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99 results for “flowering phenology”
Eastern Massachusetts Flowering Phenology 1852-2013
Climate change has resulted in major changes in the phenology of some species but not others. Long-term field observational records provide the best assessment of these changes, but geographic and taxonomic biases limit their utility. Plant specimens in herbaria have been hypothesized to provide a wealth of additional data for studying phenological responses to climatic change. However, no study to our knowledge has comprehensively addressed whether herbarium data are accurate measures of phenological response, and thus applicable to addressing such questions. We compared flowering phenology determined from field observations (years 1852-1858; 1875; 1878-1908; 2003-2006; 2011-2013) and herbarium records (1852-2013) of 20 species from New England, USA. Earliest flowering date estimated from herbarium records faithfully reflected field observations of first flowering date and substantially increased the sampling range across climatic conditions. Additionally, although most species demonstrated a response to inter-annual temperature variation, long-term temporal changes in phenological response were not detectable. Our findings support the use of herbarium records for understanding plant phenological responses to changes in temperature, and also importantly establish a new use of herbarium collections: inferring primary phenological cueing mechanisms of individual species (e.g., temperature, winter chilling, photoperiod). These latter data are lacking from most investigations of phenological change, but are vital for understanding differential responses of individual species to ongoing climate change.
Leaf and Flower Phenology of Woody Plant Species at Harvard Forest and Southern Quebec 2015
Accurate predictions of spring plant phenology with climate change are critical for projections of growing seasons, plant communities and a number of ecosystem services, including carbon storage. Progress towards prediction, however, has been slow because the major cues known to drive phenology – temperature (including winter chilling and spring forcing) and photoperiod – generally covary in nature and may interact, making accurate predictions of plant responses to climate change complex and nonlinear. Alternatively, recent work suggests many species may be dominated by one cue, which would make predictions much simpler. Here, we manipulated all three cues across 28 woody species from two North American forests. Study sites were Harvard Forest and St. Hipplolyte, Quebec. Species were selected for this study based on their prevalence at the study sites; 28 species are included in this study. At each site, multiple cuttings of six or more representative individuals were collected. In total, we tracked the phenology of 2,137 cuttings from 275 individual source plants. All species responded to all cues examined. Chilling exerted a strong effect, especially on budburst (-15.8 d), with responses to forcing and photoperiod greatest for leafout (-19.1 and -11.2 d, respectively). Interactions between chilling and forcing suggest that each cue may compensate somewhat for the other. Cues varied across species, leading to staggered leafout within each community and supporting the idea that phenology is a critical aspect of species’ temporal niches. Our results suggest that predicting the spring phenology of communities will be difficult, as all species we studied could have complex, nonlinear responses to future warming.
Phenology of flowers and leaves following experimental warming in the initiation and maturation years for 7 understory boreal plants at the Bonanza Creek Long Term Ecological Research (BNZ LTER) site in Interior Alaska: 2017-2019
This dataset contains the results of experimental warming of flower and leaf buds for 7 understory boreal plants: Rhododendron groenlandicum, Rosa acicularis, Rubus chamaemorus, Shepherdia canadensis, Viburnum edule, Vaccinium uliginosum, and Vaccinium vitis-idaea. Plants in two cohorts were subjected to one of four treatments: warming in the initiation year (the year prior to flowering or leaf-out) only, warming in the maturation year (the year of flowering or leaf-out) only, warming in both years, or no warming (controls). The timing of flowering (both cohorts) and leaf-out (usually one cohort) was monitored. We also tracked developmental stages of the flower bud primordia using repeated desctructive sampling followed scanning electron microscopy throughout the initiation years. Environmental data associated with the plots, including air temperature throughout the summer, soil temperature and depth of ground thaw in late May, and canopy cover, are also reported.
Plant Atlas 2020 — British and Irish phenological data (flowering and leafing ranges)
<p>Plant Atlas 2020 is the most comprehensive survey of plants (flowering plants, ferns and charophytes) ever undertaken in Britain and Ireland. It is based on over 30 million records, collected mainly by volunteer recorders of the Botanical Society of Britain and Ireland (BSBI) between 2000 and 2019, as well as previous nationwide surveys undertaken in the 1950s and 1990s. This resource provides the data behind the phenological diagrams (flowering and leafing) presented on the Plant Atlas 2020 website (<a href="http://www.plantatlas2020.org"><span>www.plantatlas2020.org</span></a><span>) and in the <em>Plant Atlas 2020</em> book. </span><span>Note that for non-flowering plants included in the atlas (e.g. ferns, horsetails etc.), the “flowering” fields in the phenology file included here are equivalent to the months when spore-bearing structures are visible.</span></p>
Landscape Flowering Phenology Field Data for Sites in the Vicinity of Crested Butte, CO
This dataset represents field observations of reproductive development (flowering phenology) in 135 species of flowering plants collected at 12 field sites in the vicinity of Crested Butte, Colorado starting in 2019. Sites were visited approximately weekly from early May until early August, and all species in flower were recorded in 25 segments along a 50m transect at each site, and species were recorded if they were within 1m of either side of the transect. Datasets included in this package are 1) cleaned field observations of flowering phenology, 2) taxonomic identity of all recorded species, 3) spatial data representing the location of the center of each transect segment, and 4) spatial data representing the segment polygons.
