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8 results for “freshwater phytoplankton”
Data from: Toxins or medicines? Phytoplankton diets mediate host and parasite fitness in a freshwater system
Diets must satisfy the everyday metabolic requirements of organisms and can also serve as medicines to combat disease. Currently, the medicinal role of diets is much better understood in terrestrial than in aquatic ecosystems. This is surprising because phytoplankton species synthesize secondary metabolites with known antimicrobial properties. Here, we investigated the medicinal properties of phytoplankton (including toxin-producing cyanobacteria) against parasites of the dominant freshwater herbivore, Daphnia. We fed Daphnia dentifera on green algae and toxic cyanobacteria diets known to vary in their nutritional quality and toxin production, and an additional diet of Microcystis with added pure microcystin-LR. We then exposed Daphnia to fungal and bacterial parasites. Anabaena, Microcystis and Chlorella diets prevented infection of Daphnia by the fungal parasite Metschnikowia, while Nodularia toxins increased offspring production by infected hosts. In contrast to their medicinal effects against Metschnikowia, toxic phytoplankton generally decreased the fitness of Daphnia infected with the bacterial parasite, Pasteuria. We also measured the amount of toxin produced by phytoplankton over time. Concentrations of anatoxin-a produced by Anabaena increased in the presence of Metschnikowia, suggesting parasite-induced toxin production. Our research illustrates that phytoplankton can serve as toxins or medicines for their consumers, depending upon the identity of their parasites.
Data from: CO2 alters community composition and response to nutrient enrichment of freshwater phytoplankton
Nutrients can limit the productivity of ecosystems and control the composition of the communities of organisms that inhabit them. Humans are causing atmospheric CO2 concentrations to reach levels higher than those of the past millions of years while at the same time propagating eutrophication through the addition of nutrients to lakes and rivers. We studied the effect of elevated CO2 concentrations, nutrient addition and their interaction in a series of freshwater mesocosm experiments using a factorial design. Our results highlight the important role of CO2 in shaping phytoplankton communities and their response to nutrient addition. We found that CO2 greatly magnified the increase in phytoplankton growth caused by the increased availability of nutrients. Elevated CO2 also caused changes in phytoplankton community composition. As predicted from physiology and laboratory experiments, the taxonomic group that was most limited by current day CO2 concentrations, chlorophytes, increased in relative frequency at elevated CO2. This predictable change in community composition with changes in CO2 is not altered by changes in the availability of other nutrients.
Photoperiod influences the shape and scaling of freshwater phytoplankton responses to light and temperature
Light fluctuations are ubiquitous, exist across multiple spatial and temporal scales, and directly affect the physiology and ecology of photoautotrophs. However, the indirect effects of light fluctuations on the sensitivity of organisms to other key environmental factors are unclear. Here, we evaluate how photoperiod regime (period of time each day where organisms receive light), a dynamic element of aquatic ecosystems, can influence the interactive effects of temperature and irradiance (intensity of light) on the growth rate of phytoplankton populations. We first completed a literature review and meta-analysis that suggests photoperiod alters the individual effects of temperature – but not irradiance – on algal growth rates and that highlights how few studies experimentally manipulate photoperiod, temperature, and irradiance. To address this empirical gap, we conducted a set of laboratory experiments on three freshwater phytoplankton species (Chlamydomonas reinhardtii, Chlorella vulgaris, and Cryptomonas ovata). We measured performance surfaces relating growth rate to irradiance and temperature gradients for each species in constant (24:0 hours of light:dark) environments. We then evaluated whether analogous surfaces measured under different photoperiods and scaled by the duration of light availability could be inferred from results under constant light. For a majority of the combinations of species and photoperiods examined, photoperiod meaningfully altered the intercept and shape of performance surfaces. These differences were most pronounced under the shortest photoperiod (6:18 light:dark), where populations underperformed expectations. Alterations to performance surfaces were non-linear and mostly structured by temperature with higher temperatures yielding higher than anticipated growth rates. Collectively, these experiments and synthesis reveal the potential for photoperiod regime to influence the effects of temperature, irradiance, and their interaction on phytoplankton growth. Beyond the environmental variables and organisms presently considered, this research highlights the capacity for dynamic, abiotic variables to exert direct effects while also influencing relationships among other environmental factors.
