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26 results for “gregarious parasitoid”
FIGURE 3 in A new genus and species of Neotropical gregarious braconine parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Braconidae) of a caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae)
FIGURE 3. Upper, group-constructed cocoon of Acgorium felipechavarriai sp. nov. spun tightly against the floor of the rolled leaf nest of a last instar Dyscophellus phraxanor (Hesperiidae) caterpillar (16-SRNP-30739-DHJ729848) feeding on mature leaves of Virola sebifera in mid-elevation tropical rain forest (ACG). While the wasp larvae spin the silk cocoon jointly (collaboratively), immediately after they make the "roof" they each spin their own individual cocoons below it, and escape through the individual-cut exit holes about 15 to 18 days later. The adult wasps immediately fly away with no sign of courtship or mating. It should be emphasized that the host larva shelters in the nest all day, but is fully exposed at night when feeding on open leaf surfaces. Once with visible larvae on its back, the host caterpillar becomes moribund in the nest but does not die until the group cocoon is spun. Lower, cadaver of the host caterpillar as semi-glued to the leaf next to the group (upper). It is not known if the group of larvae move slightly as a group prior to spinning the group cocoon, or just push the cadaver partly to the side in the process of spinning. The cadaver is not incorporated into the cocoon mass.
Figure 5 in Telenomus gregalis Rajmohana sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a gregarious egg parasitoid of the jujube lappet moth, Streblote siva (Lefèbvre) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) from India
Figure 5. Multigene (COI and 28S) maximum likelihood tree for Telenomus species based on 1646 base pairs of concatenated COI and 28S genes.
Figure 3 in Telenomus gregalis Rajmohana sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a gregarious egg parasitoid of the jujube lappet moth, Streblote siva (Lefèbvre) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) from India
Figure 3. Telenomus gregalis Rajmohana sp. n. Female. A. Lateral habitus. B. Frontal view of head. C. Female antenna. D. Lateral view of head and mesosoma. E. Dorsal view of mesosoma and metasoma. F. Dorsal view of mesosoma focusing on the metascutellum. G. Ventral view of metasoma.
Figure 4 in Telenomus gregalis Rajmohana sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a gregarious egg parasitoid of the jujube lappet moth, Streblote siva (Lefèbvre) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) from India
Figure 4. Telenomus gregalis Rajmohana sp. n. Male. A. Lateral habitus. B. Dilated A4 and A5 (arrow = small projection on A5). C. Male genitalia.
Figure 4 in Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov.: a gregarious parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) of the skipper Quadrus cerialis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) feeding on Piper amalago in southern Mexico
Figure 4. Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov. (a) Head in posterior view. (b) Female, anterolateral view; inset: procoxa in anterior view, arrow pointing to the oblique groove. Photos by Miles Zhang.
Figure 3 in Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov.: a gregarious parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) of the skipper Quadrus cerialis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) feeding on Piper amalago in southern Mexico
Figure 3. Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov. (a) Head in frontal view, arrow pointing to protuberant supraclypeal area. (b) Female antenna. Photos by Miles Zhang.
Figure 1 in Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov.: a gregarious parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) of the skipper Quadrus cerialis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) feeding on Piper amalago in southern Mexico
Figure 1. (a) Piper amalago (Piperaceae). Photo by Eric Tepe. (b) Caterpillar of Quadrus cerialis (Hesperiidae). Photo by Humberto Bahena-Basave.
Figure 2 in Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov.: a gregarious parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) of the skipper Quadrus cerialis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) feeding on Piper amalago in southern Mexico
Figure 2. Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov. (a) Female lateral habitus. (b) Male lateral habitus. Photos by Miles Zhang.
Figure 7 in Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov.: a gregarious parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) of the skipper Quadrus cerialis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) feeding on Piper amalago in southern Mexico
Figure 7. Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov., female. (a) Metasoma in lateral view. (b) Propodeum in dorsal view. Photos by Miles Zhang.
