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4 results for “fruit toxicity”
Figure 1 in Testing the Temporal Limits of Lures and Toxicants for Trapping Fruit Flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Additional Weathering Studies of Solid Bactrocera and Zeugodacus Male Lures and Associated Insecticidal Strips
Figure 1. Captures of Zeugodacus cucurbitae males in Jackson traps containing toxicants of variable age deployed at Aloun Farm, Oahu, Hawaii. The lures were fresh in all traps and were prepared in Hawaii at the start of the test. Two fresh toxicants were included: naled in liquid CL (bar labelled L) and a DDVP strip with a CL plug (bar labelled P). The DDVP strips weathered in Arizona and Florida were tested during the same 1-day period (December 9–10, 2015). Values represent means (+ 1 SE); 12 traps were deployed per treatment. Bars marked by different letters were significantly different (Student-Newman-Keuls multiple comparisons test).
Data from: The distribution of fruit and seed toxicity during development for eleven Neotropical trees and vines in Central Panama
Secondary compounds in fruit mediate interactions with natural enemies and seed dispersers, influencing plant survival and species distributions. The functions of secondary metabolites in plant defenses have been well-studied in green tissues, but not in reproductive structures of plants. In this study, the distribution of toxicity within plants was quantified and its influence on seed survival was determined in Central Panama. To investigate patterns of allocation to chemical defenses and shifts in allocation with fruit development, I quantified variation in toxicity between immature and mature fruit and between the seed and pericarp for eleven species. Toxicity of seed and pericarp was compared to leaf toxicity for five species. Toxicity was measured as reduced hyphal growth of two fungal pathogens, Phoma sp. and Fusarium sp., and reduced survivorship of brine shrimp, Artemia franciscana, across a range of concentrations of crude extract. I used these measures of potential toxicity against generalist natural enemies to examine the effect of fruit toxicity on reductions of fruit development and seed survival by vertebrates, invertebrates, and pathogens measured for seven species in a natural enemy removal experiment. The seed or pericarp of all vertebrate- and wind-dispersed species reduced Artemia survivorship and hyphal growth of Fusarium during the immature and mature stages. Only mature fruit of two vertebrate-dispersed species reduced hyphal growth of Phoma. Predispersal seed survival increased with toxicity of immature fruit to Artemia during germination and decreased with toxicity to fungi during fruit development. This study suggests that fruit toxicity against generalist natural enemies may be common in Central Panama. These results support the hypothesis that secondary metabolites in fruit have adaptive value and are important in the evolution of fruit-frugivore interactions.
Data from: The distribution of fruit and seed toxicity during development for eleven Neotropical trees and vines in Central Panama
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Figure 1 from: Anto EJ, Syahputra RA, Silitonga HA, Situmorang PC, Nugaraha SE (2022) Oral acute toxicity study extract ethanol of balakka fruit (Phyllanthus emblica). Pharmacia 69(1): 187-194. https://doi.org/10.3897/pharmacia.69.e81280
Figure 1 Histopathology of Organs including the heart, testis, ovary, liver, and kidney from CM, CF, M2000 (M2), F2000 (F2), M5000 (M5), and F5000 (F5) (H&e x20). Testis ST: seminiferous tubules; IT: Intestinal tissue. Heart MC: cardiac muscle cells; MC: muscle nucleus. Ovary O: Oocytes. Liver tissue PA: portal area; H: hepatocytes. Kidney tissue G: glomerulus; BS: Bowmen space, DT: Distal Concoluted tubule.
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