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21 results for “fragment shape”
Text-fig. 2. Ferns, Ginkgo, and taxodioid conifers. a: Filicalean fern type 1. UAPC-ALTA S sn. b, c: Filicalean fern type 2. b: Overview of specimen, UAPC-ALTA S 59515. c: Detail of (b) to show pinnule shape. d: Azolla primaeva, small plant fragments and rhizoids, BBM-PAL-P000002. e: Metasequoia occidentalis twig with leafy branchlets, BBM- PAL-P000003. f: Ginkgo biloba leaf showing dichotomous venation, GSC 7567. g: Taxodioid branches with flared shoot apices that may represent small cones, UAPC-ALTA S 25090. h: Metasequoia occidentalis branchlet showing opposite leaves, UAPC-ALTA S 59495. i: Taxodioid branchlet showing variation, BBM-PAL-P000004. j: Taxodioid pollen cone, BBM-PAL-P000045. k: Metasequoia seed cone, BBM-PAL-P000005 A. l: cf. Chamaecyparis, BBM-PAL-P000006. Scale bars: a–c, f–l = 1 cm, d = 0.5 cm, e = 2 cm. in The Early Eocene Flora Of Horsefly, British Columbia, Canada And Its Phytogeographic Significance
Text-fig. 2. Ferns, Ginkgo, and taxodioid conifers. a: Filicalean fern type 1. UAPC-ALTA S sn. b, c: Filicalean fern type 2. b: Overview of specimen, UAPC-ALTA S 59515. c: Detail of (b) to show pinnule shape. d: Azolla primaeva, small plant fragments and rhizoids, BBM-PAL-P000002. e: Metasequoia occidentalis twig with leafy branchlets, BBM- PAL-P000003. f: Ginkgo biloba leaf showing dichotomous venation, GSC 7567. g: Taxodioid branches with flared shoot apices that may represent small cones, UAPC-ALTA S 25090. h: Metasequoia occidentalis branchlet showing opposite leaves, UAPC-ALTA S 59495. i: Taxodioid branchlet showing variation, BBM-PAL-P000004. j: Taxodioid pollen cone, BBM-PAL-P000045. k: Metasequoia seed cone, BBM-PAL-P000005 A. l: cf. Chamaecyparis, BBM-PAL-P000006. Scale bars: a–c, f–l = 1 cm, d = 0.5 cm, e = 2 cm.
Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b, d–f) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (c) of capsular fruits composed of three carpels fruits and fragment of a capsular fruit from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–c: Taxon 12, a – capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F3302, b – tricarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 3302, c – tricarpellate capsules with pentamerous calyx, no. NM-F3302; d, e: Taxon 13, d – tricarpellate capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F 4501, e – tricarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 4501; f: Taxon 11, fragment of a capsular fruit, no. NM-F 4622. in Plant Mesofossils From The Late Cretaceous Klikov Formation, The Czech Republic
Text-fig. 5. Scanning electron micrographs (a, b, d–f) and X-ray microtomographic orthoslices (c) of capsular fruits composed of three carpels fruits and fragment of a capsular fruit from Zliv-Řídká Blana locality. a–c: Taxon 12, a – capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F3302, b – tricarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 3302, c – tricarpellate capsules with pentamerous calyx, no. NM-F3302; d, e: Taxon 13, d – tricarpellate capsules of broadly elliptical shape, no. NM-F 4501, e – tricarpellate capsules in apical view, no. NM-F 4501; f: Taxon 11, fragment of a capsular fruit, no. NM-F 4622.
Text-fig. 4. Charred grass from diatomite of Saint-Bauzile. a: Overview of diatomite slab with one larger specimen of charred grass (left) and several smaller, lath-shaped charcoal fragments; SM.B 22260; scale bar = 1 cm. b: Detail of vein exhibited on split grass blade, with stomata oriented parallel to vein. c: Stomata oriented in rows and bands parallel to veins exposed on split grass blade. d: Surface of grass leaf with rectangular, elongated cells with strongly undulating margins in an intercostal area. in Evidence For Wildfires During Deposition Of The Late Miocene Diatomites Of The Konservat-Lagerstätte Lake Saint-Bauzile (Ardèche, France) - Preliminary Results
Text-fig. 4. Charred grass from diatomite of Saint-Bauzile. a: Overview of diatomite slab with one larger specimen of charred grass (left) and several smaller, lath-shaped charcoal fragments; SM.B 22260; scale bar = 1 cm. b: Detail of vein exhibited on split grass blade, with stomata oriented parallel to vein. c: Stomata oriented in rows and bands parallel to veins exposed on split grass blade. d: Surface of grass leaf with rectangular, elongated cells with strongly undulating margins in an intercostal area.
Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dinisia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Two pollen grains showing poorly defined distal aperture (arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum forming luminae of variable shapes and sizes; note especially the irregularly and incomplete reticulum in the grain on the left; c) Reticulum showing smooth, vermiform muri attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by long columellae; note that columellae often terminate segments of muri that are not closed; d, e) Pollen grains showing proximal surface (d), poorly defined distal aperture (e, arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum supported by long columellae; note dense covering of small, spherical orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall. Specimen, TV44-S148216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 3 Μm (c). in The Early Cretaceous Mesofossil Flora Of Torres Vedras (Ne Of Forte Da Forca), Portugal: A Palaeofloristic Analysis Of An Early Angiosperm Community
Text-fig. 45. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) images of monocolpate pollen of Dinisia portugallica gen. et sp. nov. from a fragmentary stamen; Torres Vedras locality, Portugal. a) Holotype; stamen fragment showing elongated pollen sacs that yielded the pollen in this Text-figure; b) Two pollen grains showing poorly defined distal aperture (arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum forming luminae of variable shapes and sizes; note especially the irregularly and incomplete reticulum in the grain on the left; c) Reticulum showing smooth, vermiform muri attached to the smooth surface of the foot layer by long columellae; note that columellae often terminate segments of muri that are not closed; d, e) Pollen grains showing proximal surface (d), poorly defined distal aperture (e, arrowhead) and distinctive vermiform reticulum supported by long columellae; note dense covering of small, spherical orbicules on the inner surface of the anther wall. Specimen, TV44-S148216 (holotype). Scale bars 300 Μm (a), 6 Μm (b, d, e), 3 Μm (c).
Patch quality and habitat fragmentation shape the foraging patterns of a specialist folivore
<p><span>Research on use of foraging patches has focused on why herbivores visit or quit patches, yet little is known about visits to patches over time. Food quality, as reflected by higher nutritional quality and lower plant defences, and physical patch characteristics, which offer protection from predators and weather, affect patch use and hence should influence their revisitation. Due to the potentially high costs of moving between patches, fragmented habitats are predicted to complicate foraging decisions of many animals. We aimed to determine how food quality, shelter availability and habitat fragmentation influence tree reuse by a specialist folivore, the koala, in a fragmented agricultural landscape. We GPS- tracked 23 koalas in northern New South Wales, Australia and collated number of revisits, average residence time, and average time-to-return to each tree. We measured tree characteristics including food quality (foliar nitrogen and toxic formylated phloroglucinol compounds, FPCs concentrations), tree size and tree connectedness. We also modelled the costs of locomotion between trees. Koalas re-visited isolated trees with high leaf nitrogen disproportionately often. They spent longer time in trees with high leaf nitrogen, and in large trees used for shelter. They took longer to return to trees with low leaf nitrogen. Tree connectivity reduced travel costs between patches, being either individual or groups of trees. FPC levels had no detectable effect on patch revisitation. We conclude that food quality and shelter drive koala tree re-visits. Scattered, isolated trees with nutrient-rich leaves are valuable resource patches for koalas despite movement costs to reach them. </span></p>
Skull shape of a widely-distributed, endangered marsupial reveals little evidence of local adaptation between fragmented populations
<p>The biogeographical distribution of diversity among populations of threatened mammalian species is generally investigated using population genetics. However, intraspecific phenotypic diversity is rarely assessed beyond taxonomy-focused linear measurements or qualitative descriptions. Here, we use a technique widely used in the evolutionary sciences – geometric morphometrics – to characterize shape diversity in the skull of an endangered marsupial, the northern quoll, across its 5,000 km distribution range along Northern Australia. Skull shape is a proxy for feeding, behaviour, and phenotypic differentiation, allowing us to ask if populations can be distinguished and if patterns of variation indicate adaptability to changing environmental conditions. We analysed skull shape in 101 individuals across four mainland populations and several islands. We assessed the contribution of population, size, sex, rainfall, temperature, and geography to skull shape variation using Principal Components Analysis, Procrustes ANOVA, and variation partitioning analyses. The populations harbour similar amounts of broadly