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28 results for “freshwater zooplankton”
Fig. 2 in Symbiont Fauna Of Freshwater Zooplankton In Several Water Bodies Of The Dnipro River Basin
Fig. 2. Symbionts of fresh-water zooplankton: I — Haplocaulus kahlii; J — Haplocaulus epizoicus; K — Rhabdostyla cyclopis; L —Epistylis digitalis; M — Zoothamnium sp.; N — Vorticella lutea; O — Acineta nitocrae; P — Tokophrya actinostyla; Q — eggs of Thermocyclops oithonoides infected by parasitic flagellates Dinema undulaflagellatum; R — Bosmina longirostris filled by Coelosporidium chydoricola.
Data for: Age structure eliminates the impact of coinfection on epidemic dynamics in a freshwater zooplankton system
<p>Parasites often coinfect host populations, and, by interacting within hosts, might change the trajectory of multi-parasite epidemics. However, host-parasite interactions often change with host age, raising the possibility that within-host interactions between parasites might also change, influencing the spread of disease. We measured how heterospecific parasites interacted within zooplankton hosts and how host age changed these interactions. We then parameterized an epidemiological model to explore how age-effects altered the impact of coinfection on epidemic dynamics. In our model, we found that in populations where epidemiologically relevant parameters did not change with age, the presence of a second parasite altered epidemic dynamics. In contrast, when parameters varied with host age (based on our empirical measures), there was no longer a difference in epidemic dynamics between singly and coinfected populations, indicating that variable age structure within a population eliminates the impact of coinfection on epidemic dynamics. Moreover, infection prevalence of both parasites was lower in populations where epidemiologically relevant parameters changed with age. Given that host-population age structure changes over time and space, these results indicate that age-effects are important for understanding epidemiological processes in coinfected systems and that studies focused on a single age group could yield inaccurate insights.</p>
Data for: Age structure eliminates the impact of coinfection on epidemic dynamics in a freshwater zooplankton system
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Data from: No effect of realistic concentrations of polyester microplastic fibers on freshwater zooplankton communities
<p>Zooplankton are a conduit of energy from autotrophic phytoplankton to higher trophic levels, and they can be a primary point of entry of microplastics into the aquatic food chain. Investigating how zooplankton communities are affected by microplastic pollution is thus a key step towards understanding ecosystem-level effects of these global and ubiquitous contaminants. Although the number of studies investigating the biological effects of microplastics has grown exponentially in the last decade, the majority have used controlled laboratory experiments to quantify the impacts of microplastics on individual species. Given that all organisms live in multi-species communities in nature, here we use an outdoor 1130L mesocosm experiment to investigate the effects of microplastic exposure on natural assemblages of zooplankton. We endeavored to simulate an environmentally relevant exposure scenario by manually creating ~270,000 0.015mm x 1-1.5mm polyester fibers and inoculating mesocosms with zero, low (10 particles/L) or high (50 particles/L) concentrations. We recorded zooplankton abundance and community composition three times throughout the 12-week study. We found no effect of microplastics on zooplankton abundance, Shannon diversity, or Pielou's evenness. NMDS plots also revealed no effects of microplastics on zooplankton community composition. Our study provides a necessary and realistic baseline upon which future studies can build. Because numerous other stressors faced by zooplankton (e.g. food limitation, eutrophication, warming temperatures, pesticides) are likely to exacerbate the effects of microplastics, we caution against concluding that polyester microfibers will always have no effect on zooplankton communities. Instead, we encourage future studies to investigate the triple threats of habitat degradation, climate warming, and microplastic pollution on zooplankton community health.</p>
Fig. 1 in Symbiont Fauna Of Freshwater Zooplankton In Several Water Bodies Of The Dnipro River Basin
Fig. 1. Symbionts of fresh-water zooplankton: A — abdomen with zoo-
Measuring the contribution of evolution to community trait structure in freshwater zooplankton
