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61 results for “flying squirrel”
Fig. 1 in Testing the parasite-mediated competition hypothesis between sympatric northern and southern flying squirrels
Fig. 1. Map of sites (n = 30) used to survey the presence of the intestinal parasite Strongyloides robustus in northern and southern flying squirrels in Ontario from June–September 2019. Symbol shape represents squirrel species detected at a site: square = northern flying squirrel, cross = southern flying squirrel, circle = both, and triangle = neither. The colour of symbol indicates whether S. robustus was detected at a site: grey = absent (n = 23) and black = present (n = 7). Inset shows the location of our study area in Ontario, Canada. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
Fig. 2 in Testing the parasite-mediated competition hypothesis between sympatric northern and southern flying squirrels
Fig. 2. Body condition of A) southern flying squirrels (n = 41), B) grey squirrels (n = 42), C) northern flying squirrels (n = 17), and D) red squirrels (n = 13) infested with Strongyloides robustus compared to those not infested. Body condition was calculated for squirrels captured near Peterborough, Ontario between June–September 2019.
Fig. 3 in Testing the parasite-mediated competition hypothesis between sympatric northern and southern flying squirrels
Fig. 3. Ordination biplots for presence of squirrel species at woodlots based on live-trapping surveys conducted near Peterborough, Ontario during the summer of 2019. Biplots show A) the species and habitat matrices, B) the species and parasite matrices, and C) the species and spatial matrices.
FIG. 8. — A in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11C, Germany
FIG. 8. — A, Blackia miocaenica Mein, 1970 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5636, left M3; B-K, Pliopetaurista pliocenica from Hambach 11C: B, IPB- HaR-5614, right m1/2; C, IPB- HaR-5625 left m1/2; D, IPB- HaR-5627, right m1/2; E, left m3; F, IPB-HaR-5629, right P4; G, IPB- HaR-5631, left P4; H, IPB- HaR-5632, left M1/2; I, IPB- HaR-5634, right M1/2; J, IPB- HaR-5633, left M1/2; K, IPB- HaR-5635, left M1/2. All the teeth are shown as left teeth, the teeth that have been mirrored are indicated by underlined letters. Scale bar: 1 mm.
FIG. 9. — A in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11C, Germany
FIG. 9. — A, Size comparison of Pliopetaurista pliocaenica (Depéret, 1897) M1/2 from Hambach 11C with other published specimens. Black & Kowalski (1974): Pliopetaurista dehneli Sulimski, 1964, Pliopetaurista meini Black & Kowalski 1974, Pliopetaurista cf. pliocaenica (Depéret, 1897); Daxner-HÖck (1975): Pliopetaurista bressana Mein, 1970; Dahlmann (2001): P. pliocaenica, Pliopetaurista raui Dahlmann, 2001; Daxner-HÖck (2004): P. bressana, Pliopetaurista kollmanni Daxner-HÖck, 2004; de Bruijn (1995): P. dehneli Sulimski, 1964; Fejfar & Storch (1990): P. pliocaenica; Gárcia-Alix et al. (2007): P. pliocaenica, P. cf. pliocaenica; Vasileiadou et al. (2012): P. dehneli. In red are our specimens from Hambach 11C, in green the P. pliocaenica specimens and in blue the P. cf. pliocaenica. B, Size comparison of Pliopetaurista pliocaenica m1/2 from Hambach 11C with other published specimens. Black & Kowalski (1974): Pliopetaurista meini; Dahlmann (2001): P. pliocaenica; Daxner-HÖck (1975): Pliopetaurista bressana; Daxner-HÖck (2004): P. bressana, Pliopetaurista kollmanni; de Bruijn (1995): P. dehneli; Colombero & Carnevale (2016): P. pliocaenica; Mansino et al. (2018): P. pliocaenica; MÖrs et al. (1998): P. pliocaenica. In red are our specimens from Hambach 11C, in green the P. pliocaenica specimens and in blue the Pliopetaurista cf. pliocaenica.
