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Fig. 1 in Cryptosporidium rubeyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in multiple Spermophilus ground squirrel species
Fig. 1. Cryptosporidium sp. Sbey11c oocysts from California ground squirrels (S. beecheyi). Differential interference contrast (DIC) microscopy (1000×), bar = 10 Mm.
Fig. 2 in Cryptosporidium rubeyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in multiple Spermophilus ground squirrel species
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic relationships of partial 18S rRNA gene sequences of Cryptosporidium sp. Sbey11c from California ground squirrels (S. beecheyi) and other Cryptosporidium spp. inferred by neighbor-joining analysis with 1000 bootstrapping replicates.
Fig. 3 in Cryptosporidium rubeyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in multiple Spermophilus ground squirrel species
Fig. 3. Phylogenetic relationships of partial actin gene sequences of Cryptosporidium sp. Sbey11c from California ground squirrels (S. beecheyi) and other Cryptosporidium spp. inferred by neighbor-joining analysis with 1000 bootstrapping replicates.
Fig. 4 in Cryptosporidium rubeyi n. sp. (Apicomplexa: Cryptosporidiidae) in multiple Spermophilus ground squirrel species
Fig. 4. Phylogenetic relationships of partial HSP70 gene sequences of Cryptosporidium sp. Sbey11c from California ground squirrels (S. beecheyi) and other Cryptosporidium spp. inferred by neighbor-joining analysis with 1000 bootstrapping replicates.
Figure 2 in Site selection of European ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) in Eastern Romania and how they are influenced by climate, relief, and vegetation
Figure 2. The European ground squirrel density (individuals/ha) variation against vegetation height measured in 872 surveyed squares (250 × 250 m grids) conducted during the 2013 season in Eastern Romania.
Figure 1 in Site selection of European ground squirrels (Spermophilus citellus) in Eastern Romania and how they are influenced by climate, relief, and vegetation
Figure 1. The study area location (in the small map marked with black) and the distribution of the surveyed squares (250 × 250 m grids) conducted during the 2013 season in Eastern Romania.
Fig. 6 in The evolution of early Spermophilus in eastern Europe and the antiquity of the Old World ground squirrels
Fig. 6. Ground squirrel Spermophilus praecox sp. nov. from the late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of southern Ukraine: Kryzhanovka 2 (A, J), Kotlovina 2 (E, F, K, L, Q, R), Kotlovina 3 (G, M, S), Yuzhny (B, N, T, U), Morskoy (C, D, H, I, V, W); upper cheek teeth (A–D, P3; E–I, P4; J–P, M1–M2; Q–W, M3), in occlusal views. A. ZIN 105160/1. B. GIN 1166/1. C. NMNHU-P MoT-2. D. NMNHU-P MoT-4. E. NMNHU-P 41-5588. F. NMNHU-P 41-5589. G. NMNHU-P 41-5611. H. NMNHU-P MoT-6. I. NMNHU-P MoT-10. J. ZIN 105160/5. K. NMNHU-P 41-5598 (holotype). L. NMNHU-P 41-5599. M. NMNHU-P 41-5613. N. GIN 1166/4. O. NMNHU-P MoT-14. P. NMNHU-P MoT-16. Q. NMNHU-P 41-5601. R. NMNHU-P 41-5602. S. NMNHU-P 41-5616. T. GIN 1166/11. U. GIN 1166/12. V. NMNHU-P MoT-31. W. NMNHU-P MoT-32. C, J, K, O, Q, S (inverted).
Fig. 8 in The evolution of early Spermophilus in eastern Europe and the antiquity of the Old World ground squirrels
Fig. 8. Temporally-calibrated dental variation in P3, P4, M1–M2, M3, p4, and m3 of Spermophilus praecox sp. nov. and Spermophilus nogaici (Topachevsky, 1957). Abbreviations: anl, anteroloph; ants, antesinus; ast, anterostyle; antd, anteroconulid; anv, anterior valley; encd, entoconulid; enl, endoloph; hyd, hypoconid; hyp, hypocone; lanld, labial anterolophid; LH, Late Pleistocene–Holocene; lianld, lingual anterolophid; limtl, lingual metaloph; limtld, lingual metalophid; mes, mesostyle; metl, metaconule; pofd, postflexid; pro, protocone.
