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51 results for “habitat contrast”
Adaptation to distinct habitats is maintained by contrasting selection at different life stages in sunflower ecotypes
<p><span>Conspecific populations living in adjacent but contrasting microenvironments represent excellent systems for studying natural selection. These systems are valuable because gene flow is expected to force genetic homogeneity except at loci experiencing divergent selection. A history of reciprocal transplant and common garden studies in such systems, and a growing number of genomic studies, have contributed to understanding how selection operates in natural populations. While selection can vary across different fitness components and life stages, few studies have investigated how this ultimately affects allele frequencies and the maintenance of divergence between populations. Here, we study two sunflower ecotypes in distinct, adjacent habitats by combining demographic models with genome-wide sequence data to estimate fitness and allele frequency change at multiple life stages. This framework allows us to estimate that only local ecotypes are likely to experience positive population growth</span> <span>(λ>1) and that the maintenance of divergent adaptation appears to be mediated via habitat- and life-stage-specific selection. We identify genetic variation, significantly driven by loci in chromosomal inversions, associated with different life history strategies in neighbouring ecotypes that optimize different fitness components and may contribute to the maintenance of distinct ecotypes. </span></p>
Adaptation to distinct habitats is maintained by contrasting selection at different life stages in sunflower ecotypes
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Data from: Contrasting complexity of adjacent habitats influences the strength of cascading predatory effects
Although cascading effects of top predators can help structure communities, their influence may vary across habitats that differentially protect prey. Therefore, to understand how and to what degree habitat complexity can affect trophic interactions in adjacent habitats, we used a combination of a broad regional-scale survey, manipulative field trials, and an outdoor mesocosm experiment to quantify predator–prey interaction strengths across four trophic levels. Within estuaries of the southeastern USA, bonnethead sharks (Sphyrna tiburo) hunt blue crabs on mudflats and adjacent oyster reefs, two habitats with vastly different aboveground structure. Using 12-h tethering trials of blue crabs we quantified habitat-dependent loss rates of 37% on reefs and 78% on mudflats. We hypothesized that the sharks' predatory effects on blue crabs would cascade down to release a lower-level mud crab predator, which subsequently would increase juvenile oyster mortality, but that the cascade strength would be habitat-dependent. We experimentally manipulated predator combinations in split-plot mesocosms containing reef and mudflat habitats, and quantified oyster mortality. Bonnetheads exerted strong consumptive and non-consumptive effects on blue crabs, which ceased eating oysters in the sharks' presence. However, mud crabs, regardless of shark and blue crab presence, continued to consume oysters, especially within the structural refuge of the reef where they kept oyster mortality high. Thus, bonnetheads indirectly boosted oyster survival, but only on the mudflat where mud crabs were less active. Our work demonstrates how structural differences in adjacent habitats can moderate trophic cascades, particularly when mesopredators exhibit differential use of structure and different sensitivities to top predators.
Data from: Born in heterogenous landscapes: birth timing, body mass and growth of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns in contrasting habitats
<p>Although the widespread effects of global change impact almost all ecosystems, we lack a detailed understanding of how wildlife that thrive in human-dominated environments are able to adjust their life history to modifications in land use of their natural habitat. In particular, spatial variation in environmental conditions is predicted to influence development during the crucial early life phase, with marked impacts on individual performance and population dynamics for long-lived species. Large herbivores such as roe deer (<em>Capreolus capreolus</em>), a synanthropic species, have increased substantially in number and distribution over the last half century across Europe. Roe deer have been particularly successful, gradually colonizing agricultural landscapes to cope with a global warming-driven phenological mismatch in their natural forest habitat. However, to date, little is known about how habitat heterogeneity impacts their demographic performance in this heavily human-impacted environment. Specifically, we predicted that fawns born in predominantly cultivated local habitats would achieve faster early development due to the food subsidies obtained by their mothers from agricultural crops. Contrary to our expectations, fawns in semi-natural forest habitats were around 10% heavier at birth than those born in more mixed (by 0.163 ± 0.058 kg) and open (by 0.169 ± 0.006 kg) agricultural habitats. However, all fawns subsequently grew at a similar average rate (0.148 ± 0.058 kg/day), irrespective of their habitat. This habitat-dependent variation in birth mass appeared to be driven by reproductive phenology, as i) early-born fawns were heavier than late-born fawns, and ii) mothers living in the forest gave birth around 10 days earlier than those living in the mixed and open habitats. As natural habitats become increasingly scarce and fragmented due to the activities of humans, the prospects for many wild populations will depend on their ability to subsist in the heavily modified habitats of anthropogenic landscapes.</p>
