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96 results for “functional shift”
Shifts and rebound in microbial community function following repeated introduction of a novel species
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Data from: Shifts in plant functional composition following long-term drought in grasslands
1. Plant traits can provide unique insights into plant performance at the community scale. Functional composition, defined by both functional diversity and community-weighted trait means (CWMs), can affect the stability of aboveground net primary production (ANPP) in response to climate extremes. Further complexity arises, however, when functional composition itself responds to environmental change. The duration of climate extremes, such as drought, is expected to increase with rising global temperatures; thus, understanding the impacts of long-term drought on functional composition and the corresponding effect that has on ecosystem function could improve predictions of ecosystem sensitivity to climate change. 2. We experimentally reduced growing season precipitation by 66% across six temperate grasslands for four years and measured changes in three indices of functional diversity (functional dispersion, richness, and evenness), community-weighted trait means, and phylogenetic diversity (PD). Specific leaf area (SLA), leaf nitrogen content (LNC) and (at most sites) leaf turgor loss point (πTLP) were measured for species cumulatively representing ~90% plant cover at each site. 3. Long-term drought led to increased community functional dispersion in three sites, with negligible effects on the remaining sites. Species re-ordering following the mortality/senescence of dominant species was the main driver of increased functional dispersion. The response of functional diversity was not consistently matched by changes in phylogenetic diversity. Community-level drought strategies (assessed as CWMs) largely shifted from drought tolerance to drought avoidance and/or escape strategies, as evidenced by higher community-weighted πTLP, SLA, and LNC. Lastly, ecosystem drought sensitivity (i.e. relative reduction in ANPP) was positively correlated with community-weighted SLA and negatively correlated with functional diversity. 4. Synthesis: Increased functional diversity following long-term drought may stabilize ecosystem functioning in response to future drought. However, shifts in community-scale drought strategies may increase ecosystem drought sensitivity, depending on the nature and timing of drought. Thus, our results highlight the importance of considering both functional diversity and abundance-weighted traits means of plant communities as their collective effect may either stabilize or enhance ecosystem sensitivity to drought.
Data from: Tropical deforestation reduces plant mating quality by shifting the functional composition of pollinator communities
<p>Deforestation can impact the quality of pollen received by target plants (<i>i.e., </i>delivery of incompatible pollen, self-pollen, or pollen from closely related individuals). Such reductions in plant mating quality may be direct, when deforestation reduces plant population size and the availability of pollen donors, or indirect, when decreased mating quality results, for example, from shifts in the composition of the pollinator community. As most flowering plants depend on animal pollinators for reproduction, there is a need to understand the direct and indirect links between deforestation, pollinator community composition, and plant mating quality.</p> <p>We quantified the direct, pollen-donor-mediated and indirect, pollinator-mediated effects of deforestation on mating quality in <i>Heliconia tortuosa</i>, a tropical herb pollinated by low- and high-mobility hummingbirds. We used a confirmatory path analysis to test the hypothesis that deforestation (amount of forest cover and forest patch size) influenced mating quality (haplotype diversity of pollen pools, outcrossing, and biparental inbreeding) directly and indirectly through functional shifts in the composition of pollinator communities (proportion of high-mobility hummingbirds).</p> <p>We found that deforestation triggered functional shifts in the composition of pollinator communities, as the proportion of high-mobility hummingbirds increased significantly with the amount of forest cover and forest patch size. The composition of the pollinator community affected mating quality, as the haplotype diversity of pollen pools increased significantly with the proportion of high-mobility hummingbirds, while biparental inbreeding decreased significantly. Although we did not detect any significant direct, pollen-donor-mediated effects of deforestation on mating quality, reductions in the amount of forest cover and forest patch size resulted in functional shifts that filtered out high-mobility hummingbirds from the pollinator community, thereby reducing mating quality indirectly.</p> <p><i>Synthesis. </i>Deforestation primarily influenced plant mating quality through a cascading effect mediated by functional shifts in the composition of the pollinator community. Our results indicate that plant mating quality strongly depends on the composition of local pollinator communities. Functional shifts that filter out highly mobile and effective pollinators may reduce the transfer of genetically diverse pollen loads from unrelated plants. Such shifts may have pronounced effects on plant population dynamics and disrupt genetic connectivity.</p>
Dataset for paper "Interpreting the shifts in forest structure, plant community composition, diversity, and functional identity by using remote sensing-derived wildfire severity"
<p>Interpreting the shifts in forest structure, plant community composition, diversity, and functional identity by using remote sensing-derived wildfire severity . New collected data</p>
Supporting data for Bryłka et al., 2023 Gene duplication, shifting selection, and functional diversification of silicon transporter proteins in marine and freshwater diatoms.
