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Figure. Litsea anamalayana Robi & Udayan, sp. nov. A, Flowering twig; B, twig with unopened umbels; C, brachyblast with opened umbels; D, female flowers (close-up); E, tepals; F, outer eglandular staminodes and inner glandular staminodes; G, gynoecium; H, early stage of fruit setting; I, mature fruits. Photographs: A. J. Robi. in LITSEA ANAMALAYANA (LAURACEAE) A NEW SPECIES FROM NELLIYAMPATHY HILLS, INDIA.
Figure. Litsea anamalayana Robi & Udayan, sp. nov. A, Flowering twig; B, twig with unopened umbels; C, brachyblast with opened umbels; D, female flowers (close-up); E, tepals; F, outer eglandular staminodes and inner glandular staminodes; G, gynoecium; H, early stage of fruit setting; I, mature fruits. Photographs: A. J. Robi.
Text-fig. 13. Typical elements of the flora of Velikaya Kema (coll. Geol. Inst. RAS Moscow). 1 – Abies sp. 1, twig, × 0.7; 2 – Larix sp., seed cone, × 0.7; 3 – Calocedrus sp., twig, × 0.7; 4 – Picea sp., seed, × 0.8; 5 – Abies sp. 2, seed, × 0.7; 6 – Metasequoia occidentalis (NEWBERRY) CHANEY, leafy shoot, × 0.7; 7 – Ostrya sp., involucre, × 0.7; 8 – Carpinus sp. (ex gr. C. cordata BLUME), involucre, × 0.7; 9 – Carpinus sp. 2 (ex gr. C. tschonoskii MAXIMOVITCH), involucre, × 0.7; 10 – Ulmus sp., leaf, × 0.7; 11 – Acer miocaudatum HU et CHANEY, leaf, × 0.8; 12 – Engelhardia (Alfaropsis) koreanica OISHI, ×; 13 – Comptonia naumannii NATHORST, leaf, × 0.7; 14 – Craigia oregonensis (ARNOLD) KVAČEK, BŮžEK et MANCHESTER, capsule valve, × 0.6; 15 – Cercidiphyllum crenatum (UNGER) R. BROWN, leaf, × 0.7; 16 – Sassafras subtriloba (KONNO) TANAI, leaf, × 0.7; 17 – Dicotylophyllum sp., leaf, × 0.7; 18 – Quercus kodairae HUZIOKA, leaf, × 1; 19 – Carpinus subcordata NATHORST, leaf, × 0.7; 20 – Ailanthus sp., fruit, × 1; 21 – Diospyros miokeaki HU et CHANEY, leaf, × 0.5. in Mid-Latitude Palaeogene Floras Of Eurasia Bound To Volcanic Settings And Palaeoclimatic Events - Experience Obtained From The Far East Of Russia (Sikhote-Alin') And Central Europe (Bohemian Massif)
Text-fig. 13. Typical elements of the flora of Velikaya Kema (coll. Geol. Inst. RAS Moscow). 1 – Abies sp. 1, twig, × 0.7; 2 – Larix sp., seed cone, × 0.7; 3 – Calocedrus sp., twig, × 0.7; 4 – Picea sp., seed, × 0.8; 5 – Abies sp. 2, seed, × 0.7; 6 – Metasequoia occidentalis (NEWBERRY) CHANEY, leafy shoot, × 0.7; 7 – Ostrya sp., involucre, × 0.7; 8 – Carpinus sp. (ex gr. C. cordata BLUME), involucre, × 0.7; 9 – Carpinus sp. 2 (ex gr. C. tschonoskii MAXIMOVITCH), involucre, × 0.7; 10 – Ulmus sp., leaf, × 0.7; 11 – Acer miocaudatum HU et CHANEY, leaf, × 0.8; 12 – Engelhardia (Alfaropsis) koreanica OISHI, ×; 13 – Comptonia naumannii NATHORST, leaf, × 0.7; 14 – Craigia oregonensis (ARNOLD) KVAČEK, BŮžEK et MANCHESTER, capsule valve, × 0.6; 15 – Cercidiphyllum crenatum (UNGER) R. BROWN, leaf, × 0.7; 16 – Sassafras subtriloba (KONNO) TANAI, leaf, × 0.7; 17 – Dicotylophyllum sp., leaf, × 0.7; 18 – Quercus kodairae HUZIOKA, leaf, × 1; 19 – Carpinus subcordata NATHORST, leaf, × 0.7; 20 – Ailanthus sp., fruit, × 1; 21 – Diospyros miokeaki HU et CHANEY, leaf, × 0.5.