<p>There are currently few predictions about when evolutionary processes are likely to play an important role in structuring community features.Determining predictors that indicate when evolution is expected to impact ecological processes in natural landscapes can help researchers identify eco-evolutionary 'hotspots', where eco-evolutionary interactions are more likely to occur. Using data collected from a survey in freshwater cladoceran communities, landscape population genetic data, and phenotypic trait data measured in a common garden, we applied a Bayesian linear model to assess whether the impact of local trait evolution in the keystone species <i>Daphnia magna</i> on cladoceran community trait values could be predicted by population genetic properties (within-population genetic diversity, genetic distance among populations), ecological properties (Simpson's diversity, phenotypic divergence), or environmental divergence. We found that the impact of local trait evolution varied among communities. Moreover, community diversity and phenotypic divergence were found to be better predictors of the contribution of evolution to community trait values than environmental features or genetic properties of the evolving species. Our results thus indicate the importance of ecological context for the impact of evolution on community features. Our study also demonstrates one way to detect signatures of eco-evolutionary interactions in communities inhabiting heterogeneous landscapes using survey data of contemporary ecological and evolutionary structure.</p>
Data for: Photoperiod effects in a freshwater community: amphibian larvae develop faster and zooplankton abundance increases under an early-season photoperiod
<p class="MsoNormal">Organisms that shift their phenologies in response to global warming will experience novel photic environments, as photoperiod (daylength) continues to follow the same annual cycle. How different organisms respond to novel photoperiods could result in phenological mismatches and altered interspecific interactions. We conducted an outdoor mesocosm experiment exposing green frog (<em>Rana clamitans</em>) larvae, gray treefrog (<em>Hyla versicolor</em>) larvae, phytoplankton, periphyton, and zooplankton to a three-month shift in photoperiod: an early-season photoperiod (simulating April) and a late-season photoperiod (simulating July). We manipulated photoperiod by covering and uncovering tanks with clear or light-blocking lids to mimic realistic changes in daylength. We assessed amphibian life history traits and measured phytoplankton, periphyton, and zooplankton abundances. Green frog larvae and gray treefrog metamorphs were more developed under the early-season photoperiod. Gray treefrog total length was also reduced, but photoperiod did not affect green frog total length. Although phytoplankton and periphyton abundances were not affected by photoperiod, copepod nauplii were in greater abundance under the early-season photoperiod. Overall, this simplified aquatic community did not exhibit significant changes to structure when exposed to a three-month shift in photoperiod. Temperate amphibians that breed earlier in the year may develop faster, which may have long-term costs to post-metamorphic growth and performance. Asynchronous shifts in zooplankton abundances in response to altered photoperiods could subsequently affect freshwater community structure. While photoperiod has been shown to individually affect freshwater organisms, our study using replicated outdoor wetland communities shows that the comprehensive effects of photoperiod may be less important than other cues such as temperature and precipitation.</p>
Measuring the contribution of evolution to community trait structure in freshwater zooplankton
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Data from: No effect of realistic concentrations of polyester microplastic fibers on freshwater zooplankton communities
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Data for: Photoperiod effects in a freshwater community: amphibian larvae develop faster and zooplankton abundance increases under an early-season photoperiod
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Freshwater zooplankton metapopulations and metacommunities respond differently to environmental and spatial variation data files
<p>We used this data to examine how crustacean zooplankton and rotifer species’ metapopulation genetic structure and metacommunities respond to environmental and spatial variation both within and across four regions of boreal Canada (see Martin et al. in press, Freshwater zooplankton metapopulations and metacommunities respond differently to environmental and spatial variation, Ecology).</p> <p>Whole community zooplankton samples were collected from 113 lakes from four environmentally, geologically, and geographically distinct regions of Québec, Canada. Each lake was sampled once, and the bulk zooplankton samples were sequenced using metabarcoding targeting the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) mitochondrial gene region. Sequences were clustered to species based on 3% OTUs and within species-variation was captured based on ASVs. Read abundances were then normalized using rarefaction to the lowest library to accommodate differences in sequencing depth across sites. In addition 16 environmental variables plus two spatial variables were used to capture abiotic variation between lakes. The data files include the ASV sequences, OTU and taxonomic assignment, and site variables.</p>
Breaking Free from Thermodynamic Constraints: Thermal Acclimation and Metabolic Compensation in a freshwater zooplankton species