<p>These are supporting files used in the analysis in Bryłka et al., 2023 "<em>Gene duplication, shifting selection, and functional diversification of silicon transporter proteins in marine and freshwater diatoms". </em> All data newly generated from the Alverson lab.</p> <p> </p>
Predictability of abrupt shifts in dryland ecosystem functioning
<p>Data and code accompanying the paper:</p> <p>Bernardino, P., De Keersmaecker, W., Horion, S., Oehmcke, S., Gieseke, F., Fensholt, R., Van De Kerchove, R., Lhermitte, S., Abel, C., Van Meerbeek, K., Verbesselt, J., and Somers, B. 2024. Predictability of abrupt shifts in dryland ecosystem functioning. Nature Climate Change, doi.org/10.1038/s41558-024-02201-0.</p> <p> </p>
Functional traits and their plasticity shift from tolerant to avoidant under extreme drought
<p>Under climate change, extreme droughts will limit water availability for plants. However, the species-specific responses make it difficult to draw general conclusions. We hypothesized that changes in species' abundance in response to extreme drought can be best explained by a set of water economic traits under ambient conditions in combination with the ability to adjust these traits towards higher drought resistance. We conducted a four-year field experiment in temperate grasslands using rainout shelters with 30% and 50% rainfall reduction. We quantified the response as the change in species abundance between ambient conditions and the rainfall reduction. Abundance response to extreme drought was best explained by a combination of traits in ambient conditions and their functional adjustment, most likely reflecting plasticity. Smaller leaved species decreased less in abundance under drought. With increasing drought intensity, we observed a shift from drought tolerance, i.e. an increase leaf dry matter content, to avoidance, i.e. a less negative turgor loss point (TLP) in ambient conditions and a constancy in TLP under drought. We stress the importance of using a multidimensional approach of variation in multiple traits and the importance of considering a range of drought intensities to improve predictions of species' response to climate change.</p>
Phytoplankton assemblage shifts with dissolved organic matter properties: a functional perspective for sentinel lakes
<p>1. Climate change is altering both dissolved organic matter (DOM) properties and phytoplankton dynamics in lakes. High-altitude lakes are good sentinels of global change. However, their value as sentinels depends on how well we understand their functioning. This study analyzed physical, chemical, and biological data during three pre-defined periods running from complete ice-cover right to the end of the ice-free season, in a high-altitude oligotrophic lake. A functional approach was used to assess how relationships between DOM and the planktonic community vary over time.</p> <p>2. Phytoplankton functional change was found to occur with shifts in dissolved organic matter. During the ice-influenced period, from February to the end of the thaw, the phytoplankton community was dominated by small autotrophs and mixotrophic flagellates and DOM from sediment and terrestrial origin dominated the DOM pool of the lake. Phytoplankton diversity and richness increased during the post-snowmelt overturn period, when terrestrial DOM dominated the DOM pool. Finally, large siliceous autotrophs, competitive under low nitrogen concentrations and high temperature, dominated almost exclusively during the late summer period. Increased phytoplankton biomass meant that phytoplankton-derived DOM was dominant during the late summer period.</p> <p>3. These phenological changes in the phytoplankton community resulted in functional shifts at the base of the food web. Based on the relationships between the variables in the study, it can be deduced that the nature of the relationship between phytoplankton and bacteria progressively shifted from strong top-down control exerted by phytoplankton over bacteria toward predominantly bottom-up control at the end of the ice-free season.</p> <p>4. Synthesis. Using a field survey starting from complete ice-cover and lasting right to the end of the ice-free season in a sentinel lake, we show seasonal shifts in the link between dissolved organic matter properties and plankton community traits. Differences in environmental conditions and DOM origin explained variation in phytoplankton community structure and function, pointing to seasonal shifts in microbial food web interactions. Our research suggests that, under climate change, the balance between mixotrophy and autotrophy and the control exerted by phytoplankton over bacterioplankton will change in oligotrophic high-altitude lakes with large, vegetated catchments. </p>
Altered mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAM) function shifts mitochondrial metabolism in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)
<p><span>Mitochondrial function is modulated by its functional interaction with the endoplasmic reticulum.</span><span> Recent research indicates that these contacts are disrupted in familial models of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. We report here this impairment in the crosstalk between mitochondria and the endoplasmic reticulum impedes the use of glucose-derived pyruvate as mitochondrial fuel, causing a shift to fatty acids to sustain energy production. Over time, this deficiency alters mitochondrial electron flow and the active/dormant status of complex I in spinal cord tissues, but not in the brain. These findings suggest MAM plays a crucial role in regulating cellular glucose metabolism and that its dysfunction may underlie the bioenergetic deficits observed in ALS. The dataset includes the lipid profiles of the total homogenates and motchondrial fractions from SOD1.</span></p>
Supplementary material for "Quantitative morphological analysis of skulls of pterosaurs and early birds highlight a functional shift during the Mesozoic" by Gauweiler J. et al.
