology.eu/index.php/BJZ/article/view/93">https://doi.org/10.26496/bjz.2021.93</a>)</p> <p> </p>
Individual and community flowering phenology, seed counts and pollinator visitation rates in shrub and open plots across Niwot Ridge, 2019 - 2021.
Climate-change induced alterations in environmental conditions in the alpine tundra has led to the expansion of woody shrubs, known as “shrubification.” Shrubification is thought to change microclimatic conditions, potentially leading to changes in plant community composition. Shrubification has been taking place at Niwot Ridge, a Long Term Ecological Research site nestled in the mountains of Colorado, for the past 40 years. Thus far, Niwot Ridge has seen some change in alpine plant communities due to shrubification, and changes in plant reproductive capacity and success could lead to future alterations of community composition. One important aspect in plant reproductive success is the timing of flowering, known as flowering phenology. Flowering phenology is controlled partially by environmental conditions, and thus is somewhat plastic for many species. In the first part of my thesis, I explore how shrubification may be causing changes in flowering phenology for 21 different plant species in the alpine tundra community at Niwot Ridge. I conducted an observational study over three years, monitoring the number of flowers present in 54 pairs of shrub-influenced and open plots, totaling 108 plots. I found that there is no difference in the flowering phenology between open and shrub-influenced plots. There is a measurable difference in the number of flowers produced between shrub and open plots, with open plots having more flowers on average, This difference is likely due to there being fewer plants in shrub-influenced plots. A second aspect explores shrub effects on the reproductive success of five different alpine species. In the field season of 2021, I took seeds from these five species from 12 pairs of shrub and open plots, totaling 24 plots. I counted and weighed the seeds to determine reproductive success; there was no difference in reproductive success between shrub and open plots.
Data: Flower visiting insects of kiwifruit within New Zealand commercial orchard blocks sampled over two years in the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand
<p>These data are total counts of individual bee and non–bee insects observed visiting the flowers of kiwifruit (<em>Actinidia chinensis</em> var.deliciosa) (‘Hayward’) vines in three commercial orchards located in the Bay of Plenty Region of New Zealand (37° 46' 56" S; 176° 19' 10" E). Each block was located on a different farm and each separated by a distance of at least two kilometres and surveyed twice in two consecutive years. A total of 1181 insects were observed, 741 in the 2014 season and 460 in the 2015 season. Insects from four orders were recorded. The most abundant species were honey bees <em>Apis mellifera</em> (n= 1068; 90.4%), flower longhorn beetles <em>Zorion guttigerum</em> (n= 52; 4.4%), the native bee <em>Lasioglossum</em> <em>sordidum</em>/c<em>ognatum</em> (n= 12; 1.0%) and the hover fly <em>Melanostoma fasciatum</em> (n= 11; 0.9%) Others insects represented 3.2% of individuals observed (n=38). We present a table of counts of the insects observed.</p>
Fig. 1 in Flower-visiting behaviour and habitats of the taxa of the Andrena wollastoni group (Hymenoptera, Anthophila, Micrandrena) on the Canary Islands compared to the Madeira Archipelago *
Fig. 1: (a) Typical crop-field margin with Hirschfeldia incana and Calendula arvensis, both frequently visited by Andrena catula (northern part of Gran Canaria, Zone IIb, 12th March 2018); photo: A. Schwabe. (b) Slope with ruderal vegetation (H. incana, frequently visited by A. g. gomerensis; additionally, Echium plantagineum and Psoralea bituminosa can be seen) with a grazed vegetation complex in the background (La Gomera, Zone IIb, 24th April 2016); photo: A. Schwabe. c: Road margin in the Teno area, with H. incana (frequently visited by A. a. tenoensis; additionally, E. plantagineum and Galactites tomentosus) (Tenerife, Zone IIA, 21st April 2016); photo: A. Schwabe. (d) A. a. tenoensis (female), collecting pollen on H. incana (margin of a small trail in the Teno area) (Tenerife, Zone IIA, 21st April 2016); photo: A. Schwabe.