Figure 6 in Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov.: a gregarious parasitoid (Hymenoptera: Eurytomidae) of the skipper Quadrus cerialis (Lepidoptera: Hesperiidae) feeding on Piper amalago in southern Mexico
Figure 6. Aximopsis gabrielae sp. nov., female. (a) Fore wing. (b) Dorsal habitus. Photos by Miles Zhang.
FIGURE 3 in A new species of Acanthormius (Braconidae: Lysiterminae) reared as a gregarious parasitoid of psychid caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from India
FIGURE 3. Acanthormius indicus Gupta & Quicke sp. nov., cocoon mass associated with remnants of host bagworm case and caterpillar.
FIGURE 1 in A new species of Acanthormius (Braconidae: Lysiterminae) reared as a gregarious parasitoid of psychid caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from India
FIGURE 1. Acanthormius indicus Gupta & Quicke sp. nov., female. A, Habitus, dorsal view; B, head, frontal view; C, head and antennae; D, head and anterior mesosoma, dorsal view.
FIGURE 2 in A new species of Acanthormius (Braconidae: Lysiterminae) reared as a gregarious parasitoid of psychid caterpillar (Lepidoptera: Psychidae) from India
FIGURE 2. Acanthormius indicus Gupta & Quicke sp. nov., female. A, Head and mesosoma, dorsal view; B, mesoscutum and scutellum, dorsal view; C, propodeum and 1st metasomal tergite, dorsal view; D, wings; E, metasoma, dorsal view; F, 3rd metasomal tergite, oblique lateral view; G, metasoma, oblique lateral view.
Data from: Effects of inbreeding on a gregarious parasitoid wasp with complementary sex determination
Inbreeding and inbreeding depression are processes in small populations of particular interest for a range of human activities such as animal breeding, species conservation or pest management. In particular, biological control programs should benefit from a thorough understanding of the causes and consequences of inbreeding because natural enemies experience repetitive bottlenecks during importation, laboratory rearing, and introduction. Predicting the effect of inbreeding in Hymenopteran parasitoid wasps, frequently used in biological control programs, is nonetheless a difficult endeavor. In haplodiploid parasitoids, the purge of deleterious alleles via haploid males should reduce genetic load, but if these species also have complementary sex determination (CSD) abnormal diploid males will be produced, which may jeopardize the success of biological control introductions. <i>Mastrus ridens</i> is such a parasitoid wasp with CSD, introduced to control the codling moth, <i>Cydia pomonella</i> (L.). We studied its life history traits in the laboratory under two conditions: inbred (full sib) and outbred (non-sib) crosses, across five generations, in order to examine the consequences of inbreeding in this species. We found that in inbred lines non reproducing females live less, the number of daughters produced was lower, and that sex ratio (proportion of males) and proportion of diploid males were higher. Diploid males were able to produce fertile daughters, but fewer than haploid males. Lineage survival was similar for inbred and outbred lines across the five generations. The most significant decrease in fitness was thus a consequence of the production of diploid males, but this effect was not as extreme as in most other species with CSD, due to the fertility of diploid males. This study highlights the importance of determining the type of sex determination in parasitoid wasps used for biological control, and the importance of maintaining genetic diversity in species with CSD when importation or augmentation is the goal.
Figure 2. Parasitoids emerged from a in Telenomus gregalis Rajmohana sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a gregarious egg parasitoid of the jujube lappet moth, Streblote siva (Lefèbvre) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) from India
Figure 2. Parasitoids emerged from a single egg (arrow = emergence hole).
Figure 1 in Telenomus gregalis Rajmohana sp. n. (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae), a gregarious egg parasitoid of the jujube lappet moth, Streblote siva (Lefèbvre) (Lepidoptera: Lasiocampidae) from India
Figure 1. Egg to adult life cycle of Streblote siva.
