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104 results for “grouse”
Scaling landscape fire history in sagebrush: Wildfires not historically frequent in the main population of threatened Gunnison Sage-grouse
<p>The main population of ∼5,000 Threatened Gunnison sage-grouse (GUSG; Centrocercus minimus) in Colorado depends on sagebrush that are killed by wildfires, with recovery taking decades, so frequent fire is a threat, but did it occur historically? Early land surveys showed that the historical (preindustrial) fire rotation (FR), the expected period to burn area equal to a focal land area, was 90-143 years in GUSG ranges, which is not frequent fire (≤25 years). However, recent research, based on fire scars on trees at ten sites near sagebrush, suggested some frequent fire historically in the main population. That study was not spatial, essential to estimate FR, so spatial data were created in GIS with land-survey reconstructions, survey dates, fire-scar sites, Thiessen polygons around sites, and sagebrush. The previous study assumed fires that burned 2+ sites likely burned across sagebrush. Historical FRs were calculated several ways over a common period. A recovery estimate of FR was 90-135 years, a land-survey estimate 82-131 years, and three spatial scar-based estimates 93-107 years, showing agreement. However, comparing land-survey and fire-scar results showed that using fire scars spatially only 43% matched land surveys. Detailed analysis showed that 10 fire-scar sites were insufficient to detect historical fire sizes and distributions across the large 168,753 ha sagebrush area. An adequate historical fire reconstruction could require ∼45-60 fire-scar sites, making only ∼30,000 ha of sagebrush feasible. Using the two remaining methods, which cross-validate, showed frequent fire did not occur historically in the study area, as historical FRs were 82-135 years. </p>
Supplementary material for "Long-term trends of reproductive success of black grouse Lyrurus tetrix in the southern Swiss Alps in relation to changes in climate and land use"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Breeding success of an Alpine black grouse <em>Lyrurus tetrix</em> population in southern Switzerland was monitored from 1981 to 2020. This long-term dataset allows exploring relationships of reproductive rates with climate and habitat, which have shown marked changes during this period. Over the 40 years, the average elevation of black grouse breeding sites increased by around 100 m in Central/Southern Ticino but showed only a slight increase in Northern Ticino, where black grouse occur at higher elevations. Average reproductive rates in Northern Ticino remained constant throughout the study period but declined in Central/Southern Ticino. Relationships between reproductive success and weather as well as habitat variables were analysed with a multiple regression model. Temperature during the early chick-rearing phase and the time of egg-laying was positively correlated with reproductive rate. Correlations between reproductive rates and precipitation were less clear, and only small proportions of the variance in reproductive rates could be explained by precipitation. Brush forest explained the greatest amount of variation in reproductive rate (6.2%). Forest, alpine agricultural areas, and unproductive vegetation all showed a positive relationship with reproductive rate, but the proportion of the variance explained was small. Year (5.1%) and its interaction with region (2.3%) explained considerable amounts of the variance. While in Northern Ticino reproductive success did not show a negative trend when correcting for weather and habitat changes, there remained a negative trend over the years in Central/Southern Ticino. Despite the positive correlations of reproductive rate with temperature, increasing temperatures do not appear to have improved reproductive success, likely as a result of habitat changes that forced black grouse towards higher elevations. Changes in reproductive success were limited to the southern region, indicating deteriorating conditions at the edge of the distribution range.</p> <p> </p>
Data on the taxon and morpho-specific year-round diet and endozoochorous seed dispersal of the world's largest grouse, the Capercaillie Tetrao urogallus
<p><span>Here we present the quantitative data from our original high-resolution taxon- and morpho-specific dietary study based on cuticle microhistological analyses of food remains from the feces of Western Capercaillies <em>Tetrao urogallus</em>. By providing integrative quantitative dietary data based on the functional classification of different plant parts representing 49 kinds of plant food items from four major food categories (</span><span>leaves, buds, inflorescences, and fruits</span><span>), and intact seeds, arthropods, and mineral particles (grit), our dataset has potential applications in dietary studies, dispersal capabilities, and the reintroduction biology of gallinaceous birds. </span><span><span> </span></span></p>
Data from: Non-native grazers affect physiological and demographic responses of Greater Sage-grouse
