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Fig. 7 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 7. Box and whisker (a, d) and scatter (b, c) plots showing the relationships between the inquiline species richness of individual pitchers and pitcher type (a), pitcher size (b), canopy cover (c), and location (within or outside of the CCNR; d). The plots show that inquiline species richness was higher in lower than upper pitchers (a), and pitcher size (b) and canopy cover (c) had weak positive effects on inquiline species richness, but there was no significant difference in inquiline species richness between pitchers outside of and within the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) (d). In (a) and (d), boxes represent interquartile ranges, whiskers represent maxima and minima, and points represent outliers. In (b) and (c), points (green = lower, beige = upper pitchers) represent the species richness of individual pitchers, and lines represent the model predictions of the second (b; ΔAICc = 1.94) and third (c; ΔAICc = 1.99) best models for lower (green) and upper (beige) pitchers.

Fig. 11 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 11. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) photographs exemplifying morphological differences in the chelicerae of Nepenthes histiostomatid mites: (a) Creutzeria sp., (b) Zwickia sp., (c) Nepenthacarus sp. Scale bar = 10 micrometres. (Photographs by: Norman J. Fashing).

Fig. 3 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 3. Two-dimensional NMDS plot of the plant communities co-occurring with Nepenthes rafflesiana in plots located within (brown points) and outside (pink points) of the CCNR (a), and box and whisker plot comparing the log-transformed floristic species richness of these locations (b). Plant communities differed significantly in composition (a; pseudo-F1,11 = 3.80, p-value <0.001) and species richness (b; T11 = 4.74, p-value = 0.001). Each point in the NMDS plot (a) represents the plant communities of a single plot. Colours are translucent, so that overlapping points may be distinguished. Points which are located closer to each other in the NMDS plot share more similar plant communities. Texts represent plant species centroids, with font sizes proportional to the number of plots in which each was found (species which were found in two or less plots are not displayed). A species is more likely to occur in a plot if the plot's point is located close to the species' centroid. Bold lines in the box and whisker plot represent median log-transformed species richness, boxes represent interquartile ranges, whiskers represent maxima/minima and points represent outliers.

Fig. 6 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 6. Box and whisker plots show that inquiline taxa were found in different abundances across the different forest types, with several species being confined to the old secondary forests within the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR). Bold horizontal lines represent median log-transformed number of each inquiline taxon in pitchers from each forest type (denoted by colours); boxes represent interquartile range; whiskers represent maximum values. Taxon names are abbreviated as done in the previous figure; rare inquiline taxa which were present in only one sample are not displayed.

Fig. 2 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 2. Habitat types in which Nepenthes rafflesiana plants were found in this study: (a) coastal cliffs; (b) adinandra belukar; (c) old secondary forests (in this case, a tree fall gap within an old secondary forest). Nepenthes rafflesiana plants are indicated by an arrow in panels a and c. Coastal cliffs (a) and adinandra belukar (b) type habitats were mainly found outside the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR), while old secondary forests type habitats were only found within the CCNR. Despite their different locations, plant communities in which N. rafflesiana were found in coastal cliff habitats (a) and typical adinandra belukar habitats (b) were compositionally highly similar and may both be classified as adinandra belukar type plant communities. (Photographs by: Lam Weng Ngai).

Fig. 1 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 1. Nepenthes rafflesiana lower (a) and upper (b) pitchers in situ; location of the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR) in Singapore (c). Data sources for (c): Singapore Public Data (https://data.gov.sg); Global Administrative Areas Database version 3.6 (https:// gadm.org/data.html). (Photographs by: Lam Weng Ngai).

Fig. 5 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 5. Sample-size- (a) and coverage-based (b) rarefaction curves of inquiline species richness from pitchers collected outside of (pink lines) and within (brown lines) the Central Catchment Nature Reserve (CCNR). Lines represent the interpolated (continuous) and extrapolated (dashed) species richness of each forest type, as a function of the number of individuals sampled within it (a) and the estimated sample coverage (b); shaded regions represent the 95% confidence intervals of these estimates; points represent the observed species richness (these are omitted from panel b to prevent the obscuring of other details in the figure).