Flower strip effectiveness for pollinating insects in agricultural landscapes depends on established contrast in habitat quality: A meta-analysis
<p>Flower strips have become a prevalent measure in agricultural landscapes to counteract biodiversity loss and especially promote pollinators. Although their benefits for pollinating insects have been frequently evaluated and reported, generalized conclusions about optimal settings for effective flower strips are still difficult. From the perspective of pollinators, flower strips vary distinctly in habitat quality, and the same applies for the control sites selected for scientific studies.</p> <p>In this study, we used a meta-analytic approach based on a systematic review of recent studies (2009-2020) to analyze the relationship between flower strip effectiveness for pollinators and the contrast in habitat quality between flower strips and control sites. We extracted 350 data entries from 29 out of 172 studies based on available data for richness or abundance of the pollinator taxa groups Apiformes, Lepidoptera and Syrphidae as response variables, for both flower strips and control treatments. All flower strips and control treatments were assigned a habitat quality score including information on spatial dimension, floral resources and management. Moreover, we included information on landscape complexity as measured by percent cover of semi-natural habitats in the studied landscape.</p> <p>In general, our results of meta-analytical models showed an increasing effect size of flower strips on pollinators for higher contrasts in habitat quality between flower strips and control treatments. This relationship was consistent across pollinator taxa and different levels of landscape complexity. Altogether, in terms of pollinator habitat quality, high-quality flower strips were more attractive than low-quality flower strips, and the reported effectiveness of flower strips decreased from low-quality to high-quality control treatments.</p> <p>We recommend that results of future studies evaluating flower strips for pollinators are always linked with the contrast in habitat quality between selected flower strips and control treatments.</p>
Flower strip effectiveness for pollinating insects in agricultural landscapes depends on established contrast in habitat quality: A meta-analysis
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Data from: Born in heterogenous landscapes: birth timing, body mass and growth of roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) fawns in contrasting habitats
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Data from: Contrasting complexity of adjacent habitats influences the strength of cascading predatory effects
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Data from: Navigating a landscape of contrasting hunting regimes and habitats: Red deer responses to risk and resources
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Prospects for Neotropical forest birds and their habitats under contrasting emissions scenarios
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Data from: Contrasting habitat and landscape effects on the fitness of a long-lived grassland plant under forest encroachment: do they provide evidence for extinction debt?
1. Habitat loss, fragmentation and transformation threaten the persistence of many species worldwide. Population and individual fitness are often compromised in small, degraded and isolated habitats, but extinction can be a slow process and extinction debts are common. 2. Long-lived species are prone to persist as remnant populations in low quality habitats for a long time, but the population and individual-level mechanisms of extinction debt remain poorly explored so far. 3. We here investigate the mechanisms involved in the long-term persistence of the common grassland specialist, long-lived, clonal plant Aphyllanthes monspeliensis L. (Asparagaceae). after forest encroachment into semi-natural Mediterranean calcareous grasslands in Catalonia (NE Iberian Peninsula). For this purpose we assess vegetative (aboveground and belowground) and reproductive plant performance indicators and their habitat and landscape (current and historical) drivers. 4. We confirm the existence of an extinction debt for this species, since current plant frequency is related to historical but not current connectivity, and we also find a positive effect of historical connectivity on seed set. In addition, current tree cover negatively affects individual size and aboveground/belowground biomass ratio, and biotic soil acidification leads to a reduction in the flowering probability of individuals and stems. 5. However, we also find that current connectivity negatively affects flowering and that tree cover enhances seed set. The forestation process, thus, also exerts a positive effect on some fitness traits, probably by providing a moister environment. 6. Synthesis. Habitat loss and deterioration result in a decreased vegetative performance of Aphyllanthes monspeliensis, a grassland specialist, but show contrasting effects on its reproductive performance. However, further forest encroachment would increase light competition and soil acidification, threatening its persistence and promoting the payment of the extinction debt if no conservation measures are taken.
