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7 results for “ground frogs”
"The sound comes from a meadow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. The meadow is at an elevation of 2400 meters near a mountain named Olancha Peak, which is 3700 meters in altitude. Ihave a group of friends with which Ibackpack (trek) into the mountains. Our goal was to spend some time in the mountains and hike to the top of Olancha Peak (…) By the time we reached the meadow, we were in a forest and there was still snow on the ground in some places. We took the trip in June of 2006. The Sierra Nevada Mountains are a large mountain range. Much of the range is protected by national parks or preserved areas we call 'wilderness areas' (…) Ihave been backpacking for nearly 40 years and Iwill hopefully continue with this challenging activity for 40 years more! Many of my friends are much younger than Iam and it gives me much satisfaction to be able to have as much or more stamina for this activity than they have! When we are on these trips, we hike up peaks, catch fish, drink some whiskey around campfires and enjoy our time in the beautiful solitude. My memories of this trip were of the steep, hot hike from the desert to the cool meadow; the overall beauty of the nature, the absolute solitude of our campsite near the meadow; the strenuous hike to the top of Olancha Peak; the camaraderie of my friends; and, of course the sound of the frogs in the meadow. The frog sounds were astounding to me and Iwould listen in awe of the creature's instinctual desire to reproduce and continue the existence of their kind. Surely there were different species in the meadow for some of the frog sounds were different than others. The sounds only occurred after the Sun went down for the evening. Istood next to the creek in the meadow and recorded the sounds using my digital camera." [Peter/plentz1960]16 in Collecting Sounds. Online Sharing of Field Recordings as Cultural Practice
"The sound comes from a meadow in the Sierra Nevada Mountains in California. The meadow is at an elevation of 2400 meters near a mountain named Olancha Peak, which is 3700 meters in altitude. Ihave a group of friends with which Ibackpack (trek) into the mountains. Our goal was to spend some time in the mountains and hike to the top of Olancha Peak (…) By the time we reached the meadow, we were in a forest and there was still snow on the ground in some places. We took the trip in June of 2006. The Sierra Nevada Mountains are a large mountain range. Much of the range is protected by national parks or preserved areas we call 'wilderness areas' (…) Ihave been backpacking for nearly 40 years and Iwill hopefully continue with this challenging activity for 40 years more! Many of my friends are much younger than Iam and it gives me much satisfaction to be able to have as much or more stamina for this activity than they have! When we are on these trips, we hike up peaks, catch fish, drink some whiskey around campfires and enjoy our time in the beautiful solitude. My memories of this trip were of the steep, hot hike from the desert to the cool meadow; the overall beauty of the nature, the absolute solitude of our campsite near the meadow; the strenuous hike to the top of Olancha Peak; the camaraderie of my friends; and, of course the sound of the frogs in the meadow. The frog sounds were astounding to me and Iwould listen in awe of the creature's instinctual desire to reproduce and continue the existence of their kind. Surely there were different species in the meadow for some of the frog sounds were different than others. The sounds only occurred after the Sun went down for the evening. Istood next to the creek in the meadow and recorded the sounds using my digital camera." [Peter/plentz1960]16
Figure 6 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484
Figure 6 Consensus phylogram (50% mayority-rule) of the Bayesian analysis of the mitochondrial fragments cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and cytochrome b. For simplicity, the outgroup (Alsodesnorae) is not shown. Colored branches indicate the specimens of the two putative species: Villarrica (green) and Tolhuaca (red). The values next to the nodes are the posterior probabilities (pp); asterisks represent maximum values (pp = 1). Note that all species currently recognized (Suárez-Villota et al. 2018b) are supported by high pp values (> 0.97), except for both of the vertebralis group, wich are not reciprocally monophyletic. The scale bar under the tree represents the expected substitutions per site.
Figure 4 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484
Figure 4 Cryptic coloration and variation of coloration patterns in two undetermined populations of the Eupsophusroseus group A adult females from Pidenco, showing cryptic coloration resembling the forest ground; insets show head profiles of the same individuals B adults and juveniles from Las Lianas exemplifying variation in coloration patterns. Both localities were included as Eupsophus sp. in the map of Fig. 3.
