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Fruit, seed dispersal, and life history traits of tropical rainforest trees of the Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats, India
<p>This dataset contains compiled Fruit, seed dispersal, and life history traits of tropical rainforest trees of the Anamalai Hills, Western Ghats, India. The list of species included are mainly from the following two related publications:<br>- Muthuramkumar, S., Ayyappan, N., Parthasarathy, N., Mudappa, D., Raman, T.R.S., Selwyn, M.A. and Pragasan, L.A. (2006), <a href="https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x">Plant Community Structure in Tropical Rain Forest Fragments of the Western Ghats, India</a>. <em>Biotropica</em>, 38: 143-160. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00118.x<br>- Osuri, A., Chakravarthy, D., Mudappa, D., Raman, T., Ayyappan, N., Muthuramkumar, S., & Parthasarathy, N. (2017). <a href="http://httpd//doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219">Successional status, seed dispersal mode and overstorey species influence tree regeneration in tropical rain-forest fragments in Western Ghats, India</a>. <em>Journal of Tropical Ecology</em>, 33(4), 270-284. doi:10.1017/S0266467417000219<br>The present dataset is an expanded and updated version of the related dataset available at <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn">https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.vd0nn</a><br> <br>Species traits information was collated from <a href="http://www.biotik.org/">BIOTIK (http://www.biotik.org/</a>), <a href="http://www.flowersofindia.net/">Flowers of India (http://www.flowersofindia.net/)</a>, India Biodiversity Portal (http://indiabiodiversity.org/), <a href="https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234/1">Global wood density database (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234/1)</a> and <a href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219">Osuri et al. (2014): https://doi.org/10.1017/S0266467417000219</a>. We also referred to the following previous studies that provided information on the successional status of rain-forest species in the Western Ghats (Chetana 2013, Pascal 1988, Raman et al. 2009, Sreejith 2005).</p> <p><strong>References:</strong><br>CHETANA, H. C. 2013. Assessing the ecological processes in abandoned tea plantations and its implication for ecological restoration in the Western Ghats, India. PhD thesis, Manipal University.<br>OSURI, A. M., KUMAR, V. S. & SANKARAN, M. 2014. Altered stand structure and tree allometry reduce carbon storage in evergreen forest fragments in India’s Western Ghats. <em>Forest Ecology and Management </em>329: 375–383.<br>PASCAL, J. P. 1988. <em>Wet evergreen forests of the Western Ghats of India: Ecology, structure, floristic composition and succession</em>. Institut Français de Pondichéry, Pondicherry.<br>RAMAN, T. R. S., MUDAPPA, D. & KAPOOR, V. 2009. Restoring rainforest fragments: survival of mixed-native species seedlings under contrasting site conditions in the Western Ghats, India. <em>Restoration Ecology</em> 17:137–147.<br>SREEJITH, K. A. 2005. Ecological and ecophysiological studies on the successional status of tree seedlings in tropical wet evergreen and semi-evergreen forests of Kerala. PhD thesis, Forest Research Institute, Dehradun.</p> <p><strong>Geographic Coverage:</strong><br>1. Location/Study Area: Valparai Plateau, Tamil Nadu, India; Anamalai Tiger Reserve, Tamil Nadu, India<br>2. GPS coordinates: Valparai Plateau (10°15'- 10°22'N, 76°52' - 76°59'E); Anamalai Tiger Reserve (10°12' - 10°35'N, 76°49' - 77°24'E)</p> <p><strong>Temporal Coverage:</strong><br>1. Begins: 2003-03-01 (Year, Month, Day)<br>2. Ends: 2024-02-10 (Year, Month, Day)</p> <p>Besides the <strong>README.txt</strong> file, the dataset includes the following comma-delimited text (csv) file with the data in columns as explained below:</p> <p><strong>Anamalai_tree_traits_2024.csv</strong></p> <p><strong>spec_name_ORIG:</strong> Scientific name of the species used during the data collection<br><strong>genus:</strong> Genus of the taxon<br><strong>specificEpithet:</strong> Specific epithet of the taxon in the Latin binomial name<br><strong>Accept_name_WFO:</strong> Updated scientific name of the species as in Plants of the World Online (POWO, https://powo.science.kew.org/)<br><strong>Habit:</strong> life form of the species(tree/shrub/cane/palm)<br><strong>Distribution:</strong> Distribution of the species in the study area (Native/Endemic/Introduced)<br><strong>IUCN_status:</strong> IUCN status of the species (CR-Critically Endangered,DD-Data deficient,EN-Endangered,LC-Least Concern,NT-Near Threatened,VU-Vulnerable,NA-Unknown)<br><strong>Wden_final:</strong> Wood density value assigned for the species (g cm^-3); NA - not available; sourced from Global wood density database (https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.234/1)<br><strong>wd_level:</strong> Level in which the wood density value belongs (Species - wood density value is from species level; genus - wood density value assigned is the genus level average value)<br><strong>fruit_type:</strong> Morphological type of fruit<br><strong>fleshy_dry:</strong> Whether fruit is a dry fruit or fleshy, with aril or other parts <br><strong>seed_size:</strong> Species seed size: L = Large (>3 cm); M = Medium (1-3 cm); S = Small (<1 cm)<br><strong>disperser:</strong> Categories indicating seed dispersal mode: Bird, mammal, bird and mammal (Mammal_bird), gravity, wind, or unknown<br><strong>habitat:</strong> Habitat affinity category: EG_edg - evergreen forest edge; EG_for - evergreen forest; Dec_for - deciduous forest; Int – Introduced species; Unknown – Unknown<br><strong>habt_new:</strong> Habitat affinity new category: Mature – mature forest; Secondary – secondary forest, NA - unknown/Introduced species<br><strong>ad_ht:</strong> Species maximum adult height (m)</p>
Fig. 2 in Characterization of leaf-rollers attacking forest and fruit trees in Azerbaijan (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae)
Fig. 2: Distribution of Tortrix viridana, Archips rosanus and Archips xylosteanus in different regions of Azerbaijan.
Data from: Mast fruiting in a large tropical African legume tree provides evidence for the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis
<p>The large grove-forming tropical tree <em>Microberlinia bisulcata</em> (Fabaceae subfamily Detarioideae) at Korup, Cameroon, shows strong mast fruiting. Reproductive allocation is considerable. The site has very nutrient-poor soil. To test the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis, phenological recordings between 1989 and 2017 were matched with climate variables and analyzed using logistic time-series regression. Masting happened mostly on 2- or 3-year cycles. A strong predictor was mean daily rainfall in the dry season: low in the current year of masting and high in the year prior. Less strongly predictive was the increase in dry season radiation between prior and mast years. Masting events showed no relationship to annual stem increment, nor with local plantation yields. Later, the normally heavy mastings became moderate after two attacks by caterpillars. Collated studies of fallen leaf nutrient concentrations showed that P increased markedly, K rose and fell, but N and Mg changed little, in the inter-mast interval. P and K were likely being accumulated and stored and then triggered masting events when internal thresholds were crossed. The drier season prior to masting enabled a rise in C, and the wetter season the year before, with higher soil moisture, enabled better acquisition and uptake of nutrients by roots and mycorrhizas. The main storage of P may be in bark and branches, that for K on soil organic-colloids. A rooting-fruiting trade-off in C allocated over a minimal 2-year cycle is implied. The hypothesis is that synchrony among masting trees may be achieved, in part, by equilibration of P across the mycorrhizal network. The long-term driver appears to be the inherent year-to-year stochasticity of dry-season rainfall, the realization of which leads to an important refinement of the hypothesis. Life history strategy linked to nutrient resource dynamics provides a plausible explanation and more advanced hypothesis for the masting events observed.</p>
Fig. 1 in Hymenopteran parasitoids associated with scale insects (Hemiptera: Coccoidea) in tropical fruit trees in the eastern Amazon, Brazil
Fig. 1. Interactions between species of scale insects and parasitoids with the total number of interactions with each species of host plant (Jun 2014 to Aug 2015) at Maranhão Island, Maranhão, Brazil.