Data from: Managing hydropower dam releases for water users and imperiled fishes with contrasting thermal habitat requirements
1) The construction of dams on large rivers has negative impacts on native species. Environmental flows have been proposed as a tool to mitigate these impacts, but in order for these strategies to be effective they must account for disparate temperature and flow needs of different species. 2) We applied a multi-objective approach to identify tradeoffs in dam release discharge and temperature for imperiled warm- and cold-water fishes while simultaneously meeting the needs of human water users. 3) Using the Sacramento River (California, USA) as a case study, our model suggests that current management aimed at conserving an endangered cold-water species (winter-run Chinook salmon; Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) and providing high discharge for downstream water users has detrimental impacts on a threatened warm-water species (green sturgeon; Acipenser medirostris). 4) We developed an optimal dam release scenario that can be used to meet the needs of salmon, sturgeon, and human water users. Our results show that dam releases can be managed to successfully achieve these multiple objectives in all but the most severe drought years. Synthesis and applications This study shows that managing dam releases to meet the needs of a single species can have detrimental effects on other native species with different flow and temperature requirements. We applied a multi-objective approach to balance environmental requirements of multiple species with the needs of human water users. Our findings can be used to guide management of Shasta Dam and our approach can be applied to achieve multi-object management goals in other impounded rivers beyond California's Sacramento River.
FIG. 2 in Contrasting marine larval settlement patterns imply habitat-seeking behaviours in a fouling and a cryptic species (phylum Bryozoa)
FIG. 2. Inferred laboratory behaviours and stylized ®eld distributions of (A) Schizoporella errata and (B) Plagioecia patina. Schizoporella errata colonies are indicated by striped areas and are shown attached to undersides of a boat and to shallow parts of a vertical man-made structure such as a piling or wall. Plagioecia patina colonies are indicated by cross-hatched areas and are shown attached to deep objects, including the underside of a shell resting on its concave surface. Larval swimming paths in the laboratory experiment are indicated by sequentially numbered arrows, the widths of which are roughly proportioned to the proportion of larvae following the path. Black rectangles represent dark conditions. Inferred stimuli are indicated by letters: p+, photopositive; p±, photonegative; g +, geopositive; g±, geonegative; go, possible neutral or counterbalancing responses that result in, on average, sustained horizontal swimming.
FIG. 1 in Contrasting marine larval settlement patterns imply habitat-seeking behaviours in a fouling and a cryptic species (phylum Bryozoa)
FIG. 1. Pattern of the panel that forms the back of the array of contiguous settlement chambers in the experiment. Cross-sectional pro®les of the 24 3-cm highÖ3-cm wideÖ15.5-cm long chambers are seen. Chambers on the left were dark and those on the right were lighted. Within each of the three levels (high, middle, low), each chamber in the lighted side had a unique ¯ow velocity through it determined by the size of the downstream opening (symbolized by the size of the circle within each square). Four elongate bounding surfaces de®ned each elongate chamber: a downward-facing ceiling, two lateral walls and an upward-facing ¯oor. Distance within the chambers is not portrayed in the ®gure, but each of the four elongate walls of chambers was examined and scored as three equal segments: the portion closest to the entrance (upstream end), the middle portion and the portion closest to the back panel (downstream end).
Contrasting genetic responses to habitat fragmentation for two Lycaenid butterfly species
<p>Biodiversity is currently declining at the global scale. Apart from species declines and lowered abundances, the loss of genetic diversity is equally concerning as it may undermine fitness and the potential to adapt to future environmental change. We compared genetic diversity of historical and recent Alpine populations of two butterfly species, <em>Lycaena helle</em> and <em>L. hippothoe</em>, over a period of about 10 years. Using microsatellite markers, we found no changes over time in <em>L. helle</em>, while genetic diversity decreased, and differentiation increased in <em>L. hippothoe</em>. <em>Lycaena helle</em> inhabits peat bogs and wetland fallows with populations being strongly isolated, while <em>L. hippothoe</em> used to occur in population networks on hay meadows, with the latter being strongly exposed to agricultural intensification. We conclude that currently <em>L. hippothoe</em> populations are strongly declining due to changes in land use, resulting in genetic erosion potentially due to the collapse of population networks.</p>
Data from: Free-living bacterial communities associated with tubeworm (Ridgeia piscesae) aggregations in contrasting diffuse flow hydrothermal vent habitats at the Main Endeavour Field, Juan de Fuca Ridge
We systematically studied free-living bacterial diversity within aggregations of the vestimentiferan tubeworm Ridgeia piscesae sampled from two contrasting flow regimes (High Flow and Low Flow) in the Endeavour Hydrothermal Vents Marine Protected Area (MPA) on the Juan de Fuca Ridge (Northeast Pacific). Eight samples of particulate detritus were recovered from paired tubeworm grabs from four vent sites. Most sequences (454 tag and Sanger methods) were affiliated to the Epsilonproteobacteria, and the sulfur-oxidizing genus Sulfurovum was dominant in all samples. Gammaproteobacteria were also detected, mainly in Low Flow sequence libraries, and were affiliated with known methanotrophs and decomposers. The cooccurrence of sulfur reducers from the Deltaproteobac- teria and the Epsilonproteobacteria suggests internal sulfur cycling within these habitats. Other phyla detected included Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Planctomycetes, Verrucomicrobia, and Deinococcus–Thermus. Statisti- cally significant relationships between sequence library composition and habitat type suggest a predictable pattern for High Flow and Low Flow environments. Most sequences significantly more represented in High Flow libraries were related to sulfur and hydrogen oxidizers, while mainly heterotrophic groups were more represented in Low Flow libraries. Differences in temperature, avail- able energy for metabolism, and stability between High Flow and Low Flow habitats potentially explain their distinct bacterial communities.