Fig. 2 in Flower-visiting behaviour and habitats of the taxa of the Andrena wollastoni group (Hymenoptera, Anthophila, Micrandrena) on the Canary Islands compared to the Madeira Archipelago *
Fig. 2: (a) Habitat of the 'Cordillera Dorsal' species Descurainia lemsii, which is frequently visited by A. a. wildpreti (upper pine forest complex with rocky slopes, Zone III). Bottom right (not visited by A. a. wildpreti): Sideritis oroteneriffae ('Cordillera Dorsal' species); foreground: Adenocarpus viscosus (Tenerife, Montaña Ayosa; 22nd May 2019); photo: A. Schwabe. (b) Close-up of flowering and fruiting D. lemsii on a margin of rocky slopes in the Pinus canariensis forest complex (Tenerife, Montaña Ayosa; 26th May 2019); photo: A. Schwabe. (c) A. a. wildpreti (female, body length 7.7 mm); site and date of Fig. 2b; photo: A. Kratochwil. (d) Habitat of A. lineolata, visiting mainly D. bourgaeana (foreground) and Cytisus supranubius (white, background) (Tenerife, below Izaña, Teide area; Zone IV; 21st May 2019); photo: A. Schwabe.
dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz var. dasyrhachis, with a male long-billed green sunbird (Nectarinia notata Müller,1776) visiting the fragrant yellow flowers (Rogers in Peltophorum dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz: a new record of a Southeast Asian species of Fabaceae (Caesalpinioideae) naturalized in northwestern Madagascar
dasyrhachis (Miq.) Kurz var. dasyrhachis, with a male long-billed green sunbird (Nectarinia notata Müller,1776) visiting the fragrant yellow flowers (Rogers
Fig. 1. Heracleum verticillatum, general Fig. 2 in Flower visitation of fungus gnats from the genera Antlemom, Asindulum and Macrorrhyncha (Diptera: Keroplatidae): published data and a new record
Fig. 1. Heracleum verticillatum, general Fig. 2. Specimens of Macrorrhyncha flava view. (marked with arrow) on the flowers.
Fig. 3 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)
Fig. 3. The cumulative probability of visiting frequency and duration of each visit of Pieris rapae on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-ant-and-aphid-included plots.
Fig. 2 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)
Fig. 2. Daily number (mean ± SE, the number of Frankliniella intonsa was calculated per 10 min per 10 flowers) of flower visitors on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-ant-and-aphid-included plots.
Fig. 1 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)
Fig. 1. Means (± SE) of species richness (A) and total number (B) of flower visitors on Brassica napus in fire ant–excluded, fire ant–included, and fire-antand-aphid-included plots.
Fig. 4 in Effect of Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) on flower-visiting behavior of insects on Brassica napus (Brassicales: Brassicaceae)
Fig. 4. GC-EAD responses of Pieris rapae males to volatiles of Solenopsis invicta. GC-EAD active compounds: (1) n-tricosane; (2) 3-methyl tricosane; (3) unknown; (4) n-pentacosane; (5) 13-methyl pentacosane; (6) n-heptacosane; (7) 13,15-dimethyl heptacosane.