Figure 1 in Effect of a short-cycle apple tree cultivar on oriental fruit moth (Lepidoptera: Tortricidae) development and larval behavior
Figure 1. Average number of Grapholita molesta males captured monthly by pheromone-bait traps in 'Eva' and 'Gala' apple orchards during seven years in Porto Amazonas, Paraná, Brazil.
Fig. 1 in Exposure to tea tree oil enhances the mating success of male Mediterranean fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae)
Fig. 1. Number of matings (mean ± SE) obtained per replicate by wild-like medfly males exposed to TTO (treated) or not exposed (control) for the 3 different TTO concentrations provided to the treated males (the 5% and 50% doses represent TTO concentration [v/v] in a hexane solution). Bar heights represent averages; whiskers represent 1 SE. Results of t-tests: 5% solution: t = 4.8, P <0.001; 50% solution: t = 3.4, P = 0.003; pure (100%): t = 3.8, P <0.001; N = 12 replicates at each concentration.
Figure 2. Oiketicus kirby.a. Basket-shaped bag. b in Living inside baskets: a new fruit tree host for Oiketicus kirbyi Guilding, 1927 (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) in Brazil
Figure 2. Oiketicus kirby.a. Basket-shaped bag. b. Dorsal view of larva. c. General view of Jabuticabeira tree. d. Immature Jabuticabeira fruit being eaten by O. kirbyi larva. / Figura 2. Oiketicus kirby. a. Capullo. b. Vista dorsal de la larva de Oiketicus kirbyi. c. Vista general del árbol de Jabuticabeira. d. Fruto inmaduro de Jabuticabeira siendo comido por la larva de O. kirbyi.
City's Low Hanging Fruit: Exploring Policy Alternatives for Exploiting Urban Fruit Trees
<p>City's Low Hanging fruit:<br><br>Map, Thematic analysis, Three quistionnaires, questionnaire answers<br><br>מפה, ניתוח תמטי, שלושת השאלונים, תשובות לשאלונים<br><br></p> <p>Abstract + methods - below<br>תקציר - למטה</p>
Data from: Frugivory-mediated trophic cascades: How apex predators can shape the recruitment of a fleshy-fruited tree
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Data from: Mast fruiting in a large tropical African legume tree provides evidence for the nutrient resource limitation hypothesis
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Forest cover and fruit crop size differentially influence frugivory of select rainforest tree species in Western Ghats, India (Part II)
<p><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span><span>Forest fragmentation and habitat loss are major disruptors of plant–frugivore interactions, affecting seed dispersal and altering recruitment patterns of tree species dependent on vertebrate dispersers. In a heterogeneous production landscape (primarily tea and coffee plantations) in the southern Western Ghats, India, we <span><span>examined effects of surrounding forest cover and fruit crop size on frugivory of four rainforest bird-dispersed tree species</span></span> (<i>N</i> = 131 trees, ≥ 30 trees per species, observed for 623 h). Frugivore composition differed among the four tree species with the large-seeded <i>Canarium strictum </i>and<i> Myristica dactyloides</i> exclusively dependent on large-bodied avian frugivores, whereas, medium-seeded <i>Persea macrantha</i> and <i>Heynea trijuga </i>were predominantlyvisited by small-bodied and large-bodied avian frugivores, respectively. Using the seed-dispersal-effectiveness framework, we identified effective frugivores and examined their response to forest cover and fruit crop size. Results were idiosyncratic and governed by plant and frugivore traits. Visitations to medium-seeded <i>Persea </i>had a positive relationship with forest cover but the relationship was negative for the large-seeded <i>Myristica</i>. In addition, two of the three effective frugivores for <i>Persea </i>responded to the interactive effect of forest cover and fruit crop size<i>. </i>Frugivore visitations to <i>Hyenea</i> were not related to forest cover or fruit crop and<i> </i>there were too few visitations to <i>Canarium </i>to discern any trends<i>. </i>These results highlight the context-specific response of plant-frugivore interactions to forest cover and fruit crop size influenced by the plant and frugivore traits.</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>
Forest cover and fruit crop size differentially influence frugivory of select rainforest tree species in Western Ghats, India (Part I)
