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21 results for “foraging mode”
Data from: Foraging mode constrains the evolution of cephalic horns in lizards and snakes
<p>A phylogenetically diverse minority of snake and lizard species exhibit rostral and ocular appendages that substantially modify the shape of their heads. These cephalic horns have evolved multiple times in diverse squamate lineages, enabling comparative tests of hypotheses on the benefits and costs of these distinctive traits. Here, we demonstrate correlated evolution between the occurrence of horns and foraging mode. We argue that although horns may be beneficial for various functions (e.g., camouflage, defence) in animals that move infrequently, they make active foragers more conspicuous to prey and predators, and hence are maladaptive. We therefore expected horns to be more common in species that ambush prey (entailing low movement rates) rather than in actively searching (frequently moving) species. Consistent with that hypothesis, our phylogenetic comparative analysis of published data on 1,939 species reveals that cephalic horns occur almost exclusively in sit-and-wait predators. This finding underlines how foraging mode constrains the morphology of squamates and provides a compelling starting point for similar studies in other animal groups.</p>
Figure 1. A in The relationship between skull morphology, biting performance and foraging mode in Kalahari lacertid lizards
Figure 1. A, phylogenetic relationships among major lizard clades showing the evolution of foraging mode across squamates. The cladogram is based on Estes, de Queiroz & Gauthier (1988). B, phylogenetic relationships among the taxa included in this study. Sit-and-wait foraging (black bars) is presumed to be the basal condition for both Meroles and Pedioplanis. See text for details. The cladogram is based on Arnold (1991).
Figure 3 in The relationship between skull morphology, biting performance and foraging mode in Kalahari lacertid lizards
Figure 3. Scatterplot of snout–vent length (mm) and bite force (Newtons). Without correcting for body size differences, P. namaquensis was significantly different from all other species and P. lineoocellata was significantly different from H. lugubris. After correcting for body size, H. lugubris was significantly different from the other species. The error bars represent standard error. Hl = H. lugubris, Ms = M. suborbitalis, Pl = P. lineoocellata, Pn = P. namaquensis.
Figure 4 in The relationship between skull morphology, biting performance and foraging mode in Kalahari lacertid lizards
Figure 4. Phylogenetic mapping of skull morphology, biting performance, and foraging mode in four lacertid species. A, evolutionary transitions based on the analysis of the raw morphological and bite force data (Table 1, underlining). B, evolutionary changes based on the canonical variates analysis (boxes; Table 3) and size-corrected ANO- VAs (bars and circles; Table 1, lettering). Shared shading or symbols within the circles or boxes indicates no significant difference. The SW and WF species were expected to covary in morphology and biting performance; however, only sizecorrected head length and head width met those predictions. See text for details.
Figure 2 in The relationship between skull morphology, biting performance and foraging mode in Kalahari lacertid lizards
Figure 2. Three-dimensional plot of mean canonical scores of each lacertid species. Hl = Heliobolus lugubris (WF); Ms = Meroles suborbitalis (SW); Pl = Pedioplanis lineoocellata (SW); Pn = Pedioplanis namaquensis (WF).
Data from: Foraging mode constrains the evolution of cephalic horns in lizards and snakes
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Data for: The correlated evolution of foraging mode and reproductive output in lizards
<p>Life-history theory suggests that the optimal reproductive output of an organism is affected by factors such as energy acquisition and predation risk. The observation that some organisms actively search for their prey and others ambush them creates the expectation of different energy needs and predation risk associated with each foraging behavior, the so-called "foraging-mode paradigm". Although this paradigm has been around for decades, the empirical evidence consists of conflicting results derived from competing models based on different mechanisms. For instance, models within the foraging-mode paradigm suggest that widely-foraging females have evolved low reproductive output, because a heavy reproductive load decreases their ability to escape from predators. By contrast, a long-standing prediction of evolutionary theory indicates that organisms subject to high extrinsic mortality, should invest more in reproduction. Here, we present the first partial evidence that widely-foraging species have evolved greater reproductive output than have sit-and-wait species, which we attribute to a larger body size and greater mortality among mobile foragers. According to our findings, we propose a theoretical model that could explain the observed pattern in lizards, suggesting ways for evolutionary ecologists to test mechanistic hypotheses at the intraspecific level.</p>
Data for: The correlated evolution of foraging mode and reproductive output in lizards
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Data from: From fine-scale foraging to home ranges: a semi-variance approach to identifying movement modes across spatiotemporal scales
Understanding animal movement is a key challenge in ecology and conservation biology. Relocation data often represent a complex mixture of different movement behaviors, and reliably decomposing this mix into its component parts is an unresolved problem in movement ecology. Traditional approaches, such as composite random walk models, require that the timescales characterizing the movement are all similar to the usually arbitrary data-sampling rate. Movement behaviors such as long-distance searching and fine-scale foraging, however, are often intermixed but operate on vastly different spatial and temporal scales. An approach that integrates the full sweep of movement behaviors across scales is currently lacking. Here we show how the semivariance function (SVF) of a stochastic movement process can both identify multiple movement modes and solve the sampling rate problem. We express a broad range of continuous-space, continuous-time stochastic movement models in terms of their SVFs, connect them to relocation data via variogram regression, and compare them using standard model selection techniques. We illustrate our approach using Mongolian gazelle relocation data and show that gazelle movement is characterized by ballistic foraging movements on a 6-h timescale, fast diffusive searching with a 10-week timescale, and asymptotic diffusion over longer timescales.