Data and code for "Pollen wars: Explosive pollination removes pollen deposited from previously visited flowers
<p>This data consist of 02 data files, 01 code script, and this README document, with the following data and code filenames and variables</p> <p>Data files and variables<br>1. [red flower experiment.csv] [Date: the date the data was taken; Flower number: the flower identity; labelled Pollen count on beak: number of pollen grains placed on hummingbird’s bill; Total unlabelled pollen grains on beak: number of unlabelled pollen grains on the hummingbird’s bill after visit; labelled pollen on flower keel: number of pollen grains on flower keel after visit; labelled pollen on petals: number of labelled pollen on petals after visit; labelled pollen on flower hairs: number of labelled pollen on flower hairs after visit; Before or After treatment: whether the pollen grains were counted before or after floral visit; Treatment: whether the visit was done on triggered or untriggered flower; Beak Photo number: photo identity of the bill; Keel photo number: photo identity for the keel (none was taken); hair photo number: photo identity for the floral hairs (none was taken); comment: any observation on the experiment; Labelled grains transferred to stigma: number of labelled pollen grains on the stigma after explosion (only one data point); unlabelled grains transferred to stigma: number of unlabelled pollen grains on the stigma after explosion (only one data point)].</p> <p>2. 2. [explosion_data.csv] [Flower number: the flower identity; Before count: number of pollen grains before floral explosion; After Count: number of pollen grains after explosion; Before Minus after: the subtraction of the last two values; % pollen removed: percentage of pollen grains removed by the explosion; Proportion pollen removed: proportion of pollen grains removed by the explosion; % removed (arcsin root transformed): arcsin root transformation for the last values; Total unlabelled pollen grains on beak: total number of pollen grains counted on hummingbird’s bill; % removed (arcsin root transformed): arcsin root transformation for the percentage of pollen removed].<br> <br>Code scripts and workflow<br>[script_analysis_Hypenea.R: code for data analysis]<br>1. libraries used on the analysis;<br>2. data loading and processing for explosion analysis;<br>3. modelling; checking model adjustment; anova table; estimation of marginal means; getting predicted values by the model.<br>4. plotting figure;<br>5. data loading and processing for pollen removal;<br>6. modelling; checking model adjustment; anova table; getting predicted values by the model.<br>7. plotting figure; </p> <p>SOFTWARE VERSIONS</p> <p>All the statistical analyses were run in R environment version 4.3.1 (R Development Core Team, 2023) using the default and the following packages: glmmTMB (Brooks et al., 2017), emmeans (Russell, 2022) and car (Fox & Weisberg, 2019). Residual dispersion around the fitted models was checked using Dharma package (Hartig, 2022).</p> <p><br>REFERENCES<br>Brooks, M. E., Kristensen, K., van Benthem, K. J., Magnusson, A., Berg, C. W., Nielsen, A., Skaug, H. J., Mächler, M., and Bolker, B. M. 2017. glmmTMB Balances Speed and Flexibility Among Packages for Zero-inflated Generalized Linear Mixed Modeling. The R Journal, 9(2), 378-400. http://dx.doi.org/10.32614/RJ-2017-066 </p> <p>Fox, J., and Weisberg, S. 2019. An {R} Companion to Applied Regression, Third Edition. Thousand Oaks CA: Sage. URL: https://socialsciences.mcmaster.ca/jfox/Books/Companion/</p> <p>Hartig, F. 2022. DHARMa: residual diagnostics for hierarchical (multi-level/mixed) regression models. URL https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/DHARMa/vignettes/DHARMa.html </p> <p>R Development Core Team. 2023. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, Austria: R Foundation for Statistical Computing. URL https://www.r-project.org/ </p> <p>Russell, V. L. 2022. emmeans: Estimated Marginal Means, aka Least-Squares Means. R package version 1.7.4-1. https://CRAN.R-project.org/package=emmeans</p>
Fig. 2 in Bugs carry pollen too: pollination efficiency of plant bug Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Hemiptera: Miridae) visiting cotton flowers
Fig. 2. Pollination of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, by cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus: (A) number of seeds per fruit among pollination treatments; (B) seed mass per fruit among pollination treatments; (C) lint weight per fruit among pollination treatments. Bars represent treatment means and error bars represent ± standard error of the mean. Treatment means listed with the same letter are not significantly different (P> 0.05).
Fig. 1 in Bugs carry pollen too: pollination efficiency of plant bug Pseudatomoscelis seriatus (Hemiptera: Miridae) visiting cotton flowers
Fig. 1. Photographs of a cotton fleahopper, Pseudatomoscelis seriatus, taken under a dissecting microscope (A) foraging on a cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, stigma, and (B) carrying cotton pollen grains.
