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46 results for “fluctuating selection”
Dataset used in the publication entitled "Decomposition Problem in Process of Selective Identification and Localization of Voltage Fluctuation Sources in Power Grids" presented at 2022 20th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power (ICHQP)
<p>Dataset obtained from experimental research carried out in a real power grid. Based on the dataset, the problem of decomposition in identification of sources of voltage fluctuations has been presented in the publication: Kuwałek P., Decomposition Problem in Process of Selective Identification and Localization of Voltage Fluctuation Sources in Power Grids, <em>Proceedings of the 20th International Conference on Harmonics and Quality of Power</em>, IEEE , art. no. 43, 2022, Italy, Naples. The description of the power grid model is presented in this publication. The research results are part of the work under the project entitled "Voltage fluctuation diagnostic focused on identification and localization disturbing loads in power grids" funded by the National Science Centre, Poland - 2021/41/N/ST7/00397.</p>
Continuously fluctuating selection reveals extreme granularity and parallelism of adaptive tracking
<p>Temporally fluctuating environmental conditions are a ubiquitous feature of natural habitats. Yet, how finely natural populations adaptively track fluctuating selection pressures via shifts in standing genetic variation is unknown. We generated high-frequency, genome-wide allele frequency data from a genetically diverse population of Drosophila melanogaster in extensively replicated field mesocosms from late June to mid-December, a period of ~12 generations. Adaptation throughout the fundamental ecological phases of population expansion, peak density, and collapse was underpinned by extremely rapid, parallel changes in genomic variation across replicates. Yet, the dominant direction of selection fluctuated repeatedly, even within each of these ecological phases. Comparing patterns of allele frequency change to an independent dataset procured from the same experimental system demonstrated that the targets of selection are predictable across years. In concert, our results reveal fitness-relevance of standing variation that is likely to be masked by inference approaches based on static population sampling, or insufficiently resolved time-series data. We propose such fine-scaled temporally fluctuating selection may be an important force maintaining functional genetic variation in natural populations and an important stochastic force affecting levels of standing genetic variation genome-wide.</p>
Data from: Early-life variation in migration is subject to strong fluctuating survival selection in a partially migratory bird
<p>Population dynamic and eco-evolutionary responses to environmental variation and change fundamentally depend on combinations of within- and among-cohort variation in phenotypic expression of key life-history traits, and on corresponding variation in selection on those traits. Specifically, in partially migratory populations, spatio-seasonal dynamics depend on the degree of adaptive phenotypic expression of seasonal migration versus residence, where more individuals migrate when selection favours migration.</p> <p>Opportunity for adaptive (or, conversely, maladaptive) expression could be particularly substantial in early life, through initial development of migration versus residence. However, within- and among-cohort dynamics of early-life migration, and of associated survival selection, have not been quantified in any system, preventing any inference on adaptive early-life expression. Such analyses have been precluded because data on seasonal movements and survival of sufficient young individuals, across multiple cohorts, have not been collected.</p> <p>We undertook extensive year-round field resightings of 9,359 colour-ringed juvenile European Shags (<em>Gulosus aristotelis</em>) from 11 successive cohorts in a partially-migratory population. We fitted advanced Bayesian multi-state capture-mark-recapture models to quantify early-life variation in migration versus residence and associated survival across short temporal occasions through each cohort's first year from fledging, thereby quantifying the degree of adaptive phenotypic expression of migration within and across years.</p> <p>All cohorts were highly partially migratory, but the degree and timing of migration varied considerably within and among cohorts. Episodes of strong survival selection on migration versus residence occurred both on short timeframes within years, and cumulatively across whole years, generating instances of instantaneous and cumulative net selection that would be obscured at coarser temporal resolutions. Further, the magnitude and direction of selection varied among years, generating strong fluctuating survival selection on early-life migration across cohorts, as rarely evidenced in nature. Yet, the degree of migration did not strongly covary with the direction of selection, indicating limited early-life adaptive phenotypic expression.</p> <p>These results reveal how dynamic early-life expression and selection on a key life-history trait, seasonal migration, can emerge across seasonal, annual, and multi-year timeframes, yet be substantially decoupled. This restricts the potential for adaptive phenotypic, micro-evolutionary, and population dynamic responses to changing seasonal environments.</p>
Data from: Evolvability predicts macroevolution under fluctuating selection
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Data from: Fluctuating selection in a Monkeyflower hybrid zone
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Data from: Early-life variation in migration is subject to strong fluctuating survival selection in a partially migratory bird
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Data from: Beneficial reversal of dominance maintains a large-effect resistance polymorphism under fluctuating insecticide selection