FIG. 5 in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11C, Germany
FIG. 5. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5654, labial view of an incisor fragment; B, IPB-HaR-5650, left dp4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5643, upper right jaw fragment with teeth P4 to M2 labial view; D, IPB-HaR-5643, occlusal view; E, IPB-HaR-5643, lingual view; F, IPB-HaR-5645, left P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; G, IPB-HaR-5649, right P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 7 in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11C, Germany
FIG. 7. — Size comparison of our specimens with different species. Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Czernielewski 2022, Hugueney et al. 1989 and Newton 1890. Trogontherium cuvieri Owen, 1846 from Fostowicz-Frelik 2008 and Langeveld 2013. Trogontherium (Euroxenomys) minutum (von Meyer, 1838) from Stefen & Rummel 2003.
FIG. 6 in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11C, Germany
FIG. 6. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5646, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; B, IPB-HaR-5647, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5652, right M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5644, upper right M3 occlusal, labial and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5648, left M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; F, IPB-HaR-5651, right M3 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. All teeth are figured as left teeth, an underlined letter indicates a right tooth. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 4 in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11C, Germany
FIG. 4. — Trogontherium minus Newton, 1890 from Hambach 11C, IPB-HaR-5642, left jaw with i to m2: A, labial view; B, occlusal view; C, lingual view. Scale bar: 1 cm.
FIG. 3 in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11C, Germany
FIG. 3. — Castor fiber Linnaeus, 1758 from Hambach 11C: A, IPB-HaR-5653, incisor fragment labial view and section; B, IPB-HaR-5641, left m1/2 labial, occlusal and lingual views; C, IPB-HaR-5637, left P4 in maxillary fragment, labial, occlusal, and lingual views; D, IPB-HaR-5640, left, P4 labial, occlusal, and lingual views; E, IPB-HaR-5639, left M1/2, labial, occlusal, and lingual views; F, IPB-HaR-5638, left M1/2 labial, occlusal, and lingual views. Scale bar: 2 mm.
FIG. 1. — A in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11C, Germany
FIG. 1. — A, Map of the location of the Hambach lignite mine (from MÖrs & Stefen 2010); B, picture of the outcrop.
Data from: A Miopetaurista (Sciuridae, Rodentia) cranium from the middle Miocene of Bavaria (Germany) and brain evolution in flying squirrels
<p>Flying squirrels (Sciurinae, Pteromyini) are the most successful group of gliding mammals. However, their fossil record mostly consists of isolated dental remains which provide very limited insights into their paleobiology and evolution. Only recently, the first skeleton of a fossil flying squirrel, belonging to the species <em>Miopetaurista neogrivensis</em>, has been described. It presents all the diagnostic gliding-related postcranial features of its extant relatives and shows that this group has undergone very little morphological change for almost 12 million years. However, the associated cranium is badly crushed, so particular details of the cranial morphology cannot be described. Here we describe a well-preserved cranium of the closely-related <em>Miopetaurista crusafonti</em> from 12.5–12.0 Ma from Bavaria (Germany). Its cranial morphology is found to be almost identical to extant large flying squirrels, even in details such as the position of the foramina. The virtual endocast also shows close affinities to living large flying squirrels in morphology and in the relative volume of different brain regions, showing diagnostic features such as the size reduction of petrosal lobules and olfactory bulbs. However, the encephalization quotient (EQ) and neocortical ratio are lower than observed in extant flying squirrels. EQ is known to increase through time in squirrels, but might also be related to locomotion, as arboreal and gliding squirrels display higher EQs than terrestrial ones. Because <em>Miopetaurista</em> was certainly a glider, its comparatively lower EQ and neocortical size support the existence of an independent trend of increasing EQ and neocortical complexity in this flying squirrel subclade.</p>
TABLE 2 in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11 C, Germany