Molecular assays of pollen use consistently reflect pollinator visitation patterns in a system of flowering plants
<p>Determining how pollinators visit plants versus how they carry and transfer pollen is an ongoing project in pollination ecology. The current tools for identifying the pollens that bees carry have different strengths and weaknesses when used for ecological inference. In this study we use three methods to better understand a system of congeneric, co-flowering plants in the genus <i>Clarkia </i>and their bee pollinators: observations of plant-pollinator contact in the field, and two different molecular methods to estimate the relative abundance of each <i>Clarkia </i>pollen in samples collected from pollinators. We use these methods to investigate if observations of plant-pollinator contact in the field correspond to the pollen bees carry; if individual bees carry <i>Clarkia </i>pollens in predictable ways, based on previous knowledge of their foraging behaviors; and how the three approaches differ for understanding plant-pollinator interactions. We find that observations of plant-pollinator contact are generally predictive of the pollens that bees carry while foraging, and network topologies using the three different methods are statistically indistinguishable from each other. Results from molecular pollen analysis also show that while bees can carry multiple species of <i>Clarkia </i>at the same time, they often carry one species of pollen. Our work contributes to the growing body of literature aimed at resolving how pollinators use floral resources. We suggest our novel relative amplicon quantification method as another tool in the developing molecular ecology and pollination biology toolbox.</p>
Fig. 1 in Flower Visitation of Bombus haematurus KRIECHBAUMER 1870 (Hymenoptera, Apidae) in Graz, Styria
Fig. 1: Bombus haematurus on flowers in the greenhouse (, above and below left) and in the open (, below right). Nectar sucking above left, otherwise vibratory pollen-collection. Above left: Aloe barbadensis; above right: Nolana humifusa, flower at the begin of anthesis; below left: Bulbine caulescens; below right: Papaver pseudo-orientale, pollen packing into the corbiculae interrupts the vibratory pollen-collection.
Reduced seed set under water deficit is driven mainly by reduced flower numbers and not by changes in flower visitations and pollination
<p><span>Water deficit can alter floral traits with cascading effects on flower-visitor interactions and plant fitness. </span><span>Water stress induction can </span><span>diminish </span><span>productivity, directly resulting in lower flower production and consequently seed set. Changes in floral traits, such as floral scent or reward amount, may in turn alter pollinator visitations and behavior and consequently can reduce pollination services resulting in lower reproduction output. </span><span>However, </span><span>the relative contribution of this indirect in comparison to the direct effects of changes in seed set are not fully understood.</span></p> <p><span>We manipulated water availability using rain-out shelters in a field experiment and measured effects on floral scent bouquet, morphology, phenology, flower-visitor interactions, pollination, and seed set</span><span>.</span><span> Plant individuals of </span><em><span>Sinapis</span> <span>arvensis</span></em><span> (</span><span>Brassicaceae)</span><span> were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: mean precipitation (= control), reduced mean precipitation, or drought period treatment.</span></p> <p><span>Our results show that decreasing water availability lowers the number of flowers and seed set. This indicates a direct link between water stress and seed set, as seed mass increases with increasing flower number. </span><span>The indirect link of water stress <em>via</em> floral traits, pollinator visits, and pollination has weaker effects on seed set. However, floral traits remain relatively stable under decreased water availability, whereas plant growth and flower abundance decrease, potentially in order to allow investment in more resources in fewer flowers to maintain pollination success. Thus, plants are able to compensate for water stress and can maintain floral trait expression, such as a stable scent emission and bouquet, to retain pollinator attraction.</span></p> <p><span>These findings indicate that the direct link from water stress to seed set has a stronger impact on plants' reproductive success than the indirect link through altered floral trait expression and pollinator visits in a generalist plant species.</span></p>