Data from: Pollination treatment affects fruit set and modifies marketable and storable fruit quality of commercial apples
Insect-mediated pollination increases yields of many crop species and some evidence suggests that it also influences crop quality. However, the mechanistic linkages between insect-mediated pollination and crop quality are poorly known. In this study, we explored how different pollination treatments affected fruit set, dry matter content (DMC), mineral content and storability of apples. Apple flowers supplementary pollinated with compatible pollen resulted in higher initial fruit set rates, higher fruit DMC and a tendency for lower fruit K:Ca ratio than flowers that received natural or no pollination. These variables are related to desirable quality aspects, since higher DMC is connected to higher consumer preference and lower K:Ca ratio is related to lower incidence of postharvest disorders during storage. Using structural equation modelling, we showed an indirect effect of pollination treatment on storability, however mediated by complex interactions between fruit set, fruit weight and K:Ca ratio. The concentrations of several elements in apples (K, Zn, Mg) were affected by the interaction between pollination treatment and apple weight, indicating that pollination affects element allocation into fruits. In conclusion, our study shows that pollination and the availability of compatible pollen needs to be considered in the management of orchard systems, not only to increase fruit set, but also to increase the quality and potentially the storability of apples.
Flower visitors and fruit set of sweet cherry in Germany
<p><span>Mason bees (<em>Osmia </em>spp.) are efficient fruit tree pollinators that can be encouraged to occupy and breed in artificial nesting material. </span><span>In sweet cherry orchards</span><span>, they are occasionally used as an alternative managed pollinator as a replacement for or in addition to honey bees (<em>Apis</em> <em>mellifera</em>). Yet, the lack of practical guidelines on management practices, e.g., optimal stocking rates, for both mason bee nesting material and honey bees might compromise pollination service provision. In this study, we assessed the relationship between stocking rates (honey bee hives and mason bee nesting material) and the abundance of honey bees and mason bees in 17 sweet cherry (<em>Prunus</em> <em>avium</em>) orchards in Central Germany. </span><span>We furthermore performed a</span><span> pollination experiment </span><span>to</span><span> explore the interactive effect of mason bees and honey bees on sweet cherry fruit set. In the orchards, both honey bee and mason bee abundance increased with increasing stocking rates of hives or nesting material, respectively. Honey bee abundance increased linearly with stocking rates. In contrast, mason bee abundance asymptoted at 2-3 nesting boxes per ha, beyond which more boxes resulted </span><span>in</span><span> little increase in visitation rate. Our pollination experiment demonstrated that the orchards were pollen limited, with only 28% of insect-pollinated flowers setting fruit versus 39% of optimally hand-pollinated flowers. Honey bees and mason bees enhanced sweet cherry fruit set, but only when both were present and not when either was present alone in an orchard. Our findings demonstrate that offering nesting material for mason bees and employing honey bee hives can enhance bee abundance in sweet cherry orchards. By increasing honey bee abundance in combination with enhanced mason bee abundance, farmers can </span><span>substantially</span><span> boost fruit set and potentially sweet cherry yield. To enhance pollination services, farmers should consider the benefits of increasing pollinator biodiversity as an immediate</span><span> benefit to improve crop yields.</span></p>
Flower visitors and fruit set of sweet cherry in Germany
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Data from: Pollination treatment affects fruit set and modifies marketable and storable fruit quality of commercial apples
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Data from: Pollination and fruit set in two rewardless slipper orchids and their hybrids (Cypripedium, Orchidaceae): large yellow flowers outperform small white flowers in the northern tall grass prairie