<p>Forest fragmentation and habitat loss are major disruptors of plant–frugivore interactions, affecting seed dispersal and altering recruitment patterns of tree species dependent on vertebrate dispersers. In a heterogeneous production landscape (primarily tea and coffee plantations) in the southern Western Ghats, India, we <span>examined effects of surrounding forest cover and fruit crop size on frugivory of four rainforest bird-dispersed tree species</span> (<i>N</i> = 131 trees, ≥ 30 trees per species, observed for 623 h). Frugivore composition differed among the four tree species with the large-seeded <i>Canarium strictum </i>and<i> Myristica dactyloides</i> exclusively dependent on large-bodied avian frugivores, whereas, medium-seeded <i>Persea macrantha</i> and <i>Heynea trijuga </i>were predominantly visited by small-bodied and large-bodied avian frugivores, respectively. Using the seed-dispersal-effectiveness framework, we identified effective frugivores and examined their response to forest cover and fruit crop size. Results were idiosyncratic and governed by plant and frugivore traits. Visitations to medium-seeded <i>Persea </i>had a positive relationship with forest cover but the relationship was negativefor the large-seeded <i>Myristica</i>. In addition, two of the three effective frugivores for <i>Persea </i>responded to the interactive effect of forest cover and fruit crop size<i>. </i>Frugivore visitations to <i>Hyenea</i> were not related to forest cover or fruit crop and<i> </i>there were too few visitations to <i>Canarium </i>to discern any trends<i>. </i>These results highlight the context-specific response of plant-frugivore interactions to forest cover and fruit crop size influenced by the plant and frugivore traits.</p>
Demographic consequences of heterogeneity in conspecific density dependence among mast fruiting tropical trees
<p>The role of conspecific density dependence (CDD) in the maintenance of species richness is a central focus of tropical forest ecology. However, tests of CDD often ignore the integrated effects of CDD over multiple life-stages and their long-term impacts on population demography. We combined a 10-year time series of seed production, seedling recruitment and sapling and tree demography of three dominant Southeast Asian tree species that adopt a mast fruiting phenology. We used these data to construct individual-based models that examine the effects of CDD on population growth rates (λ) across life-history stages. Recruitment was driven by positive CDD for all species, supporting the predator satiation hypothesis, while negative CDD affected seedling and sapling growth of two species, significantly reducing λ. This negative CDD on juvenile growth overshadowed the positive CDD of recruitment, suggesting the cumulative effects of CDD during seedling and sapling development has greater importance than the positive CDD during infrequent masting events. Overall, CDD varied between positive and negative across life-history stages for all species, suggesting that assessments of CDD on transitions between just two stages (e.g. seeds-seedlings or juveniles-mature trees) likely misrepresents the importance of CDD on population growth and stability.</p>
Data from: Masting increases seedling recruitment near and far: predator satiation and improved dispersal in a fleshy-fruited tree
<p><span>The animal dispersal hypothesis predicts that mast seeding can increase dispersal rate of seeds by dispersers and enhance reproductive success of plants. However, in contrast to pollination efficiency and predator satiation hypothesis, the animal dispersal hypothesis has received mixed support. </span></p> <p><span>Using 12-year data on fruit production and seedling recruitment of a fleshy-fruited tree rowan (<em>Sorbus aucuparia</em>, Rosaceae), we tested if an increase in the fruit production at the population level results in higher proportion of fruits recruiting into seedlings. Recruitment was recorded near (under rowans) and far (under heterospecifics) from conspecifics. Higher recruitment rates under rowans would support predator satiation hypothesis. Higher recruitment rates under heterospecific trees, where fruits can only arrive with animal assistance, would support animal dispersal hypothesis.</span></p> <p><span>High population-level fruit production increased the proportion of fruits recruiting into seedlings both near and far from rowans. In contrast, high individual-level fruit production did not have a positive effect on the proportion of fruits recruiting into seedlings. </span></p> <p><span>Synthesis. Population-level synchronization of fruit production is required to generate a more effective plant regeneration. Our findings show that masting enhances seedling recruitment through predator satiation and increased seed dispersal by frugivores. The results provide support for both animal dispersal and predator satiation hypotheses indicating that both mechanisms can operate simultaneously.</span></p>
