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Fig. 7 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 7. Phylogenetic analysis and partial sequence comparison. (A) Phylogenetic tree based on 27 plant STSs. (Z)-γ-bisabolol synthases from sunssower and Arabidopsis thaliana are boxed, and bootstrap values are given in each node. Gymnosperm Abies grandis STSs were used to serve as a root. Sequences used (but not described in the Figure) are: GhCDS, δ-cadinene synthase [Gossypium hirsutum]; GaCDS δ-cadinene synthase [Gossypium arboreum]; CsAFS, α-farnesene synthase [Cucumis sativus]; CsCS, δ- caryophyllene synthase [Cucumis sativus]; CsVS, valencene synthase [Citrus sinensis]; CjFS, δ-farnesene synthase [Citrus junos]; ObGDS, germacrene D synthase [Ocimum basilicum]; CmCDS, δ-cadinene synthase [Cucumis melo]; CmAFS, α-farnesene synthase [Cucumis melo]; CaEAS, 5-epi-aristolochene synthase [Capsicum annuum]; AaGAS, germacrene A synthase [Artemisia annua]; AtCS, δ-caryophyllene synthase [Arabidopsis thaliana]; AtATP12 (Z)-γ-bisabolene synthase 1 [Arabidopsis thaliana]; AtTPS13 (Z)-γ- bisabolene synthase 2 [Arabidopsis thaliana]; AtBAS α-barbatene synthase [Arabidopsis thaliana]; ObCDS γ-cadinene synthase [Ocimum basilicum]; AmNS nerolidol synthase [Antirrhinum majus]; LaBERS α-bergamotene synthase [Lavandula angustifolia]; AgHS γ-humulene synthase [Abies grandis]; AgSS δ-selinene synthase [Abies grandis]. (B) Amino acid sequences neighboring the Y402 residue of A. annua β-farnesene synthase are compared among the clustered STSs (β-farnesene, α-bisabolol, amorpha-4,11-diene synthases, see the bracket in A). Accession numbers of HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11 are KU674381 and KU674382, respectively.

Fig. 6 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 6. Observed longrange coupling (solid arrow) and nuclear overhauser effects (dotted arrow) in COSY and ROESY 1H NMR 2D experiments with the purified enzyme product cis-γ-bisabolene.

Fig. 5 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 5. Quantification of cis-γ-bisabolene produced in yeast expression experiments with HaTPS12_K7 und HaTPS12_K11 and the corresponding N-terminal thioredoxion fusion (Trx) constructs. The values represent means and standard deviations of n = 5 independent experiments; different letters indicate statistical significance at the level of p> 0.05.

Fig. 3 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 3. GC–MS analysis of sesquiterpene products of the in vivo expression of HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11 in S. cerevisiae EPY300. The GC diagrams show metabolite profiles of extracts from yeast cultures transformed with the candidate genes in the high-level expression plasmid pESCLeu2d in compared to a yeast train transformed with the empty vector (NC, negative control). Mass spectra of the identified peak A (γ-bisabolene) and B (farnesyl/nerolidol) are shown.

Fig. 1 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 1. Bisabolene-type sesquiterpenes reported from sunssower Helianthus annuus (Spring et al., 1992; Macias et al., 1999).

Fig. 2 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 2. Alignment of the deduced amino acid sequences of bisabolene synthase genes HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11 from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower. Boxes: typical amino acid sequence motives of sesquiterpene synthases (RxR and DDxxD motive). Arrows: amino acid differences between the two enzyme isoforms.