• Species with rewardless flowers often have low fruit to flower ratios, although wide temporal and spatial variation in fruiting success can occur. We compared floral phenotypes, insect visitors, and fruiting success in four populations of the small white (Cypripedium candidum) and yellow lady's slipper orchids (C. parviflorum) and their hybrids near the northern extent of North America's tall grass prairie. • Flower and fruit numbers were observed for two seasons on marked individuals (n = 1811). Floral traits were measured on 82-140 individuals per taxon, and analyzed in relation to fruiting success. All insects found inside flowers were collected, inspected for pollen smears, and measured for comparison to floral features. • Among orchid taxa, C. candidum had the smallest flowers, lowest number and variety of insect visitors, and lowest fruit to flower ratios. These measures were intermediate in hybrids and highest in C. parviflorum, despite low flower numbers in the latter. Within orchid taxa, fruit number was positively related to flower number, but fruit to flower ratios decreased slightly, as would be expected if pollinators left unrewarding patches. Potential pollinators included the dipteran Odontomyia pubescens and hymenopterans Andrena spp., Apis mellifera, and Lasioglossum zonulum. • Cypripedium parviflorum had a reproductive advantage over C. candidum across multiple populations and years. Hybrids showed segregation for floral traits, and hybrid fruiting success increased with a deeper intensity of yellow pigment and larger escape routes for floral visitors. These same attributes likely contributed to the relatively high fruit set in C. parviflorum in the study region.
Beekeeping improves shea pollination and fruit set in West African Agroforestry parklands
<p>Shea (<em>Vitellaria paradoxa</em> C.F Gaertn) is a fruit tree of domestic and industrial importance in arid and semi-arid regions of Sub-Saharan Africa. Fruit set is largely dependent on insect pollination but recent studies have revealed a pollen deficit. Introduction of managed bees into orchards is an effective approach for enhanced pollination services in temperate climates. However, there is limited information to guide the adoption of this practice in shea agroforestry parklands.</p> <p>This study investigated the effect of managed honey bee colonies (<em>Apis mellifera</em>) on fruit yield in six shea parklands across three regions of Ghana.</p> <p>Tree proximity to the apiary had a detectable effect on fruit set within a 500 m range of the apiary. Proximity of shea trees to apiary was significantly related to number of immature fruit set but not number of mature fruits. Fruit weight and size were not significantly related to distance from apiary nor pollination treatment.</p> <p>This implies that the introduction of beekeeping has the potential to address shea pollination deficit at least within a 500 m range of the apiary. Further studies are needed to determine the optimal hive density per acreage of shea parkland to maximise pollination services.</p>
Data from: Pollination and fruit set in two rewardless slipper orchids and their hybrids (Cypripedium, Orchidaceae): large yellow flowers outperform small white flowers in the northern tall grass prairie
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Data from: Higher seed number compensates for lower fruit set in deceptive orchids
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Data from: Species richness of wild bees, but not the use of managed honey bees, increases fruit set of a pollinator-dependent crop
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Beekeeping improves shea pollination and fruit set in West African Agroforestry parklands
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Seed and fruit set in Lilium pomponium
<p>Seed set in supplementally hand pollinated flowers and open pollinated flowers, and fruit set in self pollinated flowers</p>
Data from: Does local conspecific density and floral display size influence fruit set via pollinator visitation in Orchis militaris?