<p>Ectothermic organisms' respiration rates are largely controlled by environment temperatures and the ability to meet metabolic demands at high temperatures sometimes sets their upper thermal limit. Organisms are hypothesized to exhibit acclimatory effects, adjusting their metabolism and physiology by deceleration of metabolic processes including respiration below Arrhenius expectations based in temperature alone. Such deceleration is termed metabolic compensation. We test the hypothesis that either heritable (among genotypes) or plastic (between acclimation regimes) heat tolerance differences can be explained by metabolic compensation in the eurythermal freshwater zooplankton crustacean Daphnia magna. We measured oxygen consumption rates over a range of assay temperatures (5°C - 37°C) in 8 genotypes of Daphnia representing a range of previously reported genotype-specific acute heat tolerance values and, in a narrower range of temperatures (10°C - 35°C) in Daphnia with different acclimation history (either 10°C or 25°C). In a ramp-up experiment we discovered no difference in temperature-specific respiration rates between heat tolerant and heat-sensitive genotypes. In contrast, we observed compensatory differences in respiration rates at both extremes of the temperature range studied. Notably, there was a deceleration of oxygen consumption at higher temperature in the 25°C-acclimated Daphnia relative to their 10°C-acclimated counterparts, observed in active, but not anaesthetized animals, a pattern corroborated by similar changes in filtering rate and, partly, by changes in mitochondrial membrane potential. Daphnia exposed to a sublethal temperature (35°C) with a 24-hour recovery period at a 25°C-acclimation temperature showed no difference in respiration compared to unexposed 25°C-acclimated Daphnia, indicating that the reduction of respiration is not caused by irreversible damage. Response time necessary to acquire the respiratory adjustment to high temperature was much lower than to low temperature, indicating that metabolic compensation at the lower temperatures require slower structural changes.</p>
Data from: Adaptive phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation for temperature tolerance in freshwater zooplankton
Many organisms have geographical distributions extending from the tropics to near polar regions or can experience up to 30°C temperature variation within the lifespan of an individual. Two forms of evolutionary adaptation to such wide ranges in ambient temperatures are frequently discussed: local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity. The freshwater planktonic crustacean Daphnia magna, whose range extends from South Africa to near arctic sites, shows strong phenotypic and genotypic variation in response to temperature. In this study, we use D. magna clones from 22 populations (one clone per population) ranging from latitude 0° (Kenya) to 66° North (White Sea) to explore the contributions of phenotypic plasticity and local adaptation to high temperature tolerance. Temperature tolerance was studied as knockout time (time until immobilization, Timm) at 37°C in clones acclimatized to either 20°C or 28°C. Acclimatization to 28°C strongly increased Timm, testifying to adaptive phenotypic plasticity. At the same time, Timm significantly correlated with average high temperature at the clones' sites of origin, suggesting local adaptation. As earlier studies have found that haemoglobin expression contributes to temperature tolerance, we also quantified haemoglobin concentration in experimental animals and found that both acclimatization temperature (AccT) and temperature at the site of origin are positively correlated with haemoglobin concentration. Furthermore, Daphnia from warmer climates upregulate haemoglobin much more strongly in response to AccT, suggesting local adaptation for plasticity in haemoglobin expression. Our results show that both local adaptation and phenotypic plasticity contribute to temperature tolerance, and elucidate a possible role of haemoglobin in mediating these effects that differs along a cold–warm gradient.
Data from: Behavioral diversity is maintained by a conditional strategy in a freshwater zooplankton
Many populations have intraspecific diversity in phenotype and ecological strategy, but the mechanisms maintaining such diversity are not fully understood. Multiple behaviors can be maintained either as a conditional strategy, where fitness depends on an individual's phenotype, or as a mixed strategy where alternative behaviors have similar fitness independent of phenotype. Using high-resolution depth and time sampling, we characterize two distinct diel vertical migration behaviors in a population of freshwater zooplankton (Daphnia pulicaria). Individuals in this population differ in their color phenotype and migratory behavior with red morphs upregulating hemoglobin and undergoing a deep migration, and pale morphs not producing hemoglobin and undergoing a shallow migration. We experimentally manipulated the behavior of each phenotype in the field, and measured population growth in their natural migration behavior as well as population growth in their alternative behaviors. Experimental populations of pale and red morphs under their natural migrations had roughly equal fitness, despite vast differences in environmental conditions. When forced to switch behaviors, pale morphs suffered reduced fitness, whereas red morphs had similar fitness compared to their natural migration. Our results suggest that while behavioral diversity may be promoted by the opportunity for alternative behaviors of equal fitness, the distinct physiological conditions required for survival in alternative behaviors limit the capacity for individual behavioral switching and likely maintain behavioral diversity as a conditional strategy.