<p>1. Non-native ungulate grazing has negatively impacted native species across the globe, leading to massive loss of biodiversity and ecosystem services. Despite their pervasiveness, interactions between non-native grazers and native species are not fully understood. We often observe declines in demography or survival of these native species, but lack understanding about the mechanisms underlying these declines. Physiological stress represents one mechanism of (mal)adaptation but data are sparse.</p> <p>2. We investigated glucocorticoid levels in a native avian herbivore exposed to different intensities of non-native grazing in the cold desert Great Basin ecosystem, USA. We measured corticosterone, a glucocorticoid in feathers for a large sample (n = 280) of female Greater Sage-grouse (Centrocercus urophasianus) from three study areas in Northern Nevada and Southern Oregon with different grazing regimes of livestock and feral horses.</p> <p>3. We found greater feral horse density was associated with higher corticosterone levels, and this effect was exacerbated by drought conditions. Livestock grazing produced similar results; however there was more model uncertainty about the livestock effect. Subsequent nesting success was lower with increased feather corticosterone, but corticosterone levels were not predictive of other vital rates.</p> <p>4. Our results indicate a physiological response by sage-grouse to grazing pressure from non-native grazers. We found substantial among-individual variation in the strength of the response. These adverse effects were intensified during unfavorable weather events, highlighting the need to reevaluate management strategies in the face of climate change.</p>
Fig. 3 in Haemosporidian parasite infections in grouse and ptarmigan: Prevalence and genetic diversity of blood parasites in resident Alaskan birds
Fig. 3. Bayesian phylogenetic tree of haemosporidian mtDNA cytochrome b haplotypes isolated from Alaskan grouse and ptarmigan species. Node tips are labeled with abbreviation for parasite genus (Haem = Haemoproteus, Leuc = Leucocytozoon, and Plas = Plasmodium), followed by the lineage name, GenBank accession number for each lineage, and avian (Phas = Phasianidae, Anat = Anatiade, Turd = Turdidae, Paru = Parulidae, Scol = Scolopacidae, Embe = Emberizidae, and Frin = Fringillidae) or invertebrate (Simu = Simuliidae) host family. All haplotypes identified in this study are highlighted in red and asterisks following tip labels indicate a lineage that was isolated from Alaskan bird hosts. Numbers on branches indicate posterior probabilities from our analysis. All reference sequences were obtained from the National Center for Biotechnology Information website or the MalAvi database. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the web version of this article.)
Fig. 2. Minimum spanning network for haemosporidian mtDNA cytochrome b in Haemosporidian parasite infections in grouse and ptarmigan: Prevalence and genetic diversity of blood parasites in resident Alaskan birds
Fig. 2. Minimum spanning network for haemosporidian mtDNA cytochrome b haplotypes isolated from Alaskan grouse and ptarmigan species. Dark circles represent un-sampled nodes. All circles are proportional to the frequency at which the haplotypes were detected. Lines between nodes are drawn to scale based on the number of nucleotide mutations unless otherwise indicated by hash marks.
Fig. 1 in Haemosporidian parasite infections in grouse and ptarmigan: Prevalence and genetic diversity of blood parasites in resident Alaskan birds
Fig. 1. Map of Alaskan sampling regions assembled from multiple game management units and sub-units. Regions were grouped for analysis of haemosporidian prevalence as follows: southcoastal (Kenai Peninsula and southeastern Alaska; GMUs 1C, 1D, 2, 7, 15A, 15B, and 15C), southcentral (Anchorage area and Matanuska-Susitna Valley; GMUs 13A, 13D, 14A, 14C, 16A, and 16B), southwestern (Bristol Bay, Alaska Peninsula, and eastern Aleutian islands; 9D, 9E, and 17C), southern interior (south side of Alaska Range; GMUs 12, 13B, and 13E), northern interior (north side of Alaska Range; GMUs 20A-20E and 25C), and Seward Peninsula (GMU 22C).
Fig. 2 in Where have all the grouse ticks gone? Apparent decline in collections of Haemaphysalis chordeilis Packard
Fig. 2. Published records of H. chordeilis (N = 96) by collection month. Records that did not specify collection month are excluded. Asterisks denote autumn months where hunting season is open for most game birds in North America, which likely influenced collections of H. chordeilis.
Fig. 3 in Where have all the grouse ticks gone? Apparent decline in collections of Haemaphysalis chordeilis Packard
Fig. 3. Geographic locations of H. chordeilis records (N = 152). Records with no location information are excluded. In cases where a specific location (town or site) was not given, the state or county midpoint was used instead, taken from https://www. mapdevelopers.com/geocode_tool.php. Base map developed by the North American Commission for Environmental Cooperation (CEC) and downloaded from https://www.sciencebase.gov/catalog/item/ 4fb555ebe4b04cb937751db9. Species range maps developed by the U.S. Geological Survey Patuxent Wildlife Research Center based on National Breeding Bird Survey data from 2011 to 2015 and downloaded from https://www.mbr-pwrc.usgs.gov/bbs/shape_ ra15.html. Map created in QGIS Desktop v3.22.3.
Fig. 1 in Where have all the grouse ticks gone? Apparent decline in collections of Haemaphysalis chordeilis Packard
Fig. 1. Published records of H. chordeilis (N = 161) by decade. Note that when no year was given for the collection, the year of the publication was used, so some records may have occurred earlier.