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR): Phenology of Dominant Plant Species III - Flowering Date 2013-2021
The Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem warming cause a net release of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C, that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool, influence ecosystem C loss?, and 3) How do winter and summer warming alone, and in combination, affect ecosystem C exchange? We are answering these questions using a combination of field and laboratory experiments to measure ecosystem carbon balance and radiocarbon isotope ratios at a warming experiment located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. In this dataset we specifically ask, how does warming of soil and air impact the phenology of dominant plant species? Phenological data was collected to determine the timing of first bud break, onset and completion of senescence, and reproductive effort (flower and berry production).
Eight Mile Lake Research Watershed, Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating and Drying Research (DryPEHR): Phenology of Dominant Plant Species III - Flowering Date 2013-2021
This drying and warming experiment addresses the following questions: 1) Does ecosystem drying, warming and permafrost thaw cause a net release or uptake of C from the ecosystem to the atmosphere?, 2) Does the decomposition of old C that comprises the bulk of the soil C pool influence ecosystem C loss? 3) How do drying and warming affect plant communities and ecosystem properties? We are answering these questions using a combined warming and drying experiment (DryPEHR), which is situated with the Carbon in Permafrost Experimental Heating Research (CiPEHR) project and located in an upland tundra field site near Healy, Alaska in the foothills of the Alaska Range. Warming treatment here refers to growing season air temperature warming (~1C) using open top chambers (OTC) combined with soil 'warming' using snow fences during the snow covered months. Drying is achieved using an automated pumping system that lowers the water table in the dry plots. Soil warming began in 2008; OTCs and drying in 2011. In this dataset we specifically ask, how does warming and drying of soil and air impact the phenology of dominant plant species? Phenological data was collected to determine the timing of first bud break, onset and completion of senescence, and reproductive effort (flower and berry production).
Ecological, flowering phenology, morphological and seed production of three sympatric dioecious Chamaedorea palms from Costa Rica
<p>The data in the file was used to estimate the factors shaping seed production in three sympatric dioecious Chamaedorea palms in Costa Rica during the 2011-2012 season. The file contains the following fields:</p> <ol> <li>Species. The name of the species: C. costaricana, C. macrospadix and C. tepejilote</li> <li>ID. Identifier for each studied individual female plant.</li> <li>infl. Identifier for each sampled inflorescence from each sampled female.</li> <li>census.date: flowering date of each inflorescence.</li> <li>days.since.oct14: number of days since the first Chamaedorea inflorescence flowered.</li> <li>days.since.1st.flr: number of days since the first Chamaedorea inflorescence of each species flowered.</li> <li>sync.costa: flowering overlap with C. costaricana males.</li> <li>sync.macro: flowering overlap with C. macrospadix males.</li> <li>sync.tepe: flowering overlap with C. tepejilote males.</li> <li>neartest.female: distance to the nearest synchronously flowering <span>conspecific </span>female.</li> <li>male.5m: number of synchronously flowering <span>conspecific </span>male individuals in a 5m radius</li> <li>male.10m: number of synchronously flowering <span>conspecific </span>male individuals in a 10m radius</li> <li>female.5m.edco: number of synchronously flowering <span>conspecific </span>female individuals in a 5m radius, after applying Ripley's (1977) edge correction.</li> <li>female.10m.edco: number of synchronously flowering <span>conspecific </span>female individuals in a 10m radius, after applying Ripley's (1977) edge correction.</li> <li>male.5m.edco: number of synchronously flowering <span>conspecific </span> male individuals in a 5m radius, after applying Ripley's (1977) edge correction.</li> <li>male.10m.edco: number of synchronously flowering <span>conspecific </span>male individuals in a 10m radius, after applying Ripley's (1977) edge correction.</li> <li>no.stems: specific for C. costaricana, number of stems per individual.</li> <li>height: height of the flowering stem in cm.</li> <li>leaves: number of leaves of the flowering stem</li> <li>leaflets: number of leaflets of the youngest leaf of the flowering stem</li> <li>leaf.rachis: length in cm of the youngest leaf of the flowering stem</li> <li>floral.rachis: length in cm of the inflorescence's rachis</li> <li>peduncle: length in cm of the inflorescence's peduncle</li> <li>no.spikes: number of spikes of the inflorescence</li> <li>no.flowers: number of flowers per inflorescence</li> <li>no.fruits: number of single-seeded fruits per inflorescence</li> </ol>