overlapping skull shape variation, with relatively low geographic effects. Size predicted skull shape best, coinciding with braincase size variation and differences in zygomatic arches. Size-adjusted differences in populations explained less variation with far smaller effect sizes, relating to changes in the insertion areas of masticatory muscles, as well as the upper muzzle and incisor region. Climatic and geographic variables contributed little. Strikingly, the vast majority of shape variation - 76% - remained unexplained. Our results suggest a uniform intraspecific scope for shape variation, possibly due to allometric constraints or phenotypic plasticity beyond the relatively strong allometric effect. The lack of local adaptation indicates that cross-breeding between populations will not reduce local morphological skull (and probably general musculoskeletal) adaptation because none exists. However, the potential for heritable morphological variation (e.g. specialization to local diets) seems exceedingly limited. We conclude that 3D geometric morphometrics can provide a comprehensive, statistically rigorous phenomic contribution to genetics-based conservation studies.</p>
Patch quality and habitat fragmentation shape the foraging patterns of a specialist folivore
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Skull shape of a widely-distributed, endangered marsupial reveals little evidence of local adaptation between fragmented populations
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Data from: Habitat fragmentation differentially shapes neutral and immune gene variation in a tropical bird species
<p>Habitat fragmentation is a major cause of biodiversity loss, responsible for an alteration of intraspecific patterns of neutral genetic diversity and structure. Although neutral genetic variation can be informative for demographic inferences, it may be a poor predictor of adaptive genetic diversity and thus of the consequences of habitat fragmentation on selective evolutionary processes. In this context, we contrasted patterns of genetic diversity and structure of neutral loci (microsatellites) and immune genes (i.e., toll-like receptors) in an understorey bird species, the wedge-billed woodcreeper <i>Glyphorynchus spirurus</i>. The objectives were (1) to investigate forest fragmentation effects on population genetic diversity, (2) to disentangle the relative role of demography (genetic drift and migration) and selection, and (3) to assess whether immunogenetic patterns could be associated with variation of ectoparasite (i.e., ticks) pressures. Our results revealed an erosion of neutral genetic diversity and a substantial genetic differentiation among fragmented populations, resulting from a decrease in landscape connectivity and leading to the divergence of distinct genetic pools at a small spatial scale. Patterns of genetic diversity observed for TLR4 and TLR5 were concordant with neutral genetic patterns, whereas those observed for TLR3 and TLR21 were discordant. This result underlines that the dominant evolutionary force shaping immunogenetic diversity (genetic drift vs. selection) may be different depending on loci considered. Finally, tick prevalence was higher in fragmented environments. We discussed the hypothesis that pathogen selective pressures may contribute to maintain adaptive genetic diversity despite the negative demographic effect of habitat fragmentation on neutral genetic diversity.</p>
Data from: Low genetic diversity and strong population structure shaped by anthropogenic habitat fragmentation in a critically endangered primate, Trachypithecus leucocephalus
Habitat fragmentation may strongly impact population genetic structure and reduce the genetic diversity and viability of small and isolated populations. The white-headed langur (Trachypithecus leucocephalus) is a critically endangered primate species living in a highly fragmented and human-modified habitat in southern China. We examined the population genetic structure and genetic diversity of the species and investigated the environmental and anthropogenic factors that may have shaped its population structure. We used 214 unique multi-locus genotypes from 41 social groups across the main distribution area of T. leucocephalus, and found strong genetic structure and significant genetic differentiation among local populations. Our landscape genetic analyses using a causal modelling framework suggest that a large habitat gap and geographical distance represent the primary landscape elements shaping genetic structure, yet high levels of genetic differentiation also exist between patches separated by a small habitat gap or road. This is the first comprehensive study that has evaluated the population genetic structure and diversity of T. leucocephalus using nuclear markers. Our results indicate strong negative impacts of anthropogenic land modifications and habitat fragmentation on primate genetic connectivity between forest patches. Our analyses suggest that two management units of the species could be defined, and indicate that habitat continuity should be enforced and restored to reduce genetic isolation and enhance population viability.
