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Figure 2. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt

Figure 2. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. on the inner side of a Tridacna maxima bivalve shell from the Pleistocene–Holocene coral reef deposits in the Marsa Alam area, Red Sea, Egypt. (a) Inner side of valve (left; prior to sectioning) with hundreds of N. carnelia specimens, and outer surface (right) intensely bioeroded by the sponge boring Entobia isp. (b) Section of the valve (MB.W 5640) with the holotype (centre) and the paratypes (all other specimens) in various ichnogenetic stages. (c) Close-up of the holotype trace. (d–e) Respective micro-CT scan of the holotype in plan and angular views as seen from inside the substrate.

Figure 1 in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt

Figure 1. The Pleistocene raised coral reef limestones exposed at the type locality of Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. just south of the Carnelia Beach Resort, located between El Quseir and Marsa Alam, exhibiting scleractinian corals as primary reef builders (a) and giant clams Tridacna spp. weathering from the carbonate–siliciclastic rocks (b) that mix with Holocene and modern Tridacna valves, forming a highly time-averaged assemblage (c).

Figure 4. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt

Figure 4. Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. on the outer surface of a large recent Tridacna squamosa valve from Nosy-BØ, northern Madagascar (ZMB/Mol 102671). (a) Shell surface with various encrusters as well as bioerosion traces. (b) Close-up of a cluster of N. carnelia. (c) A large specimen with distinct pitted arrays developed in most of the branches.

Figure 3 in Large dendrinids meet giant clam: the bioerosion trace fossil Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. in a Tridacna shell from Pleistocene-Holocene coral reef deposits, Red Sea, Egypt

Figure 3. SEM images (BSE detector) of Neodendrina carnelia igen. et isp. n. of the inner side of a Tridacna maxima bivalve shell from the Pleistocene–Holocene coral reef deposits in the Marsa Alam area, Red Sea, Egypt. (a–c) Overview and close-ups of the holotype. (d–e) Overview and close-up of an early ichnogenetic stage. (f–g) Overview and close-up of a specimen with authigenic gypsum crystals, calcite spar, and clay minerals within the boring as well as on the host's shell surface. (h) Different morphologies possibly developed in the trace, comprising deep open canals (1), isolated deep pits (2), shallow open canals (3), pits in shallow canals (4) and discontinuities (5). (i) Cross section of a trace showing deep (1) and shallow (2) open canals. (j–k) Overview and detail of an epoxy resin cast of a specimen, illustrating the smooth surface texture and the high degree of microbioerosion in the surrounding (partly mechanically removed to gain a view of the dendrinid).

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Fig. 1 in The Distribution And Status Of Giant Clams (Family Tridacnidae) - A Short Review

Fig. 1. Distribution of giant clams. Adapted from Rosewater (1965, 1982); Lucas (1988); Howard (1988); Zann & Ayling (1988); Gomez & Mingoa-Licuanan (2002) and Richter et al. (2008). The blue triangles represent Reef Check records and therefore the species are unknown. Abbreviation used for genera: T., Tridacna; H., Hippopus.

Fig. 8 in Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) - a valid giant clam species separated from T. maxima (Röding, 1798) by morphological and genetic data

Fig. 8. Photos in Chemnitz (1784) referred by Röding (1798) firstly named the giant clam species "noae" (no. 494), "maxima" (no. 495), and Tridacna derasa (no. 497).

Fig. 6 in Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) - a valid giant clam species separated from T. maxima (Röding, 1798) by morphological and genetic data

Fig. 6. Shell morphology of Tridacna maxima from Hongchia with prominent rib scales on right valve (A–F) and Tridacna noae from Naliao (G–L). R: rib; S: scale.

Fig. 4 in Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) - a valid giant clam species separated from T. maxima (Röding, 1798) by morphological and genetic data

Fig. 4. Neighbour joining tree of Tridacninae using Kimura 2-parameter model based on 18S rRNA gene sequence. Bootstrap values: 1,000; outgroup: Corculum cardissa.

Fig. 2 in Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) - a valid giant clam species separated from T. maxima (Röding, 1798) by morphological and genetic data

Fig. 2. Neighbour joining tree of Tridacninae using Kimura 2-parameter model based on Cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1(COI) gene sequence. Bootstrap values: 1,000; outgroup: Corculum cardissa.