Fig. 4 in Identification and characterization of two bisabolene synthases from linear glandular trichomes of sunssower (Helianthus annuus L., Asteraceae)

Fig. 4. GC analysis of sesquiterpene products from in vivo expression of HaTPS12_K7Trx and HaTPS12_K11Trx in S. cerevisiae EPY300 compared to HaTPS12_K7 and HaTPS12_K11.A (γ-bisabolene), B (farnesyl/nerolidol).

opennotspecifiedJul 2022View details →

FIGURE. Dicorynia paraensis, var. ingens, var. macrophylla and floral diagram to D. paraensis. A–C. Dicorynia paraensis var. macrophylla; A. Branch with leaves; B. Axillary bud; C. Petiolule and base of the leaflet; D–G. Dicorynia paraensis var. ingens; D. Branch with a leaf; E. Axillary bud; F. Petiolule and base of the leaflet; G. Detail of the abaxial face of the leaflet presenting dark glandular trichomes; H. Floral diagram of D. paraensis, arrows represent bracts and asterisks represent lateral flowers in a cymose subunit. A: D. Cardoso 3397; B–C: A. Ducke s.n. RB231037; D–G: A. Ducke s.n. MG16022. Drawn by M. Falcão. Scale bar. A, D: 3 cm; B–C, E–F: 2mm; G: 0.1mm. in A Taxonomic Revision of the Amazonian Genus Dicorynia (Fabaceae: Dialioideae)

FIGURE. Dicorynia paraensis, var. ingens, var. macrophylla and floral diagram to D. paraensis. A–C. Dicorynia paraensis var. macrophylla; A. Branch with leaves; B. Axillary bud; C. Petiolule and base of the leaflet; D–G. Dicorynia paraensis var. ingens; D. Branch with a leaf; E. Axillary bud; F. Petiolule and base of the leaflet; G. Detail of the abaxial face of the leaflet presenting dark glandular trichomes; H. Floral diagram of D. paraensis, arrows represent bracts and asterisks represent lateral flowers in a cymose subunit. A: D. Cardoso 3397; B–C: A. Ducke s.n. RB231037; D–G: A. Ducke s.n. MG16022. Drawn by M. Falcão. Scale bar. A, D: 3 cm; B–C, E–F: 2mm; G: 0.1mm.

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURE. Petalidium parvifolium, flower and leaf morphology. A. Branchlet showing leaves that are not succulent; blade ± flat and margins without long, robust, multi-cellular trichomes and isolated, robust, stalked glandular trichomes. B. Flower in front view. C. Flower in lateral view. Scale bar = 5 mm. Photographs by W. Swanepoel. in Petalidium mannheimerae (Acanthaceae), a new species from Namibia and South Africa, with notes on the taxonomic identity of P. parvifolium

FIGURE. Petalidium parvifolium, flower and leaf morphology. A. Branchlet showing leaves that are not succulent; blade ± flat and margins without long, robust, multi-cellular trichomes and isolated, robust, stalked glandular trichomes. B. Flower in front view. C. Flower in lateral view. Scale bar = 5 mm. Photographs by W. Swanepoel.

opennotspecifiedSep 2022View details →

FIGURE. Petalidium mannheimerae, morphology of flowers from different localities in the Richtersveld, Northern Cape, South Africa (A–D), and leaf morphology (E). A. Flower in lateral view (Sun Valley). B. Flower in front view (Sun Valley). C. Flower in front view (Kosies). D. Flowers (Umdaus). E. Branchlet showing leaves being semi-succulent, the blade subconduplicate to conduplicate, recurved towards apex, the margins with isolated, robust, stalked glandular trichomes. Scale bar = 5 mm. Photographs by M. Koekemoer (A–C), N. Jürgens (D), & W. Swanepoel (E). in Petalidium mannheimerae (Acanthaceae), a new species from Namibia and South Africa, with notes on the taxonomic identity of P. parvifolium

FIGURE. Petalidium mannheimerae, morphology of flowers from different localities in the Richtersveld, Northern Cape, South Africa (A–D), and leaf morphology (E). A. Flower in lateral view (Sun Valley). B. Flower in front view (Sun Valley). C. Flower in front view (Kosies). D. Flowers (Umdaus). E. Branchlet showing leaves being semi-succulent, the blade subconduplicate to conduplicate, recurved towards apex, the margins with isolated, robust, stalked glandular trichomes. Scale bar = 5 mm. Photographs by M. Koekemoer (A–C), N. Jürgens (D), & W. Swanepoel (E).