Fig. 9 in The evolution of early Spermophilus in eastern Europe and the antiquity of the Old World ground squirrels
Fig. 9. Stratigraphic record of P3 (A), p4 (B), M1–M2 (C), and m1–m2 (D) sizes of Spermophilus praecox sp. nov. (circles) and Spermophilus nogaici Topachevsky, 1957) (triangles). Abbreviations: L, length; W, width; tal.W, talonid width; tri.W, trigonid width.
Fig. 4 in The evolution of early Spermophilus in eastern Europe and the antiquity of the Old World ground squirrels
Fig. 4. Ground squirrel Spermophilus nogaici (Topachevsky, 1957) from the Early and Middle Pleistocene of southern Ukraine and southwestern Russia: Zhevakhova Gora 1 (A, C, N), Tarkhankut (D–F, O, T), Nogaisk (G–J, P, U–W, Z), Moiseevo 1 (Q), Cherevichnoe 1 (B, X), Tihonovka 1 (K, L), Bolshevik 2,I (M), lower cheek teeth (A, B, dp4; C–M, p4; N–S, m1–m2; T–Y, m3; Z, p4–m3), in occlusal (A–Z1), labial (Z2), and lingual (Z3) views. A. NMNHU-P ZG1-20. B. NMNHU-P Che1-41. C. NMNHU-P ZG1-24. D. NMNHU-P 50-26/65. E. NMNHU-P 50-26/110. F. NMNHU-P 50-26/122. G. NMNHU-P 27-106. H. NMNHU-P 27-540. I. NMNHU-P 27-541. J. NMNHU-P 27-543. K. NMNHU-P 29-4066. L. NMNHU-P 29-4075. M. NMNHU-P Bol2/1- 64. N. NMNHU-P ZG1-25. O. NMNHU-P 50-25/131. P. NMNHU-P 27-575. Q. ZIN 105151/33. R. NMNHU-P 29-4079. S. NMNHU-P Bol2/1-73. T. NMNHU-P 50-26/56. U. NMNHU-P 27-161. V. NMNHU-P 27-163. W. NMNHU-P 27-172. X. NMNHU-P Che1-68. Y. NMNHU-P 29-4099. Z. NMNHU-P 27-224. B, D, H, L, T, U, Y (inverted).
Fig. 2 in The evolution of early Spermophilus in eastern Europe and the antiquity of the Old World ground squirrels
Fig. 2. Upper (A) and lower (B) sciurid cheek teeth illustrating the terminology employed here (after Marivaux et al. 2004; Comte et al. 2012; VianeyLiaud et al. 2013; and Maridet et al. 2017; with modifications). Abbreviations: aam, anterior arm of metacone (premetacrista sensu Comte et al. 2012; Vianey-Liaud et al. 2013); aap; anterior arm of protocone; aapa, anterior arm of paracone; alas, anterolabial sinus; anl, anteroloph; ansd, anterosinusid; ant, anterocone; ants, antesinus; ast, anterostyle; antd, anteroconulid; anv, anterior valley; cev, central valley; ecl, ectoloph; ecld, ectolophid; encd, entoconulid; end, entoconid; endr, entoconid ridge; enl, endoloph; enld, entolophid; esd, ectostylid; hyd, hypoconid; hyld, hypoconulid; hyld II, hypoconulid II (second hypoconulid); hyp, hypocone (hypostyle sensu Popova 2016); hyst, hypostyle (hypostyle 2 sensu Popova 2016); lamtl, labial metaloph; lamtld, labial metalophid; lanld, labial anterolophid; laprl, labial protoloph; lianld, lingual anterolophid; liansd, lingual anterosinusid; limtl, lingual metaloph; limtld, lingual metalophid; liprl, lingual protoloph; mecd, mesoconid; med, metaconid; mes, mesostyle; mesd, mesostylid; mesl, metastyle; met, metacone; metd, metastylid; metdtc, metastylid crest; metl, metaconule; metl II, metaconule II (second metaconule); mtld, metalophid; pap, posterior arm of paracone (postparacrista sensu Comte et al. 2012; Vianey-Liaud et al. 2013); par, paracone; parl, paraconule; pasl, parastyle; pasl II, parastyle II (second parastyle); plas, posterolabial sinus; poc, posterocone; pofd, postflexid; pol, posteroloph; pold, posterolophid; pov, posterior valley; prd, protoconid; pro, protocone; prst, protostyle; sd, sinusid; sin, sinus; talb, talonid basin; trdb, trigonid basin.