Plant density varies naturally, from isolated plants to clumped individuals, and can influence pollinator foraging behaviour and plant reproductive success. The effect of conspecific density could depend on the pollination system, and deceptive species differ from rewarding ones in this regard, a high density being often associated with low fruit set in deceptive plants. In our study, we aimed to determine how local conspecific density and floral display size (i.e. number of flowers per plant) affect fruit set in a deceptive orchid (Orchis militaris) through changes in pollinator visitation. We measured fruit set in a natural population and recorded pollinator abundance and foraging behaviour within plots of different O. militaris densities. Detailed data were recorded for the most abundant potential pollinators of O. militaris, i.e. solitary bees. Floral display size was negatively correlated to fruit set in medium-density plots, but uncorrelated in low- and high-density plots. Plot density had no effect on solitary bee abundance and visitation, which may be due to low pollinator abundance within the study site. The proportion of visited flowers per inflorescence was negatively influenced by floral display size, which is in line with previous studies. In addition, solitary bees spent decreasing time in successive flowers within an inflorescence, and the time spent per flower was negatively affected by ambient temperature. Our results suggest that pollinator behaviour during visitation is poorly linked to pollen deposition and reproductive success in O. militaris.
Supplementary material 2 from: Jiménez Elvira N, Ushio M, Sakai S (2022) Are microbes growing on flowers evil? Effects of old flower microbes on fruit set in a wild ginger with one-day flowers, Alpinia japonica (Zingiberaceae). Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 6: e84331. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.6.84331
Fruit and seed set datasets
Supplementary material 1 from: Jiménez Elvira N, Ushio M, Sakai S (2022) Are microbes growing on flowers evil? Effects of old flower microbes on fruit set in a wild ginger with one-day flowers, Alpinia japonica (Zingiberaceae). Metabarcoding and Metagenomics 6: e84331. https://doi.org/10.3897/mbmg.6.84331
Tables S1, S2 and Figures S1–S4
Pollination methods for watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)) fruit setting and yield
<p>Pollination is an essential ecosystem function to sustain food security. Human made agroecosystem led pollinators to decline which ultimately reduced fruit setting and yield of watermelon production. A field experiment was conducted at Manahari Rural Municipality from March 2023 to July 2023 to study the effect of pollination methods on fruit setting and yield of two watermelon varieties. The experiment was laid out in two factorial randomized complete block design (RCBD) having two watermelon varieties (Saraswati and Vishala) and three pollination methods (bee pollination, hand pollination, open pollination, and control) which were replicated thrice. The data regarding foraging activity of domesticated bee pollinators (<em>Apis cerana </em>F. and <em>Apis mellifera </em>L.) from open field condition and yield attributing parameters from experimental plot were recorded. In open field condition, <em>Apis mellifera </em>L<em>.</em> recorded the highest abundance (5.12 bees/m<sup>2</sup>/5 min.), foraging speed on male (5.14 second/flower) and female flower (6.17 second/flower). <em>Apis cerana </em>F. recorded the highest foraging rate (9.31 flowers/bee/min.). The foraging activity was more active in the morning hours (8-10 a.m.) than at midday (12-2 p.m.) and evening hours (4-6 p.m.) for both the bee species. From the experimental plot, variety Saraswati recorded highest number of fruits per plant (2.52), fruit girth (14.45 cm), fruit weight (1.82 kg), seeds per fruit (122.53), and yield per plant (4.91 kg) while highest fruit length (18.58 cm) and 1000 seed weight (49.37 g). The highest fruit set (74.51%), number of fruits per plant (3.15), healthy fruit (84.83%), fruit girth (15.81 cm), fruit weight (2.21 kg), seeds per fruit (141.04), and yield per plant (6.98 kg) were recorded in bee pollinated plots. The result suggests that the use of <em>A. mellifera</em> bees in the pollination of watermelon is useful to increase fruit set, production, and productivity. </p>
Data from: Does local conspecific density and floral display size influence fruit set via pollinator visitation in Orchis militaris?
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Pollination methods for watermelon (Citrullus lanatus (Thunb.)) fruit setting and yield
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MicroRNAs Associated with AGL6 and IAA9 function in tomato fruit set
GEO Series GSE225319. Solanum lycopersicum. 3 samples. Type: Non-coding RNA profiling by high throughput sequencing.
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