Figure 5 in Foraging mode of Australolacerta rupicola (FitzSimons, 1933) (Sauria: Lacertidae): evidence of seasonal variation in an extremely active predator?
Figure 5. Australolacerta rupicola feeding on a spider (a) and a grasshopper (b). Credit: S. Kirchhof.
F in The varied foraging mode of the subtropical eublepharid gecko Goniurosaurus kuroiwae orientalis
F. 2. Goniurosaurus kuroiwae orientalis #2, male with complete tail, on a small tree, about 1.5 m up from the ground, in the NW corner of the study site, Tokashikijima, on 7 September 1999, at 9.20 p.m. Substratum temperature 27.5°C, air temperature 1 m above ground 27.2°C. The gecko was observed there from 9.23 p.m. for 32 min with PTM=0, and again from 10.50 p.m. for 29 min with PTM=45.9, starting from the same place. This animal had previously been observed on 4 and 6 September on the ground.
F in The varied foraging mode of the subtropical eublepharid gecko Goniurosaurus kuroiwae orientalis
F. 1. The study site of Goniurosaurus kuroiwae orientalis on Tokashikijima (7 September 1999). (A) General view of the front of the lot from the street (looking north); (B) part of the east boundary of the lot, showing the masonry wall of the adjacent house and trees, both used by the geckos.
Data from: From fine-scale foraging to home ranges: a semi-variance approach to identifying movement modes across spatiotemporal scales
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Data from: Social foragers adopt a riskier foraging mode in the centre of their groups
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Changes in foraging mode caused by a decline in prey size have major bioenergetic consequences for a small pelagic fish
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Figure 1 in Foraging mode of Australolacerta rupicola (FitzSimons, 1933) (Sauria: Lacertidae): evidence of seasonal variation in an extremely active predator?
Figure 1. Typical microhabitat of Australolacerta rupicola in Sample Plot 1. Credit: S. Kirchhof.
Figure 3 in Foraging mode of Australolacerta rupicola (FitzSimons, 1933) (Sauria: Lacertidae): evidence of seasonal variation in an extremely active predator?
Figure 3. Typical microhabitat of Australolacerta rupicola in Sample Plot 3. Credit: S. Kirchhof.
Figure 2 in Foraging mode of Australolacerta rupicola (FitzSimons, 1933) (Sauria: Lacertidae): evidence of seasonal variation in an extremely active predator?
Figure 2. Typical microhabitat of Australolacerta rupicola in Sample Plot 2. Credit: S. Kirchhof.
Data from: Foraging mode, relative prey size and diet breadth: a phylogenetically-explicit analysis of snake feeding ecology
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Data from: Foraging mode of spiders affects risk of predation by birds
Avian insectivores are top predators of arboreal arthropods in different forest ecosystems. The selective effects of bird predation in relation to foraging behaviour in canopy-living spiders were studied in a 2-year field experiment using exclosures in a spruce forest in southern Sweden. Three different hunting strategies – free-hunting, two-dimensional web, three-dimensional web – were included in the analysis. Comparisons of bird predation rate (ratio ln (abundance net-enclosed branch/abundance control)) showed considerable variation between spider groups. Free-hunting spiders suffered most from avian insectivores and predation rate was significantly higher than in spiders with two-dimensional webs. Spiders with three-dimensional webs were exposed to a predation rate in between those of the two other hunting strategies. Generally, the experimental effect was significantly higher in spring samples than in autumn, suggesting a stronger predation pressure in winter. The high variation in susceptibility to predation by insectivores implies that selection on behaviour of spider individuals is strong. Web building in itself is probably part of the protective mechanism, suggesting that webs have dual functions. We conclude that the risk of bird predation is a selective force on foraging behaviour of spiders in a forest canopy system.
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