Rainforest phenology: flower, fruit and seed production from biweekly collections of 200 traps in the Yasuní Forest Dynamics Plot, Ecuador, 2000-2018
We provide data on flowering and fruiting phenology from an equatorial, ever-wet rainforest in eastern Ecuador, in Yasuni National Park. This is the first long-term study (18 years) of phenology in a diverse equatorial neotropical forest. Although the site is ever-wet, there is some seasonal variation in rainfall and irradiance. One major question was to determine whether the seasonal variation in climate was sufficient to drive seasonality in reproduction in this hyper-diverse forest. The study began in 2000 with various funding, and became an LTREB-funded project in 2006. We used twice monthly censuses of 200 traps to document phenology. Parts of >1000 species were identified in the traps in the 18 year period (ending early in 2018), including trees, shrubs, lianas and epiphytes. Parts identified included buds, flowers, mature fruits and mature seeds, and aborted, damaged and immature fruits and seeds. The project is on-going, and additional data will be added as it is processed.
Flower and Leaf Phenology of Interior Alaska Forbs and Shrubs as Observed Near Fairbanks Alaska from 2013-2015
This dataset contains the dates of phenological phases for leaves and flowers of 42 species of forbs and shrubs (2 subspecies of one species) observed throughout the growing season in 2013, 2014 and 2015. Data were collected in three general areas: in the Bonanza Creek Experimental Forest, on the University of Alaska Fairbanks Campus, and in the woods near Pearl Creek Elementary School. Species are classified by origin (native or non-native), growth form (forb, dwarf shrub, or tall shrub), leaf habit (deciduous, wintergreen or evergreen), plant life history (annual, biennial, or perennial), and habitat (black spruce forest, mixed deciduous / coniferous forest, or disturbed habitat).
Potentilla flowering phenology for Cabin Clearing, Elk Meadows and Rainbow Meadows, 2019.
To understand parent-hybrid dynamics in cinquefoil (Potentilla) species in the Colorado Rocky Mountains, I am estimating environmental overlap among parents and hybrids, interbreeding among parents and hybrids, and hybrid population growth in multiple natural populations at NWT and (not included here) the Rocky Mountain Biological Laboratory (RMBL). Since 2018, I have been monitoring populations at Rainbow Meadows Lower, Rainbow Meadows Upper, Elk Meadows South, and Cabin Clearing - sites that vary in cinquefoil composition. In 2019, my team and I recorded reproductive phenophases (e.g., vegetative, buds, flowering, setting seed) on tagged plants in June, July, and August. When plants began flowering, we estimated floral counts. Characterizing flowering phenology of parent and hybrid species in each site sheds light on the potential for ongoing interbreeding in different environments. NWT phenological data is shared here, and soil moisture and trait data from demographic monitoring are provided separately. This data was collected to test broad hypotheses about hybrid-parent dynamics in changing montane environments.
Individual and community flowering phenology, seed counts and pollinator visitation rates in shrub and open plots across Niwot Ridge, 2019 - 2021.
Climate-change induced alterations in environmental conditions in the alpine tundra has led to the expansion of woody shrubs, known as “shrubification.” Shrubification is thought to change microclimatic conditions, potentially leading to changes in plant community composition. Shrubification has been taking place at Niwot Ridge, a Long Term Ecological Research site nestled in the mountains of Colorado, for the past 40 years. Thus far, Niwot Ridge has seen some change in alpine plant communities due to shrubification, and changes in plant reproductive capacity and success could lead to future alterations of community composition. One important aspect in plant reproductive success is the timing of flowering, known as flowering phenology. Flowering phenology is controlled partially by environmental conditions, and thus is somewhat plastic for many species. In the first part of my thesis, I explore how shrubification may be causing changes in flowering phenology for 21 different plant species in the alpine tundra community at Niwot Ridge. I conducted an observational study over three years, monitoring the number of flowers present in 54 pairs of shrub-influenced and open plots, totaling 108 plots. I found that there is no difference in the flowering phenology between open and shrub-influenced plots. There is a measurable difference in the number of flowers produced between shrub and open plots, with open plots having more flowers on average, This difference is likely due to there being fewer plants in shrub-influenced plots. A second aspect explores shrub effects on the reproductive success of five different alpine species. In the field season of 2021, I took seeds from these five species from 12 pairs of shrub and open plots, totaling 24 plots. I counted and weighed the seeds to determine reproductive success; there was no difference in reproductive success between shrub and open plots.