Data from: Sun skink landscape genomics: assessing how microevolutionary processes shape genetic and phenotypic diversity across a heterogeneous and fragmented landscape
Incorporating genomic data sets into landscape genetic analyses allows for powerful insights into population genetics, explicitly geographical correlates of selection, and morphological diversification of organisms across the geographical template. Here, we utilize an integrative approach to examine gene flow and detect selection, and we relate these processes to genetic and phenotypic population differentiation across South-East Asia in the common sun skink, Eutropis multifasciata. We quantify the relative effects of geographic and ecological isolation in this system and find elevated genetic differentiation between populations from island archipelagos compared to those on the adjacent South-East Asian continent, which is consistent with expectations concerning landscape fragmentation in island archipelagos. We also identify a pattern of isolation by distance, but find no substantial effect of ecological/environmental variables on genetic differentiation. To assess whether morphological conservatism in skinks may result from stabilizing selection on morphological traits, we perform FST–PST comparisons, but observe that results are highly dependent on the method of comparison. Taken together, this work provides novel insights into the manner by which micro-evolutionary processes may impact macro-evolutionary scale biodiversity patterns across diverse landscapes, and provide genomewide confirmation of classic predictions from biogeographical and landscape ecological theory.
Data from: Low genetic diversity and strong population structure shaped by anthropogenic habitat fragmentation in a critically endangered primate, Trachypithecus leucocephalus
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Data from: Habitat fragmentation differentially shapes neutral and immune gene variation in a tropical bird species
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Landscape structure shapes the diversity of tree seedlings at multiple spatial scales in a fragmented tropical rainforest
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Data from: Sun skink landscape genomics: assessing how microevolutionary processes shape genetic and phenotypic diversity across a heterogeneous and fragmented landscape
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Habitat fragmentation shapes natal dispersal and sociality in an Afrotropical cooperative breeder
<p>It remains poorly understood how effects of anthropogenic activity, such as large-scale habitat fragmentation, impact sociality in animals. In cooperatively breeding species, groups are mostly formed through delayed offspring dispersal, and habitat fragmentation can affect this process in two opposite directions. Increased habitat isolation may increase dispersal costs, promoting delayed dispersal. Alternatively, reduced patch size and quality may decrease benefits of philopatry, promoting dispersal. Here, we test both predictions in a cooperatively breeding bird (placid greenbul, Phyllastrephus placidus) from an Afrotropical cloud forest archipelago. Males born in fragmented forest dispersed about one year earlier than those born in continuous forest. Contrary to females, males also started to reproduce earlier and mostly settled within their natal patch. Females only rarely delayed their dispersal for more than one year, both in fragmented and continuous forests. Our results suggest that early male dispersal and reproduction is jointly driven by a decrease in the value of the natal territory and an increase in local breeding opportunities in fragmented forest. While plasticity in dispersal strategies of cooperative breeders in response to anthropogenic change is believed to optimize reproduction-survival trade-offs, to what extent it shapes the ability of species to respond to rapid environmental change remains to be studied.</p>
Table ¹: Comparison of analysis of variance results for skull (occlusal view) and mandible (side view) shape in Rhipidomys mastacalis from three vegetation classes in Brazil. Object asymmetry and correspondence methods were employed to assess asymmetry for skulls and mandibles, respectively. in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species
<p><b>Table ¹:</b> Comparison of analysis of variance results for skull (occlusal view) and mandible (side view) shape in <i>Rhipidomys mastacalis</i> from three vegetation classes in Brazil.Object asymmetry and correspondence methods were employed to assess asymmetry for skulls and mandibles,respectively.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Shape procrustes ANOVA</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Effect Sum of squares</b></th><td><b>Mean squares</b></td><td><b>Degrees of freedom</b></td><td><i>F statistic</i></td><td><i>p -Value</i></td><td><b>Pillai tr.</b></td><td><i>p -Value</i></td></tr><tr><th><b>Skulls</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Forested vegetation</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.19908517</td><td>0.0004253957</td><td>468</td><td>22.36</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.00366522</td><td>0.0002036232</td><td>18</td><td>10.70</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.00890443</td><td>0.0000190266</td><td>468</td><td>2.24</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.00825565</td><td>0.0000084935</td><td>972</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Occupancy mosaics in forested areas</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.37829478</td><td>0.0003965354</td><td>954</td><td>18.57</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.00547536</td><td>0.0003041869</td><td>18</td><td>14.25</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.02037065</td><td>0.0000213529</td><td>954</td><td>1.89</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.02201359</td><td>0.0000113239</td><td>1944</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Cocoa plantations</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.0645902300</td><td>0.0001302222</td><td>496</td><td>5.18</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0113531900</td><td>0.0007095741</td><td>16</td><td>28.23</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0124666800</td><td>0.0000251344</td><td>496</td><td>1.88</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0136608800</td><td>0.0000133407</td><td>1024</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Mandibles</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Forested