Fig. 5 in The evolution of early Spermophilus in eastern Europe and the antiquity of the Old World ground squirrels
Fig. 5. Ground squirrel Spermophilus praecox sp. nov. from the Early Pleistocene of southern Ukraine: Kotlovina 3 (A) and Morskoy (B, C); mandibles in lateral (A1–C1), and medial (A2–C2) views. A. ZIN 105163/1. B. ZIN NMNHU-P MoT-63 (inverted). C. NMNHU-P MoT-64.
Fig. 3 in The evolution of early Spermophilus in eastern Europe and the antiquity of the Old World ground squirrels
Fig. 3. Ground squirrel Spermophilus nogaici (Topachevsky, 1957) from the Early and Middle Pleistocene of southern Ukraine and southwestern Russia: Tarkhankut (A, B, G, H, I, O, U), Zhevakhova Gora 1 (F, N, T), Nogaisk (C, J, K, P, V, W, X), Moiseevo 1 (Q), Tihonovka 1 (D, L, R, S, Y, Z), Bolshevik 2,I (M); upper cheek teeth (A–E, P3; F, G, DP4; H–M, P4; N–S, M1–M2; T–Y, M3; Z, P3–M3), in occlusal (A–Z1), labial (Z2), and lingual (Z3) views. A. NMNHU-P 50-29/10. B. NMNHU-P 50-29/11. C. NMNHU-P 27-230. D. NMNHU-P 29-212. E. NMNHU-P Bol2/1-4. F. NMNHU-P ZG1-1. G. NMNHU-P 50-29/69. H. NMNHU-P 50-29/25. I. NMNHU-P 50-29/27. J. NMNHU-P 27-123. K. NMNHU-P 27-239. L. NMNHU-P 29- 216. M. NMNHU-P Bol2/1-24. N. NMNHU-P ZG1-13. O. NMNHU-P 50-27/5. P. NMNHU-P 27-110. Q. ZIN 105151/12. R. NMNHU-P 29-4037. S. NMNHU-P 29-4043. T. NMNHU-P ZG1-17. U. NMNHU-P 50-28/42. V. NMNHU-P 27-535. W. NMNHU-P 27-532. X. NMNHU-P 27-121. Y. NMNHU-P 29-4059. Z. NMNHU-P 29-4036. A–C, D, H–J, P, Q, T, X (inverted).
Fig. 7 in The evolution of early Spermophilus in eastern Europe and the antiquity of the Old World ground squirrels
Fig. 7. Ground squirrel Spermophilus praecox sp. nov. from the late Pliocene and Early Pleistocene of southern Ukraine: Kotlovina 2 (A, B, H–J), Kotlovina 3 (C, J–L, U, V, Z), Kryzhanovka 2 (T), Yuzhny (M–O), Morskoy (D–G, P–S, W–Y); lower cheek teeth (A–G, p4; H–S, m1–m2; T–Y, m3; Z, p3–m3), in occlusal (A–Z1), labial (Z2), and lingual (Z3) views. A. NMNHU-P 41-5603. B. NMNHU-P 41-5604. C. NMNHU-P 41-5617. D. NMNHU-P MoT-34. E. NMNHU-P MoT-36. F. NMNHU-P MoT-39. G. NMNHU-P MoT-43. H. NMNHU-P 41-5606. I. NMNHU-P 41-5610. J. NMNHU-P 41- 5621. K. NMNHU-P 41-5622. L. NMNHU-P 41-5624. M. GIN 1166/13. N. GIN 1166/15. O. GIN 1166/16. P. NMNHU-P MoT-48. Q. NMNHU-P MoT-47. R. NMNHU-P MoT-50. S. NMNHU-P MoT-57. T. ZIN 105160/7. U. NMNHU-P 41-5627. V. NMNHU-P 41-5626. W. NMNHU-P MoT-58. X. NMNHU-P MoT-60. Y. NMNHU-P MoT-61. Z. ZIN 105163/1. B, G, Q, R, X, Y (inverted).