Fig. 4 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 4. Two-dimensional NMDS plot of the pitcher inquiline communities of the sampled Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers. Each point represents an inquiline community from an individual pitcher, with its colour denoting the location in which it was found (within [brown] or outside [pink] the Central Catchment Nature Reserve [CCNR]), and its shape denoting its pitcher type (triangles denote upper, and circles, lower, pitchers). Texts represent inquiline species centroids, with font sizes proportional to the number of pitchers in which each was found. A species is more likely to occur in a pitcher if the pitcher's point is located close to the species' centroid. Taxon name abbreviations: Dasy = Dasyhelea spp.; Phor = Phoridae; Ar.giv = Armigeres giveni; Ar.kuc = Ar. cf. kuchingensis; Cx.bre = Culex brevipalpus complex; Cx.cur = Cx. curtipalpis; Tp.tnx = Tripteroides tenax; Lest = Lestodiplosis sp.; Nsyr = Nepenthosyrphus sp. raff; Creu = Creutzeria spp.; M2.sp1 = Histiostomatidae genus 1 sp. 1; Naca = Nepenthacarus spp.; Zwic = Zwickia spp.; Nema = nematodes.

Fig. 9 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 9. Habitus of Armigeres giveni fourth instar larva (a); Ar. giveni female adult (b); Ar. cf. kuchingensis fourth instar larva (c); Ar. cf. kuchingensis male adult (d). Scale bars represent 1 mm. (Photographs by: Yeo Huiqing).

Fig. 10 in A comparative exploration of the inquiline and prey species of Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in contiguous and fragmented habitat patches in Singapore

Fig. 10. Illustrations of mite genera inhabiting Nepenthes rafflesiana pitchers in Singapore: (a) Undescribed genus (male dorsum), (b) Creutzeria sp. (male venter), (c) Zwickia sp. (male dorsum), (d) Nepenthacarus sp. (male dorsum). Scale bars represent 150 micrometres. (Illustrations by: Norman J. Fashing).

publicFeb 2024View details →

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Data from: Mean landscape-scale incidence of species in discrete habitats is patch size dependent

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Time and matrix quality increase the relative habitat value of smaller patches in fragmented landscapes

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publicJan 2025View details →

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

Landscape context affects patch habitat contributions to biodiversity in agroecosystems

Effective conservation schemes are needed to advance dual objectives of biodiversity conservation and agronomic production in agricultural landscapes. Understanding how plant and arthropod taxa respond to both local habitat patch characteristics and landscape complexity is crucial for planning effective agri-environment schemes. This study investigated the relative effects of local (≤ 100 m from patch habitat center) and landscape (≤ 5 km from patch habitat center) variables on diversity of plants and arthropods within non-crop habitat patches (i) at different spatial extents ranging from 0.1 km to 5 km, while (ii) quantifying differential effects of local and landscape variables on unique components of diversity (i.e. species richness and abundance), and accounting for (iii) unique components of landscape extent (0.1, 0.5, 1, 2 and 5 km radii) and complexity (i.e. landscape composition and configuration). Landscape variables were significantly correlated with local plant and arthropod species richness and abundance at all spatial extents. Biodiversity responses to landscape variables were largely scale-dependent, as pairwise comparisons were significantly different between all spatial extents except between 1-km and 2-km extents, and correlations were lowest at the 5-km extent. Partial R-squared values for predicting local biodiversity were highest when both local and landscape variables were included as predictors of species richness and abundance, underscoring the importance of considering both local and landscape effects on local diversity. Landscape configuration variables accounted for more variation in plant and arthropod species richness than composition variables. However, models performed best when composition and configuration were considered together rather than alone, suggesting that both components of landscape complexity should be considered for identifying and managing conservation areas in crop fields. Conservation schemes that incentivize farmers to create or conserve small patch habitat within crop fields may be more effective when combined with landscape-scale designs that enhance landscape complexity across the Northern Great Plains. Local conservation efforts should be coordinated with landscape-level efforts to ultimately enhance biodiversity and desired ecosystem service outcomes across agricultural landscapes.