<p>This data repository contains additional information and supplemental material for the publication "Quantitative morphological analysis of skulls of pterosaurs and early birds highlight a functional shift during the Mesozoic". For information on the authors, see the original publication.</p> <p>The folder "Prehistoric_Ornithodira_BMPs.zip" contains outline images in .bmp format of all skulls used for the analysis.</p> <p>The file "Groups.csv" contains the grouping variables for all data points.</p> <p>The file "PC_Scores.csv" contaisn the principal component scores of the SHAPE analysis for all individuals used in the analysis.</p> <p>The file "Pterosaur_Avian_Script.R" contaisn the R code used for statistical analysis and plotting of the data.</p>
A multivariate approach reveals diversity of ontogenetic niche shifts across taxonomic and functional groups
<p class="MsoBodyText">Shifts in the fundamental and realize niche of individuals during their ontogeny are ubiquitous in nature, but we know little about what aspects of the niche change and how these changes vary across species within communities. Yet, this knowledge is essential to predict the dynamics of populations and communities and how they respond to environmental change. Here I introduce a range of metrics to describe different aspects of shifts in the realized trophic niche of individuals based on stable isotopes. Applying this multi-variate approach to 2,272 individuals from 13 taxonomic and functional distinct species (Amphibia, Hemiptera, Coleoptera, Odonata) sampled in natural pond communities allowed me to: (1) describe and quantify the diversity of trophic niche shift patterns over ontogeny in multi-dimensional space, and (2) identify what aspects of ontogenetic shifts vary across taxa, and functional groups. Results revealed that species can differ substantially in which aspects of the trophic niche change and how they change over ontogeny. Interestingly, patterns of ontogenetic niche shifts grouped in distinct taxonomic clusters in multi-variate space, including two distinct groups of predators (Hemiptera vs. Odonata). Given the differences in traits (especially feeding mode) across groups, this suggests that differences in ontogenetic niche shifts across species could at least partially be explained by variation in traits and functional roles of species. These results emphasize the importance of a multivariate approach to capture the large diversity of trophic niche shifts patterns possible in natural communities, and suggest that differences in ontogenetic niche shifts follow general patterns. Shifts in the fundamental and realize niche of individuals during their ontogeny are ubiquitous in nature, but we know little about what aspects of the niche change and how these changes vary across species within communities. Yet, this knowledge is essential to predict the dynamics of populations and communities and how they respond to environmental change.</p>
Afrotropical secondary forests exhibit fast diversity and functional recovery, but slow compositional and carbon recovery after shifting cultivation
<p>Question: Human disturbance is increasingly affecting forest dynamics across the tropics. Forests can recover via natural secondary succession to pre-disturbance levels of biodiversity, species composition, and ecosystem carbon stocks. Central Africa will be subject to increasingly high shifting cultivation pressure in the next decades, but succession trajectories of these ecosystem properties are still poorly known for the Congo basin. We addressed two questions: (1) how does taxonomic and functional composition and diversity shift? (2) How fast do aboveground carbon stocks recover during secondary succession in tropical forests?</p> <p>Location: Central Congo basin</p> <p><span>Methods: We conducted an inventory of trees (DBH ≥10 cm diameter), measured species traits and soil texture and carbon content in 18 plots, located along six secondary succession stages (i.e. from agricultural to old growth forest sites). We measured tree diameter, height for 20% of trees distributed across diameter classes, wood traits from all species, and leaf traits from species that contributed to 85% of the plot basal area.</span></p> <p>Results: We showed that secondary forests recover relatively fast in terms of tree species diversity, alpha functional diversity, and fine root carbon, with near-old-growth forest values after six decades past disturbance, while floristic composition exhibited slower recovery. Secondary forests only partially shifted from acquisitive to a conservative life-history, with shifts in leaf traits being largely decoupled from wood traits. Only 43% of above-ground carbon recovered after 60 years of forest regrowth, potentially through a slow recovery of the large-sized tree stems that dominate carbon stocks of old-growth forests.</p> <p>Conclusions: Our findings underline the capacity of Afrotropical forests to recover species and alpha functional diversity after clear-cutting through shifting cultivation. Simultaneously, old-growth forests harbors a particular floristic community and store a large quantity of carbon with much longer recovery trajectories, stressing the need for conservation of these forests in the Congo Basin.</p>