Figure 1 from: Hervet VAD, Laird RA, Floate KD (2018) Siblicidal behaviour by larvae of the gregarious parasitoid Cotesia vanessae. Journal of Hymenoptera Research 67: 55-62. https://doi.org/10.3897/jhr.67.28978
Figure 1 Immature stages of Cotesiavanessae in caterpillars of three lepidopteran species. A Egg (parts of adjacent eggs visible on left and top sides), with visible extraembryonic membrane made of large cells that will become teratocytes (within Trichoplusiani, five days post-oviposition) B Neonate larva with teratocytes (t) (within T.ni, five days post-oviposition). Head on the left, anal vesicle (av) on the right, thoracic and first 7 abdominal segments each partly surrounded on their dorsal and lateral sides by a row of cuticular spines projecting backward C Egg becoming encapsulated by hemocytes (within Helicoverpazea, four days post-oviposition) D Encapsulated first-instar larva (within H.zea, eleven days post-oviposition) E Front of head (within T.ni, eight days post-oviposition). Microscope focused on mandibles (m) F First-instar larva (on its side), with four pieces of bisected larvae (bl) nearby (within Mythimnaunipuncta, seven days post-parasitism) G Larva biting a sibling, with fore-half of bisected larva nearby (centre right) (within M.unipuncta, seven days post-oviposition). (Photo credit: Photo B by S. Harris, Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Saskatoon, SK; all other photos by V.A.D. Hervet.)
Data from: Effects of inbreeding on a gregarious parasitoid wasp with complementary sex determination
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Testing the local mate competition rule in a quasi-gregarious parasitoid with facultative superparasitism
<p><span>As </span><span>an </span><span>important </span><span>domain</span><span> of evolutionary ecology, sex allocation theory well explains the evolution of investment into female versus male offspring. Local mate competition (LMC) is </span><span>a </span><span>good predictor of sex allocation, where</span> <span>the optimal sex ratio becomes less female-biased</span><span> and asymptotically approaches 0.5 as </span><span>the</span><span> number</span><span> of foundresses</span><span> increases.</span> <span>Parasitoid wasps, with </span><span>haplodiploid sex determination</span><span>, </span><span>offer</span><span> excellent opportunities to test how organisms manipulate their offspring sex ratio in response to environmental variation, and many species have been </span><span>proven</span><span> to allocate sex according to predictions under LMC. When hosts are spatially clustered, as in gregarious species, the mating systems of quasi-gregarious parasitoids meet the essential assumptions (female </span><span>mating</span><span> before dispersal</span><span>) of LMC. </span><span>However, inconsistent with predictions, </span><span>i</span><span>n the </span><span>quasi-gregarious species </span><span><em>Anastatus disparis</em> </span><span>(Hymenoptera: Eupelmidae)</span><span>,</span><span> a</span> <span>strongly female-biased </span><span>eclosion</span><span> sex ratio (</span><span>0.156</span><span>±0.018 to 0.185±0.016) </span><span>was observed </span><span>as the number of females laying eggs in a patch increased.</span> <span>Superparasitism, </span><span>in which</span> <span>44.7</span><span>%</span><span> of parasitized hosts contained more than one egg</span><span> but only one adult </span><span>emerged</span><span> from each host, </span><span>was </span><span>common in <em>A. disparis</em>.</span><span> However, </span><span>the egg sex ratio was </span><span>determined by microsatellites and</span><span> likely fit the predictions of LMC theory. Male-biased offspring mortality arising from</span><span> s</span><span>uperparasitism</span><span> during development likely contributes to the shift from the primary sex ratio predicted under LMC to the observed female-biased eclosion sex ratio.</span> <span>Inconsistent with results in gregarious parasitoids, t</span><span>he role of superparasitism in driving sex ratio shifts in </span><span>quasi-gregarious parasitoids</span><span> should be incorporated into </span><span>LMC-based predictions of sex ratio</span><span>s.</span></p>
Data from: The more the merrier: conspecific density improves performance of gregarious larvae and reduces susceptibility to a pupal parasitoid
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