Fruiting trees provide fruit and insect resources for four tropical deer species
<p>Fruiting trees provide important fruit and seed resources for various animal species, but rarely are they considered to be rich sources of insects as well. During a study of seed dispersal of <em>Trewia nudiflora</em> (Euphorbiaceae) using camera-traps in Nepal, we observed four tropical deer species (<em>Axis axis</em>, <em>Muntiacus vaginalis</em>, <em>Rusa unicolor</em>, <em>Axis porcinus</em>) foraging for insects, rather than fruits under the trees. These herbivorous deer are proven seed dispersers of <em>Trewia</em>, but 8-38% of video captures (across each species) were of insectivory, rather than frugivory. The deer chased and consumed red cotton bugs (<em>Dysdercus</em> sp. family Pyrrhocoridae), which were seed predators that hoarded <em>Trewia</em> seeds. It is likely that other unidentified insect species were also consumed. Tropical deer species are considered to be fully herbivorous, so our observations extend their known diets and possibly indicate a seasonal requirement for protein. These findings also highlight tri-trophic interactions among deer, insects, and fruits that could have important implications for seedling recruitment if seed predators are being consumed by seed dispersers (in addition to fruit consumption).</p>
Data from: Seasonality in the equatorial tropics: Flower, fruit and leaf phenology of montane trees in the highlands of southwest Uganda
<p>Phenology influences many forest functions and can inform forest conservation and management, yet representative phenological data for most common tropical forest tree species remain sparse or absent. Between June 2011 and December 2013, we investigated flowering, fruiting and leafing patterns in the Bwindi Impenetrable National Park, a montane forest located near the equator in Uganda, drawing on 16,410 observations of 530 trees of 54 species located between 2,066 and 2,527 m in elevation. The park's climate is equatorial with two wet and dry seasons each year. Flowering and fruiting were strongly seasonal while patterns in leafing were less pronounced. Flower occurrence peaked at the beginning of the short dry season followed by a pronounced trough during the beginning and the middle of the short wet season. Fruit occurrence had a pronounced peak during high rainfall months in March through April with most fruits ripening during drier months in May through July. Fruit scarcity was observed for a 4-month period spanning September to December and most flushing of leaves noted at the end of the wet season in November and December. Our binomial generalised linear mixed models (GLMM) indicated that flowering and fruiting were negatively associated with temperature and that leafing activity was positively associated with rainfall and temperature. These findings are consistent with the insolation- and water-limitation hypotheses suggesting that the seasonally varying availability of resources such as light, water and nutrients determines these phenological patterns. Ideally, prolonged, multi-year community-level studies would be supported so as to better characterise the influence of climate and of climate variability.</p>
Digitized pear and peach trees with fruits
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Rapid and chemically diverse C transfer from trees to mycorrhizal fruit bodies in the forest
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Forest cover and fruit crop size differentially influence frugivory of select rainforest tree species in Western Ghats, India (Part I)
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Demographic consequences of heterogeneity in conspecific density dependence among mast fruiting tropical trees
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