Plant functional traits predict heterogeneous distributional shifts in response to climate change
<p>Climate change is causing the rapid redistribution of vegetation as plant species move to track their climatic optima. Despite a global trend of upward movement in latitude and elevation, there is extensive heterogeneity among species and locations, with few emerging generalizations. Greater generalization may be achieved by considering multidimensional changes in species' distributions as well as incorporating ecologically relevant functional traits into studies of range shifts.</p> <p>To better understand how recent changes in climate are influencing the elevational distribution of plant species and how species' functional traits mediate distributional changes, we resampled a 2,438-meter elevation transect spanning a distance of 16 kilometers which encompasses desert scrub, pinyon-juniper woodland, chaparral, and coniferous forest plant communities.</p> <p>Over the last 42 years, total perennial cover and species' average cover increased at lower elevations and decreased at higher elevations while the average elevational leading-edge increased 116 m and the elevational rear edge decreased 84 m. Notably, these changes were mediated by species' functional traits, where species exhibiting more conservative traits (lower SLA, greater δ13C, larger seed mass) and taller height shifted upward in their leading-edge range limit, average elevation, and trailing edge range limit, while declining in abundance at the median and trailing edge of their range. Species possessing more acquisitive traits (higher SLA, lower δ13C, smaller seed mass) and shorter height shifted downward and increased in abundance at their trailing edge, with increases in their total range size.</p> <p>Our results provide clear evidence that heterogeneous range dynamics under recent climate change can be generalized by considering ecologically relevant plant functional traits, and how they respond to localized climate exposure. Further, by documenting changes across a steep ecological gradient comprising a large aridity gradient, we show divergent patterns for plants occupying contrasting positions along the global spectrum of plant form and function, which provides critical insight into how trait-mediated changes under increasing aridity will impact ecosystem functioning.</p>
Soil protist functional composition shifts with atmospheric nitrogen deposition in subtropical forests
<p><span>1. </span><span>Soil protist plays a key role in ecological functions through predation and parasitism. However, little is known about how nitrogen (N) deposition and seasonal variations influence soil protist function in forest soils. </span></p> <p><span>2. </span><span>Here, we assessed firstly the impacts of N deposition (control, 50 kg N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup>, 100 kg </span><span>N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup></span><span>, and 150 kg </span><span>N ha<sup>-1</sup> yr<sup>-1</sup></span><span>) on the functional composition of the soil protist community in summer and winter, using amplicon sequencing of environmental DNA from a subtropical natural forest. </span></p> <p><span>3. </span><span>We found that soil protists were dominated by consumers (42.6–51.6%), followed by parasites (32.9–40.9%) and phototrophs (3.2–13.1%), implying a predominant role of consumers and potential top-down effects on the other trophic groups in subtropical forest soils. The functional composition of soil protists was greatly influenced by N deposition, but these responses were dependent on seasonal variations. The diversity of phototrophs was lower in summer than in winter. Instead, an opposite pattern was observed for consumers, resulting in a significantly higher protist diversity in summer than in winter, which indicates a greater sensitivity of soil protists to seasonal variations. Furthermore, low and high N deposition simplified the structural complexity of soil protist communities, suggesting a nonlinear response of the protist structural stability to N deposition.</span></p> <p><span>4. <em>Synthesis and applications.</em></span><span><em> </em>This study provides unprecedented evidence that season variation plays an important role in regulating responses of soil protist functional composition to N deposition, and highlights the nonlinear effects of rising N deposition levels on the soil food web. </span></p>
Data from: Muscle force-length dynamics during walking over obstacles indicates delayed recovery and a shift towards more strut-like function in birds with proprioceptive deficit