Fig. 3 in Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) - a valid giant clam species separated from T. maxima (Röding, 1798) by morphological and genetic data

Fig. 3. Neighbour joining tree of Tridacninae using Kimura 2-parameter model based on 16S rRNA gene sequence. Bootstrap values: 1,000; outgroup: Corculum cardissa.

Fig. 5 in Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) - a valid giant clam species separated from T. maxima (Röding, 1798) by morphological and genetic data

Fig. 5. Neighbour joining tree of Tridacninae using Kimura 2-parameter model based on 28S rRNA gene sequence. Bootstrap values: 1,000; outgroup: Corculum cardissa.

Fig. 7 in Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) - a valid giant clam species separated from T. maxima (Röding, 1798) by morphological and genetic data

Fig. 7. Mantle colour pattern and hyaline organs of Tridacna maxima (A, B) and Tridacna noae (C, D). E, Enlarged hyaline organs of T. maxima; F, Enlarged hyaline organs of T. noae. →: Hyaline organs.

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Fig. 2 in On the validity of Noah's giant clam Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) and its synonymy with Ningaloo giant clam Tridacna ningaloo Penny & Willan, 2014

Fig. 2. Tridacna noae (Röding, 1798) on the reef in Coral Bay, Western Australia, 23°09'S 113°47'E, 14 August 2008 (photographed by: Tsun-Thai Chai).

Figure 25. Tree number 90 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions

Figure 25. Tree number 90 of 208 most parsimonious trees from ordered analysis. Synapomorphies for each numbered node indicated in Table 5.

Figure 24. Majority-rule consensus trees. A in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions

Figure 24. Majority-rule consensus trees. A, Majority-rule of 16 941 trees from unordered analysis. B, Majority-rule of 208 most parsimonious trees resulting from ordering one character, shell shape. Number in plain typeface indicates percentage of most parsimonious trees which support node. Number in italics (if present) indicates bootstrap support for each node. Number in boldface (if present) indicates Bremer index for each node.

Figure 20 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions

Figure 20. Spines of Afrocardium exochum (ANSP 293709). A, radial section through central portion of a rib to illustrate shell microstructure. Direction of ventral margin to left, direction of umbo to right. B, SEM of detail of exterior of right valve. Note alternation of one wider rib covered with larger triangular spines with one narrower rib covered with smaller triangular spines. C, SEM of dorsal view of right valve. Again, note alternating rib width and spine strength. Scale bars: A = 0.1 mm; B, C = 0.2 mm.

Figure 22 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions

Figure 22. Right valve of Freneixicardia verrucosa, A, AMNH 3094/2. Scanning electron stereomicrographs of cardinal area of hinge. ac shape 0, pc shape 0. B, NHM L7962, internal view. C, NHM L7962, posterior slope. Arrows indicate sets of heavily imbricated spines. D, NHM L7962. Dorsal view. Scale bars: A = 2 mm; B−D = 5 mm.

Figure 27 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions

Figure 27. Hedecardium (Iheringicardium). A, ventral margin of right valve of H. (I) patagonicum (NHM PI TB4). White arrows indicate interspaces in which secondary radial threads are visible. Black arrows indicate primary radial threads on top of ribs. Scale bar = 10 mm. B, ventral margin of left valve of H. (I) philippii (NHM PI TB1). Arrow points to doubled rib. Scale in mm indicated on figure. C, external view of left valve of H. (I) ameghinoi (NHM L12549), hedeform shell shape. Arrows point to doubled ribs. Scale bar = 10 mm. D, closeup of ventral margin of same specimen as in C. Arrow points to

Figure 18. A−D in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions

Figure 18. A−D, posterior views of paired valves. A, Cardium costatum (UMMZ 30845). B, Bucardium ringens (UMMZ 24727). C, Dinocardium robustum (UMMZ 265445). D, Planicardium virginianum (UNC 11856). E, Schedocardia hatchetigbeense (ANSP 8756), oblique posteror view of right valve. F, Schedocardia hatchetigbeense (ANSP 8756), anterior slope. Scale bars: A,C−E = 10 mm; B = 5 mm.

Figure 17 in Phylogeny of cardiid bivalves (cockles and giant clams): revision of the Cardiinae and the importance of fossils in explaining disjunct biogeographical distributions

Figure 17. External views of ventral margins of right valves. Arrows point to notches on posterodorsal portion of spines. A, Vepricardium multispinosum (ANSP 54220). Scale bar = 5 mm. B, Acanthocardia (Acanthocardia) aculeata (ANSP 54235). Scale bar = 10 mm.