Figure 5 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484
Figure 5 Examples of intrapopulation external variation in adult specimens of the type localities of two species of the Eupsophusroseus group AEupsophusroseus from Valdivia BEupsophusmigueli from Mehuín. Both examples illustrate the variation in dorsal and ventral (B) coloration, iris color and snout shape.
Figure 1 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484
Figure 1 Composition of the genus Eupsophus between 1961 and 2018 according to several reviews and studies. Year of species description is provided in parentheses. Capurro (1958) and Cei (1958, 1960, 1962a, 1962b) recognized the same two species of Grandison (1961), but with different names (see comment in Cei 1962b). †Revalidated by Formas and Vera (1982) (removed from the synonymy of E.roseus). ‡Undescribed species from Isla Wellington (Chile), sister to E.calcaratus. §It appears as Eupsophus sp. 1 in Blotto et al. (2013). |Probable undescribed species from Tolhuaca (Chile), sister to E.roseus. ¶Putative species from Villarrica (Chile), sister to E.roseus.
Figure 3 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484
Figure 3 Compilation of localities of Eupsophus species gathered from the literature (see the complete list of localities in Appendix 1). Multicolored circles and the star indicate localities where two or three species of the same group have been reported in the same or different sources. White circles indicate the localities where two undescribed species have been identified (Villarrica and Tolhuaca), two undetermined populations included in this study (Fig. 4) and several ones considered by Correa et al. (2017) as E.roseus, whose taxonomic status is uncertain according to the current taxonomy (Suárez-Villota et al. 2018b). Thin gray lines within Chile represent boundaries of Administrative Regions.
Figure 2 from: Correa C, Durán F (2019) Taxonomy, systematics and geographic distribution of ground frogs (Alsodidae, Eupsophus): a comprehensive synthesis of the last six decades of research. ZooKeys 863: 107-152. https://doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.863.35484
Figure 2 Phylogenetic hypotheses of Eupsophus obtained with DNA sequences. In some of these studies several phylogenetic analyses were made but here we show the hypotheses preferred by the authors. The trees were simplified by merging the terminal nodes by species or other relevant groupings and uniforming the branch lengths, but maintaining the original topologies. The numbers next to the nodes indicate the bootstrap or jackknife support values for the maximum parsimony (MP) analyses or posterior probability for those of Bayesian inference (BI). Black circles over the nodes indicate maximum support. The number of specimens included for each taxon or population is indicated in parentheses (omitted when only one was included). When relevant, the localities of origin of some specimens are indicated in parentheses. For simplicity, some names were abbreviated (for example, Esep = E.septentrionalis; Esp = Eupsophus sp.). Below the trees are indicated the gene fragments used, whether they are mitochondrial (mt) or nuclear (nuc), the analysis strategy (concatenated: ctd; species tree: st) and the phylogenetic reconstruction method used. ANuñez (2003); this is the only tree of those shown where morphological characters (15) were included to build it BNuñez et al. (2011); the only one of these studies where not all species of the genus were included; lineages A-F were considered a priori as E.calcaratusCBlotto et al. (2013); the alternative position of E.septentrionalis (with its respective support value) obtained with a Bayesian analysis of the same data set is shown in red; the method used was MP with direct optimization (do); the support values correspond to jackknife absolute frequencies DCorrea et al. (2017); note that several undescribed populations (Eupsophus sp. = Esp) appear intermixed with some nominal species of the roseus group; in this analysis E.contulmoensis (Econ) and E.nahuelbutensis (Enah) make up a clade but they are not reciprocally monophyletic ESuárez-Villota et al. (2018a); in this analysis E.vertebralis (Ever) and E.emiliopugini (Eemi) are not reciprocally monophyletic FSuárez-Villota et al. (2018b); they obtained a different topology within the roseus group in maximum likelihood and BI analyses of the same concatenated data set (not shown).
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