<p>Recent studies of in vivo muscle function in guinea fowl revealed that distal leg muscles rapidly modulate force and work to stabilize running in uneven terrain. Previous studies focused on running only, and it remains unclear how muscular mechanisms for stability differ between walking and running. Here we investigate in vivo function of the lateral gastrocnemius (LG) during walking over obstacles. We compare muscle function in birds with intact (iLG) versus self-reinnervated LG (rLG). Self-reinnervation results in proprioceptive feedback deficit due to loss of monosynaptic stretch reflex. We test the hypothesis that proprioceptive deficit results in decreased modulation of EMG activity in response to obstacle contact, and a delayed obstacle recovery compared to iLG. We found that total myoelectric intensity (Etot) of iLG increased by 68% in obstacle strides (S 0) compared to level terrain, suggesting a substantial reflex-mediated response. In contrast, Etot of rLG increased by 31% in S 0 strides compared to level, but also increased by 43% in the first post-obstacle (S+1) stride. In iLG, muscle force and work differed significantly from level only in the S 0 stride, indicating a single-stride recovery. In rLG, force increased in S 0, S+1, and S+2 compared to level, indicating three-stride obstacle recovery. Interestingly, rLG showed little variation in work output and shortening velocity obstacle terrain, indicating a shift towards near isometric strut-like function. Reinnervated birds also adopt a more crouched posture across level and obstacle terrains compared to intact birds. These findings suggest gait specific control mechanisms in walking and running.</p>
Data from: Form function relationships support fast ecological shift in a lizard
<p>Macroevolutionary changes such as variation in habitat use or diet are often associated with convergent, adaptive changes in morphology. However, it is still unclear how small-scale morphological variation at the population level can drive shifts in ecology as observed at a macroevolutionary scale. Here, we address this question by investigating how variation in cranial form and feeding mechanics relate to rapid changes in diet in an insular lizard (<em>Podarcis siculus</em>) after experimental introduction into a new environment. We first quantified differences in the skull and jaw muscle architecture between the source and introduced population using 3D geometric morphometrics and dissections. Next, we tested the impact of the observed variation in morphology on the mechanical performance of the masticatory system using computer-based biomechanical simulation techniques. Our results show that the small differences in shape, combined with variation in muscle architecture, can result in significant differences in performance allowing access to novel trophic resources. The confrontation of these data with the already described macroevolutionary relationships between cranial form and function in these insular lizards provides insights into how selection can, over relatively short time scales, drive major changes in ecology through its impact on mechanical performance.</p>
Dataset for: Intraspecific size shifts in generalist bumblebees and flowers lead to low functional consequences
<p>Body size is a trait that can affect plant-pollinator interaction efficiency and plant reproductive success. We explored the impact of intraspecific size shifts on the interactions between pollinators and flowering plants under controlled conditions. We considered two development conditions leading to the production of large and small individual flowers of <em>Borago</em> <em>officinalis</em> and <em>Echium</em> <em>plantagineum</em>. We also used the natural variability of worker size within bumblebee colonies to isolate small and large workers. We performed a fully crossed experiment with the two flower sizes of each plant species, and the two sizes of bumblebee workers. Our results show that the size of both partners did not affect bee foraging behavior in most of the evaluated parameters, and both bee sizes were equally efficient in depositing pollen. Significant differences were found only in the pollen deposition across the life of a flower in small flowers of <em>B. officinalis</em>, with the greatest quantity of pollen deposited by small bees. We did not find a relationship between pollinator size and plant fitness. Our results suggest that generalist plant-pollinator interactions may be resilient to future potential mismatches in the size of the partners, but remain to be tested if they are still resilient under the new environmental conditions resulting from global changes.</p>
Lung Function and Inflammatory Markers in Cement Dust Exposed Workers: A Cross-shifts Study
ClinicalTrials.gov study NCT00727714. IPD Sharing: NO. Countries: 1. Publications: 8.
Afrotropical secondary forests exhibit fast diversity and functional recovery, but slow compositional and carbon recovery after shifting cultivation
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Plant functional traits predict heterogeneous distributional shifts in response to climate change
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