Data from: Honeybee visitation to shared flowers increases Vairimorpha ceranae prevalence in bumblebees
<p><em>Vairimorpha</em> (=<em>Nosema</em>) <em>ceranae</em> is a widespread pollinator parasite that commonly infects honeybees and wild pollinators, including bumblebees. Honeybees are highly competent <em>V. ceranae</em> hosts and previous work in experimental flight cages suggests <em>V. ceranae </em>can be transmitted during visitation to shared flowers. However, the relationship between floral visitation in the natural environment and the prevalence of <em>V. ceranae </em>among multiple bee species has not been explored. Here, we analyzed the number and duration of pollinator visits to particular components of squash flowers—including the petals, stamen, and nectary—at six farms in southeastern Michigan, USA. We also determined the prevalence of <em>V. ceranae </em>in honeybees and bumblebees at each site. Our results showed that more honeybee flower contacts and longer duration of contacts with pollen and nectar was linked with greater <em>V. ceranae</em> prevalence in bumblebees. Honeybee visitation patterns appear to have a disproportionately large impact on <em>V. ceranae</em> prevalence in bumblebees even though honeybees are not the most frequent flower visitors. Floral visitation by squash bees or other pollinators were not linked with <em>V. ceranae</em> prevalence in bumblebees. Further, <em>V. ceranae</em> prevalence in honeybees was unaffected by floral visitation behaviors by any pollinator species. These results suggest that honeybee visitation behaviors on shared floral resources may be an important contributor to increased <em>V. ceranae</em> spillover to bumblebees in the field. Understanding how <em>V. ceranae</em> prevalence is influenced by pollinator behavior in the shared floral landscape is critical for reducing parasite spillover into declining native bee populations.</p>
"I made the recording because Iam an amateur recording engineer and also work for a radio station. At the time, Iwas researching for a religious programme, for the radio and by pure chance and good luck, Iwas in the centre of York at the time the street preacher was there. Iam building up a personal library of 'ambient sounds' to use on various radio shows as 'sound effects'. The recording was taken outside St Helen's Church in St Helen's Square, in the centre of York. There was a fairly large crowd walking about, shopping. It was a Saturday. Some people were standing and listening to the man, some were mocking him, others didn't even notice. It was a sunny day, with a slight wind. St Helen's square is a large 'meeting place' for people with seats, flowers and usually musicians. I live in the centre of York and hear a lot of very interesting sounds there, everything from busking musicians, to many foreign languages, church bells, animals and much more. Ireally liked the recording of the preacher as it is quite clear that he passionately believes what he is saying. He was unaware that Iwas recording him. Iwish Ihad captured his whole sermon. He, and other members of his church visit the centre of York quite often, and preach there. Idon't know the name of his church." [Jools/vedas]19 in Collecting Sounds. Online Sharing of Field Recordings as Cultural Practice
"I made the recording because Iam an amateur recording engineer and also work for a radio station. At the time, Iwas researching for a religious programme, for the radio and by pure chance and good luck, Iwas in the centre of York at the time the street preacher was there. Iam building up a personal library of 'ambient sounds' to use on various radio shows as 'sound effects'. The recording was taken outside St Helen's Church in St Helen's Square, in the centre of York. There was a fairly large crowd walking about, shopping. It was a Saturday. Some people were standing and listening to the man, some were mocking him, others didn't even notice. It was a sunny day, with a slight wind. St Helen's square is a large 'meeting place' for people with seats, flowers and usually musicians. I live in the centre of York and hear a lot of very interesting sounds there, everything from busking musicians, to many foreign languages, church bells, animals and much more. Ireally liked the recording of the preacher as it is quite clear that he passionately believes what he is saying. He was unaware that Iwas recording him. Iwish Ihad captured his whole sermon. He, and other members of his church visit the centre of York quite often, and preach there. Idon't know the name of his church." [Jools/vedas]19
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