opennotspecifiedJun 2017View details →

FIGURE 2. Stylotrichium hortensiae. A. Floriferous branch. B. Abaxial surface showing the venation reticulodromous. C. Leaf transverse section. D. Uniseriate tector trichome. E. Uniseriate glandular trichome with multicellular head. F. Biseriate glandular trichome with unicellular head. G. Capitulum. H. Receptacles convex pilose. I. Corolla. J. Stamen. K. Style. L in Stylotrichium hortensiae (Asteraceae-Eupatorieae): A new species from Chapada Diamantina, Bahia, Brazil

FIGURE 2. Stylotrichium hortensiae. A. Floriferous branch. B. Abaxial surface showing the venation reticulodromous. C. Leaf transverse section. D. Uniseriate tector trichome. E. Uniseriate glandular trichome with multicellular head. F. Biseriate glandular trichome with unicellular head. G. Capitulum. H. Receptacles convex pilose. I. Corolla. J. Stamen. K. Style. L. Cypselae with subpaleaceous pappus. Illustrations by N. Nascimento.

opennotspecifiedNov 2017View details →

FIGURE 1. Ruellia anamariae, A. habitat. b. bracteoles and flower. c. calyx glandular trichomes. d. corolla and stamens. e. corolla lobes. f. a in Ruellia anamariae, a new species of Acanthaceae from northern Brazil

FIGURE 1. Ruellia anamariae, A. habitat. b. bracteoles and flower. c. calyx glandular trichomes. d. corolla and stamens. e. corolla lobes. f. a pair of stamens. g. anther. h. gynoecium and disc. i. immature closed capsule. j. open capsule and seeds. k. pentagonal seed. L. suborbicular seed. Drawn by João Silveira based on A.S. Reis et al. 46 (MG), M.P.M. Lima et al. 37 (MG) and P. Cavalcante 2074 (MG).

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →

Fig. 1 in Antifeedant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory neo-clerodane diterpenoids in the peltate glandular trichomes and fresh leaves of Ajuga forrestii

Fig. 1. Morphology and laser microdissection of the peltate glandular trichomes (GTs) of A. forrestii. (A) An A. forrestii plant growing in its natural habitat. (B) An A. forrestii plant blooming. (C) Peltate GTs on the leaf surface. (D) Intact peltate GTs before dissection. (E) The remaining leaf tissue after dissection of a peltate GT. (F) Peltate GTs collected in the cap of a centrifuge tube. (G) Other leaf tissues (LTs) without glandular trichomes before dissection. (H) The remaining leaf tissue after dissection of the LTs. (I) LTs collected in the cap of a centrifuge tube. Panels (C-I) are micrographs.

opennotspecifiedJun 2021View details →

Fig. 2 in Antifeedant, cytotoxic, and anti-inflammatory neo-clerodane diterpenoids in the peltate glandular trichomes and fresh leaves of Ajuga forrestii

Fig. 2. Chemical structures of compounds 1–14 identified in the peltate GTs and whole leaves of A. forrestii.

Fig. 4 in Glandular trichome-derived sesquiterpenes of wild tomato accessions (Solanum habrochaites) affect aphid performance and feeding behavior

Fig. 4. Effect of pure β-caryophyllene and α-humulene on M. euphorbiae feeding performance (A–C) and choice behavior (D). Different amounts of a mix of pure β-caryophyllene and α-humulene (3:1 ratio) were added to the feeding diet. The data in (A), (B), and (C) show the comparison of Kaplan-Meier survival curves (logrank test, α =0.05), gel saliva density (Tukey's HSD, α =0.05), and number of honeydew drops (ANOVA, α = 0.05), respectively, upon addition of different amounts of pure sesquiterpenes to the artificial diet. The data in (D) represent the behavioral responses of aphid alatae to odors from leaves of c.v. M82 alone (right bars) or from leaves of c.v. M82 leaves in combination with different amounts of a mix of pure β-caryophyllene and α-humulene (left bars) (Chi-square goodness of fit; *, P <0.05; **, P <0.01).