Data from: Adaptation of perennial flowering phenology across the European range of Arabis alpina
<p>Perennial <em>Arabis alpina</em> has a wide geographic distribution and is adapted to local environments. However, the traits that underlie adaptation are unknown. Flowering phenology is an adaptive trait in other species, but its geographic variation has not been systematically studied in herbaceous perennials.</p> <p>Accessions of <em>A. alpina</em> were collected across the European range. Their flowering behavior was tested in controlled conditions, in experimental common-garden plantations at native sites and <em>in-situ</em> in natural populations. Also, genetic diversity within and among populations was examined.</p> <p>French Alpine and Scandinavian accessions varied in timing and duration of flowering. By contrast, in controlled conditions and <em>in-situ</em>, all Spanish accessions were obligate vernalization-requiring with a short duration of flowering. Nevertheless, Spanish populations were as genetically diverse as French Alpine populations and more so than Scandinavian populations. Furthermore, <em>perpetual flowering 1</em>, a mutant that shows no vernalization requirement and a long duration of flowering, showed higher mortality and poorer performance than local accessions at Spanish experimental sites.</p> <p>We propose that in this perennial species, the vernalization requirement and short duration of flowering are under selection in Spain as a strategy to survive exposure to longer, warmer growing seasons.</p>
Data from: Drastic shift in flowering phenology of F1 hybrids explains the population structure of Imperata cylindrica in Japan
<p>Hybridization is a major source of phenotypic variation and a driving force for evolution. On the other hand, these novel traits can often disrupt adaptive relationships between the parental phenotypes and their environments. However, it remains unclear how new hybrid traits disrupt local adaptation. Here, we report how a new phenotype of hybrids between two ecotypes of Imperata cylindrica contributes to rapid reproductive isolation from their parents and affects hybrid fitness.</p> <p>We analyzed 350 accessions of I. cylindrica collected from the 1980s to the 2010s throughout Japan to explore the genetic population structure of the hybrids. We surveyed flowering periods, seed sets, and germination of two ecotypes and their hybrids in both natural habitats and common gardens.</p> <p>Genetic analyses of population structure revealed that the hybrid populations consisted of only F1 individuals, without post-F1 hybrids. The flowering phenology of the F1 plants was delayed to autumn, 5–6 months later than the parental ecotypes.</p> <p>The drastic shift in flowering phenology prevents F1s from backcrossing. In addition, it changes their seed dispersal time to winter. Germination is inhibited by low temperatures, and the seeds likely decay before the next spring, resulting in the absence of an F2 generation. For the first time in the field, we found environmental mismatch of F1 as a specific mechanism for the maintenance of only F1 populations.</p> <p>Synthesis. We have demonstrated that this flowering phenology mismatch promotes reproductive isolation between the parents and F1s and affects various temporal components of the hybrids, resulting in a unique hybrid population consisting only of F1s. This system sheds light on the importance of hybrid traits in terms of rapid reproductive isolation.</p>
Data from: Higher thermal plasticity in flowering phenology increases flowering output
<p>Ongoing climate change poses an increasing threat to biodiversity. To avoid decline or extinction, species need to either adjust or adapt to new environmental conditions or track their climatic niches across space. In sessile organisms such as plants, phenotypic plasticity can help maintain fitness in variable and even novel environmental conditions and is therefore likely to play an important role in allowing them to survive climate change, particularly in the short term. Understanding a species' response to rising temperature is crucial for planning well-targeted and cost-effective conservation measures. We sampled seeds of three <em>Hypericum</em> species (<em>H. maculatum</em>, <em>H. montanum</em>, and <em>H. perforatum</em>), from a total of 23 populations originating from different parts of their native distribution areas in Europe. We grew them under four different temperature regimes in a greenhouse to simulate current and predicted future climatic conditions in the distribution areas. We measured flowering start, flower count, and subsequent seed weight, allowing us to study variations in the thermal plasticity of flowering phenology and its relation to fitness. Our results show that individuals flowered earlier with increasing temperature, while the degree of phenological plasticity varied among species. More specifically, the plasticity of <em>H. maculatum</em> varied depending on population origin, with individuals from the leading range edge being less plastic. Importantly, we show a positive relationship between higher plasticity and increased flower production, indicating adaptive phenological plasticity. The observed connection between plasticity and fitness supports the idea that plasticity itself may be adaptive. This study underlines the need for information on plasticity for predicting species' potential to thrive under global change and the need for studies on whether higher phenotypic plasticity is currently being selected for as natural populations experience a rapidly changing climate.</p>
Figure 2 in FlorAl biometrics And phenologicAl chArActeriZAtion of flowering And fruiting of the passion fruit PAssiflorA TrinTAE in southwestern BAhiA, BrAZil
Figure 2. Illustration of Passiflora trintae showing the floral parts. A. Sepal and petal; B. Lateral view of flower. C. Apical view of flower. Bar = 1 cm.