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Continuously fluctuating selection reveals extreme granularity and parallelism of adaptive tracking
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simulation results - article "The advantage of sex: reinserting fluctuating selection in the pluralist approach"
<p>Results of the simulations of sexual vs asexual fluctuating selection associated with Red Queen like effect (frequency dependent selection and fitness reduction due to mutations in asexuals. </p> <p>Two excell sheets labeled figure 1 and figure 2. </p> <p>Figure 1 : 18 groups of 5 columns with 18 corresponding graphs. </p> <p>Columns : </p> <p>SD_env: Generation wise Standard Deviation of the randomly fluctuating environmental conditions.</p> <p>m: inverse of the strength of the frequency dependent selection. The strength of selection is 1/m.</p> <p>rho: autocorrelation of the randomly fluctuating environmental conditions. Either 0 or 0.6.</p> <p>proba_sex: observed frequency of fixed sexual forms for a given Standard Deviation of randomly fluctuating environmental conditions</p> <p>n: number of runs</p> <p>Figure 2 : 25 groups of 5 columns with 25 corresponding graphs. Effect of a reduction of the twofold advantage of asexuals on the fluctuating selection.</p> <p>SD_env, proba_sex, n: same significance as in figure 1.</p> <p>mult_asex: reduction coefficient of the two fold advantage of asexuals due either to deleterious mutations accumulations or to intraspecific competition. If mult_asex=1 the advantage of asexuals over sexuals is 2. So the advantage of asexuals over sexuals is mult_asex*2</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Evolutionary variation in gene conversion at the avian MHC is explained by fluctuating selection, gene copy numbers, and life history
<p>The Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) multigene family encodes key pathogen-recognition molecules of the vertebrate adaptive immune system. Hyper-polymorphism of MHC genes is <em>de novo</em> generated by point mutations, but new haplotypes may also arise by re-shuffling of existing variation through intra- and inter-locus gene conversion. Although the occurrence of gene conversion at the MHC has been known for decades, we still have limited understanding of its functional importance. Here, I took advantage of extensive genetic resources (~9000 sequences) to investigate a broad scale macroevolutionary patterns in gene conversion processes at the MHC across nearly 200 avian species. Gene conversion was found to constitute a universal mechanism in birds, as 83% of species showed footprints of gene conversion at either MHC class and 25% of all allelic variants were attributed to gene conversion. Gene conversion processes were stronger at MHC-II than MHC-I, but inter-specific variation at both MHC classes was explained by similar evolutionary scenarios, reflecting fluctuating selection towards different optima and drift. Gene conversion showed uneven phylogenetic distribution across birds and was driven by gene copy number variation, supporting significant role of inter-locus gene conversion processes in the evolution of the avian MHC. Finally, MHC gene conversion was stronger in species with fast life histories (high fecundity) and in long-distance migrants, likely reflecting variation in population sizes and host-pathogen coevolutionary dynamics. The results provide a robust comparative framework for understanding macroevolutionary variation in gene conversion at the avian MHC and reinforce important contribution of this mechanism to functional MHC diversity.</p>
Data from: Evolutionary variation in gene conversion at the avian MHC is explained by fluctuating selection, gene copy numbers, and life history
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Ecological causes of fluctuating natural selection on habitat choice in an amphibian
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Data from: Fluctuating selection and its (elusive) evolutionary consequences in a wild rodent population
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Fluctuating selection among years in a wild insect (Gryllus campestris)
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Negative frequency-dependent selection maintains coexisting genotypes during fluctuating selection
Natural environments are rarely static; rather selection can fluctuate on time scales ranging from hours to centuries. However, it is unclear how adaptation to fluctuating environments differs from adaptation to constant environments at the genetic level. For bacteria, one key axis of environmental variation is selection for planktonic or biofilm modes of growth. We conducted an evolution experiment with <i>Burkholderia cenocepacia</i>, comparing the evolutionary dynamics of populations evolving under constant selection for either biofilm formation or planktonic growth with populations in which selection fluctuated between the two environments on a weekly basis. Populations evolved in the fluctuating environment shared many of the same genetic targets of selection as those evolved in constant biofilm selection, but were genetically distinct from the constant planktonic populations. In the fluctuating environment, mutations in the biofilm-regulating genes wspA and rpfR rose to high frequency in all replicate populations. A mutation in wspA first rose rapidly and nearly fixed during the initial biofilm phase but was subsequently displaced by a collection of rpfR mutants upon the shift to the planktonic phase. The wspA and rpfR genotypes coexisted via negative frequency-dependent selection around an equilibrium frequency that shifted between the environments. The maintenance of coexisting genotypes in the fluctuating environment was unexpected. Under temporally fluctuating environments coexistence of two genotypes is only predicted under a narrow range of conditions, but the frequency-dependent interactions we observed provide a mechanism that can increase the likelihood of coexistence in fluctuating environments.