Fig. 5 in Glandular trichome-derived sesquiterpenes of wild tomato accessions (Solanum habrochaites) affect aphid performance and feeding behavior

Fig. 5. α-Santalene and α-bergamotene producing tomato introgression line affects performance, feeding and choice behavior of M. euphorbiae. (A) Performance of M. euphorbiae apterae arrested on the leaf surface of S. lycopersicum LA4024, S. habrochaites LA1777, and the introgression lines LA3935, LA3934, LA3936, and LA3937. Values for longevity and fecundity are presented as mean ± SE and compared by Tukey's HSD test (α =0.05). (B) Kaplan-Meier estimates of survivorship of M. euphorbiae apterae feeding on artificial diets containing leaf dip extracts of S. lycopersicum LA4024, S. habrochaites LA1777, and the introgression line LA3935 (logrank test, α = 0.05). (C) and (D) Box plots represent means ± SE of gel saliva density (cm 2) and number of honeydew drops, respectively. Tukey's HSD tests (α = 0.05) are used for post-hoc analysis. (E) Choice of M. euphorbiae alatae between odors from LA4024 leaves alone (left bars) and from LA4024 leaves with added leaf dip extracts (100 and 300 μL) from the introgression line LA3935 or S. habrochaites LA1777 (right bars) (Chi-square goodness of fit; *, P <0.05; **, P <0.01).

Fig. 3 in Glandular trichome-derived sesquiterpenes of wild tomato accessions (Solanum habrochaites) affect aphid performance and feeding behavior

Fig. 3. Choice behavior of M. euphorbiae alatae in an open Y-track olfactometer. (A) Choice of aphids between air and odors from leaves of different S. lycopersicum cultivars or S. habrochaites accessions. (B) Choice of aphids between odors from leaves of c.v. M82 and different S. habrochaites accessions. (C) Choice of aphids between odors from leaves of c.v. M82 leaves alone (left bars) and from leaves of c.v. M82 leaves with added S. habrochaites leaf dip extracts (right bars). Asterisks following each pair of bars indicates significant differences according to Chi-square goodness of fit (⋅, P <0.07; *, P <0.05; **, P <0.01).

Fig. 2 in Glandular trichome-derived sesquiterpenes of wild tomato accessions (Solanum habrochaites) affect aphid performance and feeding behavior

Fig. 2. Feeding performance of M. euphorbiae apterae on artificial diets containing leaf dip extracts of S. lycopersicum c.v. M82 and different S. habrochaites accessions (MTBE solvent control). (A) Kaplan-Meier estimates of survivorship and analysis of log-rank test (α =0.05). (B) Box and violin plots represent mean ± SE of gel saliva density (cm 2) and the probability density, respectively. (C) Number of honeydew drops accumulated in the feeding chambers. Asterisks in (B) and (C) represent significant differences between diets with leaf dip extracts and control based on Dunnett's test (⋅, P <0.08; *, P <0.05; **, P <0.01; ***, P <0.001).

Fig. 1 in Glandular trichome-derived sesquiterpenes of wild tomato accessions (Solanum habrochaites) affect aphid performance and feeding behavior

Fig. 1. Longevity (A) and fecundity (B) of M. euphorbiae apterae arrested on the leaf surface of two S. lycopersicum cultivars and different S. habrochaites accessions. Solanum habrochaites accessions represent five chemotypes characterized by the production of different sesquiterpenes in their glandular trichomes. Values for longevity and fecundity are presented as mean ± SE. Different letters indicate that logarithmic values were significantly different (Tukey's HSD test, α = 0.05).