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6 results for “generalist parasitoids”
Native generalist natural enemies and an introduced specialist parasitoid together control an invasive forest insect
<p>Specialized natural enemies have long been considered a major force driving the population dynamics of outbreaking forest insects. While research has traditionally focused on the role of specialist parasitoids, recent studies and reviews reflect an appreciation of complex interactions among many regulatory factors. The sources suggest that specialist parasitoids and generalist predators can each inflict strong top‐down effects and that specialists and generalists can interact to regulate insect herbivore populations. Here we use the model study organism winter moth (<i>Operophtera brumata</i>) in its invasive range in the northeast United States to investigate interactions between the introduced, host-specific tachinid parasitoid <i>Cyzenis albicans</i> and native, generalist pupal predators. Prior research in Canada showed that predation of winter moth pupae increased after <i>C. albicans </i>establishment. To explain this phenomenon, the following hypotheses have been suggested: (1) parasitoids suppress the winter moth population to a density that can be maintained by generalist predators, (2) unparasitized pupae are preferred by predators and thus experience higher mortality rates, or (3) <i>C. albicans </i>sustain higher predator populations throughout the year more effectively than winter moth alone. We tested these hypotheses by deploying winter moth pupae over six years spanning 2005 to 2017 and by modeling pupal predation rates as a function of winter moth density and <i>C. albicans </i>establishment. We also compared predation rates of unparasitized and parasitized pupae and considered additional mortality by a native pupal parasitoid. We found support for the first hypothesis; we detected both temporal and spatial density dependence, but only in the latter years of the study when winter moth densities were lower. We found no evidence for the latter two hypotheses. Our findings suggest that pupal predators have a regulatory effect on winter moth populations only after populations have been reduced, presumably by the introduction of the host-specific parasitoid <i>C. albicans</i>.</p>
Native generalist natural enemies and an introduced specialist parasitoid together control an invasive forest insect
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Data from: Adaptive evolution of a generalist parasitoid: implications for the effectiveness of biological control agents
The use of alternative hosts imposes divergent selection pressures on parasitoid populations. In response to selective pressures, these populations may follow different evolutionary trajectories. Divergent natural selection could promote local host adaptation in populations, translating into direct benefits for biological control thereby increasing their effectiveness on the target host. Alternatively, adaptive phenotypic plasticity could be favored over local adaptation in temporal and spatially heterogeneous environments. We investigated the existence of local host adaptation in Aphidius ervi, an important biological control agent, by examining different traits related to infectivity (preference) and virulence (a proxy of parasitoid fitness) on different aphid-host species. The results showed significant differences in parasitoid infectivity on their natal host compared with the non-natal hosts. However, parasitoids showed a similar high fitness on both natal and non-natal hosts, thus supporting a lack of host adaptation in these introduced parasitoid populations. Our results highlight the role of phenotypic plasticity in fitness-related traits of parasitoids enabling them to maximize fitness on alternative hosts. This could be used to increase the effectiveness of biological control. In addition, A. ervi females showed significant differences in infectivity and virulence across the tested host range, thus suggesting a possible host phylogeny effect for those traits.
Data from: Adaptive evolution of a generalist parasitoid: implications for the effectiveness of biological control agents
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Data from: Nectar bacteria affect life history of a generalist aphid parasitoid by altering nectar chemistry
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Contrasting infection strategies in generalist and specialist wasp parasitoids of Drosophila melanogaster.
GEO Series GSE8938. Drosophila melanogaster. 27 samples. Type: Expression profiling by array.
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