Data from: Strong, nonlinear selection against fluctuating asymmetry in wild populations of a marine fish
Theoretical links between fluctuating asymmetry (FA) and fitness have led many to use FA as a proxy for average fitness. However, studies examining whether asymmetry actually correlates with individual fitness in wild populations are relatively rare and often use simple measures of association (e.g., correlation coefficients). Consequently, the pattern of selection on asymmetry in the wild is seldom clear. We examined selection on FA of pectoral fin morphology in two wild populations of a marine fish (the kelp perch; Brachyistius frenatus). As expected, variance in signed FA in each initial sample was significantly greater than that found in the surviving population, indicating selection against FA. Our estimate of the fitness surface confirmed perfect symmetry as the phenotypic optimum and indicated strong, nonlinear selection against asymmetry. No difference in the form of selection was detected between populations. However, the level of FA in the initial samples varied among populations, leading to an overall difference in the level of selective mortality. Our results suggest that selection on asymmetry in wild populations may be strongly nonlinear, and indicate that the demographic costs of asymmetry may play a substantial role in the dynamics of populations.
Data from: What kind of maternal effects can be selected for in fluctuating environments?
Just as phenotypic plasticity can evolve when developing individuals get informational cues about their future adult environment, deterministic maternal effects, where offspring trait values depend on the maternal environment, can evolve when mothers gain reliable information about the environments their offspring will face. Randomizing maternal effects (a type of diversifying bet hedging), where offspring trait values are randomized, can evolve by natural selection even when information about future environments is unavailable. We investigate selection on both randomizing and deterministic maternal effects in environments that show correlated fluctuations between two environmental states. We compare the strength of selection for deterministic and randomizing maternal effects and explicitly consider maternal fitness costs of producing offspring with different phenotypes. Only a small set of environmental parameters allow randomizing maternal effects to outcompete deterministic maternal effects; not only must there be little or no information available about future environments, but the frequency of each environment must fall within a narrow range. By contrast, deterministic maternal effects can always invade an ancestral state lacking a maternal effect even if the amount of environmental information available is low. The long-term outcome may involve offspring trait value randomization but only if trait values first evolve to cause extreme differences in environment-specific fitness. Overall, deterministic maternal effects are more likely to evolve by natural selection than randomizing maternal effects.
Arms-race and fluctuating-selection dynamics in Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria coevolving with phage OMKO1
<p class="MsoNormal">Experimental evolution studies have examined coevolutionary dynamics between bacteria and lytic phages, where two models for antagonistic coevolution dominate: arms-race dynamics (ARD) and fluctuating-selection dynamics (FSD). Here, we tested the ability for <em>Pseudomonas aeruginosa </em>to coevolve with phage OMKO1 during 10 passages in the laboratory; whether ARD versus FSD coevolution occurred; and how coevolution affected a predicted phenotypic trade-off between phage resistance and antibiotic sensitivity. We used a unique "deep" sampling design, where 96 bacterial clones per passage were obtained from the three replicate coevolving communities. Next, we examined phenotypic changes in growth ability, susceptibility to phage attack, and resistance against antibiotics. Results confirmed that the bacteria and phages coexisted throughout the study with one community undergoing ARD while the other two showed evidence for FSD. Surprisingly, only the ARD bacteria demonstrated the anticipated trade-off. Whole genome sequencing revealed that treatment populations of bacteria accrued more <em>de novo</em> mutations, relative to a control bacterial population. Additionally, coevolved bacteria presented mutations in genes for biosynthesis of flagella, type-IV pilus and lipopolysaccharide, with three mutations fixing contemporaneously with the occurrence of the phenotypic trade-off in the ARD-coevolved bacteria. Our study demonstrates that both ARD and FSD coevolution outcomes are possible in a single interacting bacteria-phage system, and that occurrence of predicted phage-driven evolutionary trade-offs may depend on the genetics underlying evolution of phage-resistance in bacteria. These results are relevant for the ongoing development of lytic phages, such as OMKO1, in personalized treatment of human patients, as an alternative to antibiotics. </p>
Data and scripts from: Experimental evidence of size-selective harvest and environmental stochasticity effects on population demography, fluctuations, and nonlinearity
<p class="MsoNormal">Theory and analyses of fisheries datasets indicate that harvesting can alter population structure and destabilize nonlinear processes, which increases population fluctuations. We conducted a factorial experiment on the population dynamics of <em>Daphnia magna</em> in relation to size-selective harvesting and stochasticity of food supply. Harvesting and stochasticity treatments both increased population fluctuations. Timeseries analysis indicated that fluctuations in control populations were nonlinear, and nonlinearity increased substantially in response to harvesting. Both harvesting and stochasticity induced population juvenescence, but harvesting did so via depletion of adults whereas stochasticity increased the abundance of juveniles. A fitted fisheries model indicated that harvesting shifted populations towards higher reproductive rates and larger-magnitude damped oscillations that amplify demographic noise. These findings provide experimental evidence that harvesting increases nonlinearity of population fluctuations and that both harvesting and stochasticity increase population variability and juvenescence.</p>
Data from: Strong, nonlinear selection against fluctuating asymmetry in wild populations of a marine fish
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