vegetation</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.70443879</td><td>0.0012579264</td><td>560</td><td>8.10</td><td><0.0001</td><td>14.16</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.00549957</td><td>0.0002749783</td><td>20</td><td>1.77</td><td>0.0207</td><td>0.0207</td><td>0.0069</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.08696012</td><td>0.0001552859</td><td>560</td><td>2.46</td><td><0.0001</td><td>10.75</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.07312665</td><td>0.0000387718</td><td>1160</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Occupancy mosaics in forested areas</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>1.19843989</td><td>0.0011984399</td><td>1000</td><td>8.16</td><td><0.0001</td><td>14.70</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.01169771</td><td>0.0005848855</td><td>20</td><td>3.98</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.74</td><td>0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.14685738</td><td>0.0001468574</td><td>1000</td><td>3.03</td><td><0.0001</td><td>11.21</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.09880745</td><td>0.0000484350</td><td>2040</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Cocoa plantations</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.3269927600</td><td>0.0004808717</td><td>680</td><td>4.52</td><td><0.0001</td><td>14.14</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0143644400</td><td>0.0007182221</td><td>20</td><td>6.75</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.0017</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0723474900</td><td>0.0001063934</td><td>680</td><td>2.39</td><td><0.0001</td><td>10.41</td><td>0.0017</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0622041800</td><td>0.0000444316</td><td>1400</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table>
Table ²: Comparison of the results of analysis of variance on the shape of scapulae (occlusal view) and pelvis (side view) in Rhipidomys mastacalis from three vegetation classes in Brazil. Correspondence asymmetry was the only method used for asymmetry analysis. in Morphological symmetry of Rhipidomys mastacalis (Mammalia, Rodentia, Cricetidae) in fragmented habitats of the Atlantic Forest in Northeastern Brazil: a study on the influence of the environment on an endemic species
<p><b>Table ²:</b> Comparison of the results of analysis of variance on the shape of scapulae (occlusal view) and pelvis (side view) in <i>Rhipidomys mastacalis</i> from three vegetation classes in Brazil. Correspondence asymmetry was the only method used for asymmetry analysis.</p><table><tbody><tr><th><b>Shape procrustes ANOVA</b></th></tr></tbody><tbody><tr><th><b>Effect Sum of squares</b></th><td><b>Mean squares</b></td><td><b>Degrees of freedom</b></td><td><i>F statistic</i></td><td><i>p -Value</i></td><td><b>Pillai tr.</b></td><td><i>p -Value</i></td></tr><tr><th><b>Scapulae</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Forested vegetation</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.0941373400</td><td>0.0010459705</td><td>90</td><td>3</td><td><0.0001</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0100439600</td><td>0.0010043960</td><td>2.88</td><td>0.0037</td><td>0.0003</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0314069500</td><td>0.0003489662</td><td>90</td><td>5.89</td><td><0.0001</td><td>4.91</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0118544100</td><td>0.0000592721</td><td>200</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Occupancy mosaics in forested areas</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.2064168200</td><td>0.0010320841</td><td>200</td><td>4.82</td><td><0.0001</td><td>7.15</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0262808000</td><td>0.0026280796</td><td>10</td><td>12.28</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.86</td><td>0.0022</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0428160400</td><td>0.0002140802</td><td>200</td><td>2.68</td><td><0.0001</td><td>4.98</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0335675700</td><td>0.0000799228</td><td>420</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Cocoa plantations</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.2508635400</td><td>0.0009291242</td><td>270</td><td>4.07</td><td><0.0001</td><td>7.11</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0256608100</td><td>0.0025660812</td><td>10</td><td>11.24</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.87</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0616394000</td><td>0.0002282941</td><td>270</td><td>3.10</td><td><0.0001</td><td>5.72</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0412323300</td><td>0.0000736292</td><td>560</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Pelvis</b></th></tr><tr><th><b>Forested vegetation</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.0543411200</td><td>0.0004312787</td><td>126</td><td>4.63</td><td><0.0001</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0043155600</td><td>0.0003082544</td><td>14</td><td>3.31</td><td>0.0002</td><td></td><td></td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0117297800</td><td>0.0000930935</td><td>126</td><td>2.31</td><td><0.0001</td><td>6.07</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0112943700</td><td>0.000040337</td><td>280</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Occupancy mosaics in forested areas</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.1059661700</td><td>0.0003440460</td><td>308</td><td>4.42</td><td><0.0001</td><td>9.69</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0049395300</td><td>0.0003528236</td><td>14</td><td>4.53</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.85</td><td>0.0311</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0239852500</td><td>0.0000778742</td><td>308</td><td>2.00</td><td><0.0001</td><td>6.64</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0251368400</td><td>0.0000390324</td><td>644</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr><tr><th><b>Cocoa plantations</b></th></tr><tr><th>Individual</th><td>0.1292837500</td><td>0.0003420205</td><td>378</td><td>5.68</td><td><0.0001</td><td>10.51</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Side</th><td>0.0043550500</td><td>0.0003110747</td><td>14</td><td>5.17</td><td><0.0001</td><td>0.84</td><td>0.0016</td></tr><tr><th>Individual × side</th><td>0.0227608400</td><td>0.0000602139</td><td>378</td><td>2.24</td><td><0.0001</td><td>6.17</td><td><0.0001</td></tr><tr><th>Error 1</th><td>0.0210413800</td><td>0.0000268385</td><td>714</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td><td>–</td></tr></tbody></table>
Habitat fragmentation shapes natal dispersal and sociality in an Afrotropical cooperative breeder
Open the record for dataset details and reuse information.