Data for Integrated Step Selection Analysis of translocated female greater sage-grouse in the 60 days post-release, North Dakota 2018-2020
<p>The data include used and random available steps at 11-hour resolution generated for 26 female greater sage-grouse in the 60 days post-translocation to North Dakota, with associated environmental predictors and individual information. The code fits individual habitat selection models in an Integrated Step Selection Analysis framework.</p> <p>Data used to fit the models described in:</p> <p>Picardi, S., Ranc, N., Smith, B.J., Coates, P.S., Mathews, S.R., Dahlgren, D.K. <i>Individual variation in temporal dynamics of post-release habitat selection</i>. Frontiers in Conservation Science (in review)</p> <p>Code used to implement the analysis is available on GitHub: https://github.com/picardis/picardi-et-al_2021_sage-grouse_frontiers-in-conservation</p>
Climate and non-native herbivores influence reproductive investment by Greater Sage-grouse
<p>Highly seasonal environments can increase competition among herbivores for nutrients, leading to consequences affecting rates of reproduction and survival. There is concern about the impacts of non-native ungulates on Greater Sage-grouse in the Great Basin of North America. We estimated nesting propensity, the annual proportion of females attempting a nest, for Greater Sage-grouse in relation to the abundance of ungulates using 7 years of data from the northwestern Great Basin, USA. We focused on nesting because it is the necessary first major investment required for the production of new recruits. We used a Bayesian multi-stratum model to investigate the effects of weather and sympatric non-native herbivores, free-roaming horses and domestic cattle, on reproductive rates and female survival of adult and yearling sage-grouse. Adults nested at a higher rate (0.931, 95% CI, 0.904 – 0.953) than yearlings (0.867, 95% CI, 0.802 – 0.922) under average conditions of all other covariates. If the first nest failed, renesting rates were similar between adults (0.349, 95% CI, 0.292 – 0.410) and yearlings (0.353, 95% CI, 0.217 – 0.507). Females in better body condition at the start of the season nested at higher rates, and moderately snowy winters led to the highest nesting propensity during the following spring. Drier conditions led to low rates of nesting, particularly in areas with dense cattle grazing. Female survival was lower for nesting females, indicating a survival cost of reproduction. Areas with abundant free-roaming horses had slightly higher nesting propensity, though other research suggests negative impacts later in the breeding cycle. Sage-grouse face life-history trade-offs that may be shifting due to changing climatic conditions. Our work suggests that the effects of competition with non-native ungulates on sage-grouse life-histories may be exacerbated by adverse weather.</p>
Data from: Non-native grazers affect physiological and demographic responses of Greater Sage-grouse
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Data for Integrated Step Selection Analysis of translocated female greater sage-grouse in the 60 days post-release, North Dakota 2018-2020
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Data from: Dusky grouse seasonal resource selection in the Great Basin isolated mountain ranges of Nevada, USA
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Data from: Maximizing the detection probabilities of dusky grouse for population monitoring
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Climate and non-native herbivores influence reproductive investment by Greater Sage-grouse
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Data from: The performance of drones and artificial intelligence for monitoring sage-grouse at leks
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Fighting isn’t sexy in lekking Greater Sage-grouse: A relational event model approach for mating interactions
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Data from: Lousy grouse: comparing evolutionary patterns in Alaska galliform lice to understand host evolution and host-parasite interactions
Understanding both sides of host-parasite relationships can provide more complete insights into host and parasite biology in natural systems. For example, phylogenetic and population genetic comparisons between a group of hosts and their closely associated parasites can reveal patterns of host dispersal, interspecies interactions, and population structure that might not be evident from host data alone. These comparisons are also useful for understanding factors that drive host-parasite coevolutionary patterns (e.g., codivergence or host switching) over different periods of time. However, few studies have compared the evolutionary histories between multiple groups of parasites from the same groups of hosts at a regional geographic scale. Here, we used genomic data to compare phylogenomic and population genomic patterns of Alaska ptarmigan and grouse species (Aves: Tetraoninae) and two genera of their associated feather lice: Lagopoecus and Goniodes. We used whole-genome sequencing to obtain hundreds of genes and thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) for the lice and double digest restriction associated DNA sequences to obtain SNPs from Alaska populations of two species of ptarmigan. We found that both genera of lice have some codivergence with their galliform hosts, but these relationships are primarily characterized by host switching and phylogenetic incongruence. Population structure was also uncorrelated between the hosts and lice. These patterns suggest that grouse, and ptarmigan in particular, share habitats and have likely had historical and ongoing dispersal within Alaska. However, the two genera of lice also have sufficient dissimilarities in the relationships with their hosts to suggest there are other factors, such as differences in louse dispersal ability, that shape the evolutionary patterns with their hosts.
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