FIGURE 10 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 10. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium atlanticum. (a,b) Lateral views of female in jelly coat stained with fuschian red. (c) Lateral view of female head and anterior jelly curl. Santeetlah, North Carolina, October 30, 1993. (d) Lateral view of female head. (e) Lateral view of female abdomen. Lake James, North Carolina, December 13, 1992. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. (g) Lateral view of ventral carapace spinules. Lake James, North Carolina, October 31, 1993. (a,b,d,f) from Digdeguash Lake, New Brunswick, June 15, 1994.
FIGURE 9 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 9. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium acidophilum. (a,b) Lateral view of female in jelly coat stained with dilute fuschain red. (c) Lateral view of female head and anterior jelly curl. Jelly coat stained with dilute fuschian red. (d) Lateral view of female abdomen. (e,f) Lateral views of female postabdomen (g) Lateral view of female postabdomen, Red Rock Pond, New Brunswick, June 1, 1992. (h) Lateral view of brood pouch margin and eggs. (i) Lateral view of ventral carapace spinules. (j,k) Lateral views of male with jelly coat removed. (l) Frontal view of male biramous antennae. (m) Lateral view of hook on first thoracic limb of male. (n) Lateral view of male postabdomen. (a–c, h, j–n) from Red Rock Pond, New Brunswick, June 15, 1994. (d–f, i) from Saunders Pond, Oregon, April 16, 1993.
FIGURE 5 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 5. Morphological characters used in the discrimination of Holopedium. Postabdominal claws (a) with and (b) without a basal spine are illustrated. The jelly coat is not illustrated.
FIGURE 4 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 4. Putative geographic distribution of Holopedium species. Dots indicate populations where species assignments were confirmed by genetic analyses. Dark shaded areas represent the hypothesized range of each species based on results from this study and from distribution data from 1,827 localities inhabited by Holopedium, obtained from literature reports or by sampling (see Rowe 2000). Since several species are morphologically cryptic while the species complexes can be readily distinguished, the areas between or adjacent to genetic localities are tentatively marked as that same species, provided that there are Holopedium records there belonging to the same complex. Pending further evidence, all South American localities are here shaded as H. amazonicum and most Eurasian localities as H. gibberum s.s., but further cryptic species may be detected in the future. Definitive species assignments for populations in Greenland and India, which are currently described as separate species, require genetic evidence (see text), but morphological traits indicate that they do belong to the H. gibberum complex. Their distributions are shown along with H. gibberum s.s. (inset map in part b). a) H. glacialis n.sp., b) H. gibberum s.s., c) H. atlanticum n.sp., d) H. acidophilum n.sp., and e) H. amazonicum s.s.
FIGURE 6 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 6. Representative photomicrographs and drawings of Holopedium gibberum. (a) Lateral view of female with jelly coat removed. Old Crow 10, Yukon, August 15, 1997. (b) Lateral view of female head and anterior jelly curl. Jelly coat stained with fuschian red. (c) Lateral view of female postabdomen. Longstaff Bluff 1, Nunavut, August 16, 1994. (d) Lateral view of female postabdominal claws. Mayer Lake, British Columbia, August 7, 1997. (e) Ventral view of female postabdomen. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. (g) Drawing of lateral view of male in jelly coat. (h) Drawing of lateral view of male postabdomen. (i) Drawing of lateral view of biramous antennae of male. (j) Drawing of lateral view of first thoracic limb of a male. (b,e,f) from Steensby 3, Nunavut, August 13, 1994. (g,j) from Lilljeborg 1901. (h,i) from Sars 1865.
FIGURE 8 in Three new cryptic species of the freshwater zooplankton genus Holopedium (Crustacea: Branchiopoda: Ctenopoda), revealed by genetic methods
FIGURE 8. Representative photomicrographs of Holopedium amazonicum. (a) Lateral view of ovigerous female with jelly coat removed. (b) Lateral view of brooding female with jelly coat removed. (c) Lateral view of female head. (d) Partial lateral view of female. (e) Lateral view of female head. (f) Lateral view of female postabdomen. Lago Coari, Amazonas, May 24, 1996. (g) Lateral view of brood pouch margin and eggs. (h) Lateral view of ventral carapace margin. (a–e, g–h) from Lago Caju, Amazonas, September 24, 1998.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.