Data from: Contrasting effects of land cover on nesting habitat use and reproductive output for bumble bees
<p><span><span><a name="_Hlk64216363">Understanding habitat quality is central to understanding the distributions of species on the landscape, as well as to conserving and restoring at-risk species. Although it is well-known that many species require different resources throughout their life cycles, pollinator conservation efforts focus almost exclusively on forage resources. In this study, we evaluate nesting habitat for bumble bees by locating nests directly on the landscape. We compared colony density and colony reproductive output for <i>Bombus impatiens, </i>the common eastern bumble bee, across three different land cover types (hay fields, meadows, and forests). We also assessed nesting habitat associations for all <i>Bombus</i> nests located during surveys to tease apart species-specific patterns of habitat use. We found that <i>B. impatiens</i> nested under the ground in two natural land cover types, forests and meadows, but found no <i>B. impatiens</i> nests in hay fields. Though <i>B. impatiens</i> nested at similar densities in both meadows and forests, colonies in forests had much higher reproductive output<i>. </i></a>In contrast, <i>B. griseocollis</i> tended to nest on the surface of the ground and was almost always found in meadows. <i>B. perplexis</i> was the only species to nest in all three habitat types, including hay fields. For some bumble bee species in this system, meadows, the habitat type with abundant forage resources, may be sufficient to maintain them throughout their life cycles. However, <i>B. impatiens</i> might benefit from heterogeneous landscapes with forests and meadows. Results for <i>B. impatiens</i> emphasize the longstanding notion that habitat use is not always positively correlated with habitat quality (as measured by reproductive output). Our results also show that habitat selection by bumble bees at one spatial scale may be influenced by resources at other scales. Finally, we demonstrate the feasibility of direct nest searches for understanding bumble bee distribution and ecology. </span></span></p>
FIGURE 7 in Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of seven species of Vaucheria (Xanthophyceae), including two new species, from contrasting habitats in New Zealand
FIGURE 7. Light micrographs and illustration of Vaucheria litorea antheridia (E5A). A, C, F. Long cylindrical antheridia with short conical papillae and subtended by a wall bound cavity in a sympodial cluster. B. Wall bound cavity subtending an antheridium (arrow). D, E. Large terminal pore of an antheridium (arrow). E. Sperm material being ejected from pore. G, H. Lateral conical papillae in antheridium (arrows). Scale bars = 200 µm (A, C, F), 100 µm (B, D, E, G, H).
FIGURE 3 in Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of seven species of Vaucheria (Xanthophyceae), including two new species, from contrasting habitats in New Zealand
FIGURE 3. Light micrographs and illustration of Vaucheria bursata reproductive structures. A, E. UCVFW1. G. UCVFW2. C, D. UCVFW3. B. UCVFW4. H, I. UCVFW5. G. Two oogonia either side of a developing antheridium. I. Two sets of antheridia and oogonia side by side. Scale bars = 50 µm.
FIGURE 6 in Morphological and phylogenetic characterization of seven species of Vaucheria (Xanthophyceae), including two new species, from contrasting habitats in New Zealand
FIGURE 6. Light micrographs and illustrations of Vaucheria aestuarii reproductive structures (G7). A, C, D, F, G. Clavate oogonia with mass of protoplasm left behind by mature oospore (arrows), note there is no wall bound cavity subtending the oogonia. E. Long cylindrical antheridia with short cylindrical- conical papillae (arrows) in a monopodial cluster, subtended by a wall bound cavity. H. Antheridium with a wall bound cavity (arrow). I. Antheridia in a monopodial cluster, note 2 wall bound cavities (arrows) in a single antheridium separated by a mass of sperm. Bars = 50 µm.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
ABODe is a University of Edinburgh DataShare dataset for behavior classification in group-housed mice using home-cage video, identities, bounding boxes, ground-plate positions, and annotator labels.
DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.