FMPD - Freshwater Microscopy Phytoplankton Dataset
<p>This dataset, FMPD (<strong>F</strong>reshwater <strong>M</strong>icroscopy <strong>P</strong>hytoplankton <strong>D</strong>ataset), is released for non-comercial academic or research purposes only, subject to attribution through citation of the following papers</p> <p>- Figueroa, J. Rouco, J. Novo, "Phytoplankton detection and recognition in freshwater digital microscopy images using deep learning object detectors", Heliyon, 2023. </p> <p>- D. Rivas-Villar, J. Rouco, M. G. Penedo, R. Carballeira, J. Novo, "Fully automatic detection and classification of phytoplankton specimens in digital microscopy images", Computer Methods and Programs in Biomedicine, 200, 105923, 2021</p> <p>Please also consider the citation of any of the other related papers from the dataset authors. </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Data:</strong></p> <p>The FMPD dataset is a set of multi-specimen microscopy images of freshwater phytoplankton. These images have been captured with fixed settings, equal for each image, including illumination, focal point and magnification. The dataset contains 293 images from water sampled at lake of Doniños (Ferrol, Galicia, Spain) (UTM 555593 X, 4815672 Y; Datum ETRS89) on multiple visits throughout the year. This ensures seasonal representability.</p> <p>The phytoplankton sample was concentrated by filtering volume of 0.5 L through GF/F glass fiber filters and was then resuspended in 50 mL. Phytoplankton samples were preserved using 5% (v/v) glutaraldehyde, because it is efficient at preserving both cellular structures and pigment. The fixed sample was stored in the dark at constant temperature (10 oC) until analysis. The phytoplankton sample was homogenised for 2 min prior to microscopic examination. In addition, the sample was subjected to vacuum for one minute to break the vacuoles of some cyanobacterial taxa and prevent them from floating. Aliquots of the phytoplankton sample with a total volume of 1 mL were examined under light microscopy using a Nikon Eclipse E600 equipped with an E-Plan 10× objective (N.A. 0.25). Light microscopy images were taken with an AxioCam ICc5 Zeiss digital camera, maintaining the same illumination and focus throughout the image acquisition process and following regular transects until the entire surface of the sample was covered.</p> <p><br>The dataset contains 293 multi-specimen phytoplankton images. As mentioned, these images have fixed magnification, illumination and focal point. The produced images are saved in .tif format with a size of 2080x1540 pixels and are located in the dataset folder. The ground truth consists of bounding boxes that enclose the phytoplankton specimens, with an associated label identifying the species. Currently, this dataset has tags for:</p> <p>- Non-phytoplankton: particles, debris, zooplankton or any other object that could be mistaken as phytoplankton<br>- Woronichinia naegeliana: Toxin-producing cyanobacteria<br>- Anabaena Spiroides: Toxin-producing cyanobacteria<br>- Dinobryon Sp.: Harmless but challenging as it can both appear solitary or in colonies<br>- Other-phytoplankton: Other phytoplankton species.</p> <p>Annotations are provided in a .json file in the format typically used by the coco dataset, in the annotations.json file. </p> <p>Holdout train-test splits, as well as k-fold cross-validation splits, are provided in the splits folder, available in .json format. These splits correspond to those used in the previously mentioned papers to be cited, facilitating straightforward comparisons. Additionally, the annotations for each subset are included in separate files within the same folder for ease of use. It should be noted that the annotations.json contains all of these subsets of annotations.</p> <p> </p> <p> </p>
Data from: Toxins or medicines? Phytoplankton diets mediate host and parasite fitness in a freshwater system
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Photoperiod influences the shape and scaling of freshwater phytoplankton responses to light and temperature
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Data from: CO2 alters community composition and response to nutrient enrichment of freshwater phytoplankton
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Data from: Long-term culture at elevated atmospheric CO2 fails to evoke specific adaptation in seven freshwater phytoplankton species
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