Data from: Fragmentation shapes nest density and social structure but not genetic diversity of Temnothorax crassispinus (Formicidae)
<p><strong>This README accompanies data_fragmentation_T.crassispinus.xlsx</strong></p> <p> </p> <p><strong><em>Associate publication : </em></strong></p> <p> </p> <p>Fragmentation shapes nest density and social structure but not genetic diversity of <em>Temnothorax crassispinus</em> (Formicidae)</p> <p>M. Cordonnier, T. Lindner, J. Heinze</p> <p>Lehrstuhl für Zoologie / Evolutionsbiologie, Univ. Regensburg</p> <p> </p> <p>****************************** CONTENTS *******************************</p> <p>The data can be readily imported in any statistical package or spreadsheet program. Please, contact me if you need the file formatted in other ways.</p> <p> </p> <p>This file includes a description of the variables.</p> <p>***********************************************************************</p> <p>Variable names and descriptions</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Sheet 1</strong></p> <p>ID nest: identity of the nest of the genotyped worker</p> <p>2MS46 to GT-1: complete genotype of the worker. Missing data: “-9”</p> <p>Q1_inter & Q2_inter: Q-values resulting from the Bayesian clustering (interspecific level)</p> <p>ID_inter: species identity based on genotype (TC: <em>Temnothorax crassispinus</em>, TN: <em>T. nylanderi</em>; H: intermediate)</p> <p>Q1_intra & Q2_intra: Q-values resulting from the Bayesian clustering (intraspecific level)</p> <p>ID_intra: population identity based on genotype (TC1: <em>Temnothorax crassispinus</em>, cluster1; TC2: <em>T. crassispinus</em>, cluster2)</p> <p>ID_sequencing_C1-J-2183/C2-N-3661: species identity based on sequencing for primers C1-J-2183/C2-N-3661 (TC: <em>Temnothorax crassispinus</em>, TN: <em>T. nylanderi</em>)</p> <p>ID_sequencing_LCO1490 ⁄ HCO2198: species identity based on sequencing for primers LCO1490 ⁄ HCO2198 (TC: <em>Temnothorax crassispinus</em>, TN: <em>T. nylanderi</em>)</p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Sheet 2</strong></p> <p>Idpatch: identity of the forest patch</p> <p>Latitude, longitude: geographic coordinates of the forest patch</p> <p>Date, Hour: Sampling time of the forest patch</p> <p>TC_Nest-density: number of <em>T. crassispinus </em>nests sampled per people in 30 minutes in the forest patch</p> <p>Prop_Queenright_nests: proportion of queenright nests in the forest patch</p> <p>Gen_div: averaged number of alleles per <em>T. crassispinus</em> nest in the forest patch</p> <p>Connect1 & Connect5: distance to the closest patch and mean distance to the five closest patches</p> <p>Nbneig200 & Nbneig400: number of neighboring forest patches at 200 and 400 meters from the focal forest patch</p> <p>area: size of the forest patch</p> <p>shape: shape of the forest patch (perimeter/surface)</p> <p> </p> <p> </p> <p>****************************** CONTACTING *****************************</p> <p>Contact me at:</p> <p> </p> <p>Marion Cordonnier</p> <p>e-mail: marion.cordonnier@hotmail.com</p> <p> </p> <p>***********************************************************************</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
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