<p>TABLE 2. — Measurements (in mm) of <i>Trogontherium minus</i> teeth from Hambach 11C.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Museum number</b></th><th><b>Species</b></th><th><b>Dex/Sin</b></th><th><b>Tooth position</b></th><th><b>Length</b></th><th><b>Width</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th>HaR-5642-1</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>i</td><td>–</td><td>4.77</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5642-2</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>p4</td><td>4.05</td><td>3.01</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5642-3</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>m1</td><td>5.68</td><td>6.27</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5642-4</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>m2</td><td>5.94</td><td>6.07</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5643-1</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>P4</td><td>8.24</td><td>8.87</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5643-2</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>M1</td><td>5.99</td><td>6.21</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5643-3</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>M2</td><td>5.73</td><td>6.21</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5644</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>M3</td><td>7.71</td><td>6.05</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5645</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>P4</td><td>8.31</td><td>9.03</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5646</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>M1/2</td><td>5.84</td><td>6.19</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5647</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>M1/2</td><td>6.06</td><td>6.43</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5648</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>M3</td><td>7.75</td><td>5.97</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5649</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>P4</td><td>7.2</td><td>8.53</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5650</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Sin</td><td>dP4</td><td>5.18</td><td>5.06</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5651</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>M3</td><td>5.92</td><td>5.96</td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5652</th><td><i>Trogontherium minus</i></td><td>Dex</td><td>M1/2</td><td>6.08</td><td>5.53</td></tr></tbody></table>
TABLE 1 in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11 C, Germany
<p>TABLE 1. — Measurements (in mm) of <i>Castor fiber</i> teeth from Hambach 11C.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Museum</b></th><th></th><th></th><th><b>Tooth</b></th><th></th><th></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>number</b></th><td><b>Species</b></td><td><b>Dex/Sin</b></td><td><b>position</b></td><td><b>Length</b></td><td><b>Width</b></td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5637</th><td>Castor</td><td>Sin</td><td>P4</td><td>8,24</td><td>7,18</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>fiber</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5638</th><td>Castor</td><td>Sin</td><td>M1/2</td><td>6,27</td><td>6,55</td></tr><tr><th></th><td>fiber</td><td></td><td></td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>HaR-5639</th><td>Castor</td><td>Sin</td><td>M1/2</td><td>6,97</td><td>6,83</td></tr><tr><th>fiber</th></tr><tr><th>HaR-5641</th><td>Castor</td><td>Sin</td><td>m1/2</td><td>5,62</td><td>4,31</td></tr><tr><th>fiber</th></tr></tbody></table>
FIG. 2 in Beavers and flying squirrels (Rodentia: Castoridae, Pteromyini) from the Late Pliocene of Hambach 11C, Germany
FIG. 2. — Stratigraphic column of the section.
Data from: A prelude to conservation genomics: First chromosome-level genome assembly of a flying squirrel (Pteromyini: Pteromys volans)
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Population structure of the endangered Siberian flying squirrel (Pteromys volans) revealed by genomic and mitochondrial data
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Data from: A Miopetaurista (Sciuridae, Rodentia) cranium from the middle Miocene of Bavaria (Germany) and brain evolution in flying squirrels
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Data from: Gliding dragons and flying squirrels: diversifying versus stabilizing selection on morphology following the evolution of an innovation
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Data from: Ultrasonic vocalizations emitted by flying squirrels
Anecdotal reports of ultrasound use by flying squirrels have existed for decades, yet there has been little detailed analysis of their vocalizations. Here we demonstrate that two species of flying squirrel emit ultrasonic vocalizations. We recorded vocalizations from northern (Glaucomys sabrinus) and southern (G. volans) flying squirrels calling in both the laboratory and at a field site in central Ontario, Canada. We demonstrate that flying squirrels produce ultrasonic emissions through recorded bursts of broadband noise and time-frequency structured frequency modulated (FM) vocalizations, some of which were purely ultrasonic. Squirrels emitted three types of ultrasonic calls in laboratory recordings and one type in the field. The variety of signals that were recorded suggest that flying squirrels may use ultrasonic vocalizations to transfer information. Thus, vocalizations may be an important, although still poorly understood, aspect of flying squirrel social biology.
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