Figure 4 in FlorAl biometrics And phenologicAl chArActeriZAtion of flowering And fruiting of the passion fruit PAssiflorA TrinTAE in southwestern BAhiA, BrAZil
Figure 4. Average, maximum, and minimum temperature and precipitation from June 2012 to May 2013, in Vitória da Conquista, Bahia, Brazil (INMET 2013). The bars represent precipitation data, and the lines represent temperature data.
Shifts in flowering phenology in response to spring temperatures in eastern Tennessee
<p>Plant phenological shifts are among the clearest indicators of the effects of climate change. In North America, numerous studies in New England have demonstrated earlier spring flowering compared to historical records. However, few studies have examined phenological shifts in the southeastern United States, a highly biodiverse region of North America characterized by dramatic variation in abiotic conditions over small geographic areas. Here, we use 1000+ digitized herbarium records along with location-specific temperature data to examine phenological shifts of 14 spring-flowering species in two adjacent ecoregions in eastern Tennessee. We show that spring-flowering plant communities in the Blue Ridge and Ridge & Valley ecoregions differ in their sensitivity to temperature; plants in the Ridge & Valley flower 2.7 days earlier/ºC on average compared to 1.3 days/ºC for plants in the Blue Ridge. Additionally, we show that for the majority of species in both ecoregions, flowering is sensitive to spring temperature; i.e., in warmer years, most species flowered earlier. Despite this sensitivity, we did not find support for community-level shifts in flowering within eastern Tennessee in recent decades, likely because increases in annual temperature in the southeast are driven primarily by warming summer (rather than spring) temperatures. These results highlight the importance of including ecoregion as a predictor in phenological models for capturing variation in sensitivity among populations and suggest that even small shifts in temperature can have dramatic effects on phenology in response to climate in the southeastern United States.</p>
Beyond the usual climate? Factors determining flowering and fruiting phenology across a genus over 117 years
<p><span>Premise</span>: Although changes in plant phenology are largely attributed to changes in climate, the roles of other factors, such as genetic constraints, competition, and self-compatibility, are underexplored. </p> <p><span>Methods</span>: We compiled >900 herbarium records spanning 117 years for all 8 nominal species of the winter-annual genus <em>Leavenworthia</em> (Brassicaceae). We used linear regression to determine the rate of phenological change across years and phenological sensitivity to climate. Using a variance partitioning analysis, we assessed the relative influence of climatic and non-climatic factors (self-compatibility, range overlap, latitude, and year) on <em>Leavenworthia</em> reproductive phenology. </p> <p><span>Key Results</span>: Flowering advanced by ~2.0 days and fruiting ~1.3 days per decade. For every 1°C increase in spring temperature, flowering advanced ~2.3 days and fruiting ~3.3 days. For every 100 mm decrease in spring precipitation, each advanced ~6-7 days. The best models explained 35.4% of flowering variance and 33.9% of fruiting. Spring precipitation accounted for 51.3% of explained variance in flowering date and 44.6% in fruiting. Mean spring temperature accounted for 10.6% and 19.3%, respectively. Year accounted for 16.6% of flowering variance and 5.4% of fruiting, and latitude 2.3% and 15.1%, respectively. Non-climatic variables combined accounted for <11% of the variance across phenophases.</p> <p><span>Conclusions</span>: Spring precipitation, alongside other climate and climatically-related factors, were dominant predictors of phenological variance. Our results emphasize the strong effect of precipitation on phenology, especially in moisture-limited habitats preferred by <em>Leavenworthia</em>. Amongst the many factors that determine phenology, climate is the dominant influence, indicating the effects of climate change on phenology are expected to increase.</p>
Beyond the usual climate? Factors determining flowering and fruiting phenology across a genus over 117 years
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