Fig. 1 in The evolution of early Spermophilus in eastern Europe and the antiquity of the Old World ground squirrels
Fig. 1. Geographic location of Spermophilus-bearing fossil localities (stars) discussed in the text.
Fig. 2 in Bartonella, Blechomonas and Trypanosoma in fleas from the long-tailed ground squirrel (Spermophilus undulatus) in northwestern China
Fig. 2. Phylogenetic tree of (A) Bartonella (gltA gene) and (B) Trypanosomatidae (18S rRNA gene) from the LTGR fleas (NJ; bootstrap replicates: 1000). The new sequences provided in the present study are indicated by a black circle (followed by the accession number).
The role of neutral and adaptive genomic variation in population diversification and speciation in two ground squirrel species of conservation concern
<p>Understanding the neutral (demographic) and adaptive processes leading to the differentiation of species and populations is a critical component of evolutionary and conservation biology. In this context, recently diverged taxa represent a unique opportunity to study the process of genetic differentiation. Northern and southern Idaho ground squirrels (Urocitellus brunneus – NIDGS, and U. endemicus - SIDGS, respectively) are a recently diverged pair of sister species that have undergone dramatic declines in the last 50 years and are currently found in metapopulations across restricted spatial areas with distinct environmental pressures. Here we genotyped single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) from buccal swabs with restriction site-associated DNA sequencing (RADseq). With these data we evaluated neutral genetic structure at both the inter- and intraspecific level, and identified putatively adaptive SNPs using population structure outlier detection and genotype-environment association (GEA) analyses. At the interspecific level, we detected a clear separation between NIDGS and SIDGS, and evidence for adaptive differentiation putatively linked to torpor patterns. At the intraspecific level, we found evidence of both neutral and adaptive differentiation. For NIDGS, elevation appears to be the main driver of adaptive differentiation, while neutral variation patterns match and expand information on the low connectivity between some populations identified in previous studies using microsatellite markers. For SIDGS, neutral substructure generally reflected natural geographic barriers, while adaptive variation reflected differences in land cover and temperature, as well as elevation. These results clearly highlight the roles of neutral and adaptive processes for understanding the complexity of the processes leading to species and population differentiation, which can have important conservation implications in susceptible and threatened species.</p>
Text-fig. 4. Tooth replacement by the barbary ground squirrel (Atlantoxerus getulus). a – right maxillary with DP3–M3 (MNCN- 5522) showing the relative position of the two deciduous teeth; b – right maxillary with P3–M3 (MNCN-5538) showing the replacement of the DP4 by the P4 (not erupted). Blue: DP4; green: P4; yellow DP3; red: P3. in Dental Anomaly In A Middle Miocene Fossil Of The Genus Spermophilinus (Rodentia, Sciuridae) From Southern Germany
Text-fig. 4. Tooth replacement by the barbary ground squirrel (Atlantoxerus getulus). a – right maxillary with DP3–M3 (MNCN- 5522) showing the relative position of the two deciduous teeth; b – right maxillary with P3–M3 (MNCN-5538) showing the replacement of the DP4 by the P4 (not erupted). Blue: DP4; green: P4; yellow DP3; red: P3.
Born with an advantage: Early life and maternal effects on fitness in Columbian ground squirrels
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The role of neutral and adaptive genomic variation in population diversification and speciation in two ground squirrel species of conservation concern
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