opencc-zeroFeb 2022View details →

Empirical tests of habitat selection theory reveal that conspecific density and patch quality, but not habitat amount, drive long-distance immigration in a wild bird

Individuals that disperse long distances from their natal site must select breeding patches with no prior knowledge of patch suitability. Despite decades of theoretical studies examining which cues dispersing individuals should use to select breeding patches, few empirical studies have tested the predictions of these theories at spatial scales relevant to long-distance dispersal in wild animal populations. Here, we use a novel assignment model based on multiple intrinsic markers to quantify natal dispersal distances of Wood Thrush (Hylocichla mustelina) breeding in forest fragments. We show that long-distance natal dispersal in this species is more frequent than commonly assumed for songbirds and that habitat selection by these individuals is driven by density-dependence and patch quality but not the amount of habitat surrounding breeding patches. These results represent an important contribution to understanding habitat selection by dispersing individuals, especially with regards to long-distance dispersal.

opencc-zeroJun 2022View details →

Patch quality and habitat fragmentation shape the foraging patterns of a specialist folivore

Research on use of foraging patches has focused on why herbivores visit or quit patches, yet little is known about visits to patches over time. Food quality, as reflected by higher nutritional quality and lower plant defences, and physical patch characteristics, which offer protection from predators and weather, affect patch use and hence should influence their revisitation. Due to the potentially high costs of moving between patches, fragmented habitats are predicted to complicate foraging decisions of many animals. We aimed to determine how food quality, shelter availability and habitat fragmentation influence tree reuse by a specialist folivore, the koala, in a fragmented agricultural landscape. We GPS- tracked 23 koalas in northern New South Wales, Australia and collated number of revisits, average residence time, and average time-to-return to each tree. We measured tree characteristics including food quality (foliar nitrogen and toxic formylated phloroglucinol compounds, FPCs concentrations), tree size and tree connectedness. We also modelled the costs of locomotion between trees. Koalas re-visited isolated trees with high leaf nitrogen disproportionately often. They spent longer time in trees with high leaf nitrogen, and in large trees used for shelter. They took longer to return to trees with low leaf nitrogen. Tree connectivity reduced travel costs between patches, being either individual or groups of trees. FPC levels had no detectable effect on patch revisitation. We conclude that food quality and shelter drive koala tree re-visits. Scattered, isolated trees with nutrient-rich leaves are valuable resource patches for koalas despite movement costs to reach them.

opencc-zeroJul 2023View details →

Warmer springs increase potential for temporal reproductive isolation among habitat patches in subalpine flowering plants

<ol> <li>Flowering phenology can vary considerably even at fine spatial scales, potentially leading to temporal reproductive isolation among habitat patches. Climate change could alter flowering synchrony, and hence temporal isolation, if plants in different microhabitats vary in their phenological response to climate change. Despite the importance of temporal isolation in determining patterns of gene flow, and hence population genetic structure and local adaptation, little is known about how changes in climate affect temporal isolation within populations.</li> <li>Here, we use flowering phenology and floral abundance data of 50 subalpine plant species over 44 years to test whether temporal isolation between habitat patches is affected by spring temperature. For each species and year, we analyzed temporal separation in peak flowering and flowering overlap between habitat patches separated by 5 to 950 m.</li> <li>Across our study species, warmer springs were associated with more temporal differentiation in flowering peaks among habitat patches, and less flowering overlap, increasing potential for temporal isolation within populations.</li> <li> Synthesis. By reducing opportunities for mating among plants in nearby habitat patches, our results suggest that warmer springs may reduce opportunities for gene flow within populations, and, consequently, the capacity of plant populations to adapt to environmental changes.</li> </ol>

publicJun 2022View details →

Patch quality and habitat fragmentation shape the foraging patterns of a specialist folivore

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