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21 results for “hay meadow”
Long-term studies of secondary succession and community assembly in the prairie-forest ecotone of eastern Kansas, Hay meadow restoration experiment
Local and regional-scale processes interact to govern the assembly, diversity and functioning of ecological communities. Evaluating the interplay of these differently-scaled processes in the regulation of ecological systems is a challenging problem, but is crucial towards understanding and predicting the potential effects of accelerated human activity on biological diversity and ecosystem sustainability. Since 2000, two long-term field experiments have been underway in grasslands of eastern Kansas to investigate the interplay of soil resource availability, species interactions and regional processes governing plant secondary succession, community assembly, biodiversity, and ecosystem functioning. Both experiments involve manipulations of soil nutrients in permanent grassland study plots and employ multi-species seed addition treatments to evaluate the contribution of dispersal limitation and regional constraints on local species pools to the regulation of plant community dynamics. Hay meadow restoration experiment, previously funded by USDA, was established in 2000 in a section of the field that was left unplowed at the start of the experiment. Thus Experiment 2 was initiated in the context of secondary succession on recently abandoned cool-season hayfield where hay grass species were dominant at the start of the study. In this experiment we have been monitoring plant community change annually since 2001 in response to two aspects of hay management important in our area: annual fertilization and annual haying. The experimental design involves factorial manipulations of nutrient supply (two levels of NPK fertilization), annual haying (two levels: hayed; not hayed) and propagule input achieved by adding seeds of 41 native prairie species to half of the plots. Experiment 2 parallels Experiment 1 with manipulations of soil resources and species pools, but does so in the contexts of hay management and native prairie hay meadow restoration.
Data and code from: Functional rarity of plants in German hay meadows - patterns on the species level and mismatches with community species richness
<p>Functional rarity (FR) - a feature combining a species' rarity with the distinctiveness of its traits - represents a promising tool to better understand the ecological importance of rare species and consequently to protect functional diversity more efficiently. Yet, we lack a systematic understanding of FR on both the species level (which species are functionally rare and why) and the community level (how is FR associated with biodiversity and environmental conditions). Here, we quantify FR for 218 plant species from German hay meadows on a local, regional, and national scale by combining data from 6500 vegetation relevés and 15 ecologically relevant traits. We investigate the association between rarity and trait distinctiveness on different spatial scales via correlation measures and show which traits lead to low or high trait distinctiveness via distance-based redundancy analysis. We test how species richness and FR are correlated and use boosted regression trees to determine environmental conditions driving species richness and FR. On the local scale, only rare species showed high trait distinctiveness while on larger spatial scales rare and common species showed high trait distinctiveness. As infrequent trait attributes (e.g., legumes, low clonality) led to higher trait distinctiveness, we argue that functionally rare species are either specialists or transients. While specialists occupy a particular niche in hay meadows leading to lower rarity on larger spatial scales, transients display distinct but maladaptive traits resulting in high rarity across all spatial scales. More functionally rare species than expected by chance occurred in species-poor communities indicating that they prefer environmental conditions differing from characteristic conditions of species-rich hay meadows. Finally, we argue that functionally rare species are not necessarily relevant for nature conservation, since many were transients from surrounding habitats. Yet, FR can facilitate our understanding of why species are rare in a habitat and under which conditions these species occur.</p>
Data and code from: Functional rarity of plants in German hay meadows - patterns on the species level and mismatches with community species richness
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Data from: Different management practices influence growth of small plants in species-rich hay meadows through shading
<p>Data from: Different management practices influence growth of small plants in species-rich hay meadows through shading, published in Applied Vegetation Science. Photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and Dry Matter Yield (DMY)</p>
Evaluating the success of upland hay meadow restoration in the North Pennines, UK, using green hay transfer
<p>1. Traditionally managed mesotrophic species-rich upland hay meadows conforming to the National Vegetation Classification (NVC) MG3b, are one of the rarest grassland types in the UK, with substantial declines in botanical diversity over the last 50 years. Intensive spring grazing, earlier cut dates and increases in soil fertility causes a decline in characteristic positive indicator species in MG3b meadows, shifting communities from species-rich MG3b, to NVC MG6 meadows, and finally to species-poor NVC MG7 meadows. </p> <p>2. The North Pennines Area of Outstanding Natural Beauty (AONB) Partnership's Hay Time project aimed to improve the knowledge of upland hay meadows, and to investigate the success of seed addition of key positive indicator species. A landscape-scale restoration programme was undertaken between 2006 and 2012, harvesting seed from 82 species-rich donor meadows and spreading seed onto 89 receptor meadows (2282ha). Seed was harvested as green hay, using two types of donors: an MG6 donor (classed as restoration, with species such as <em>Rhinanthus minor</em>), or using an MG3b donor (classed as enhancement, with species such as <em>Geranium sylvaticum</em>). All 89 meadows were monitored, with a baseline botanical survey, and a repeat survey three to five years after seed addition. In addition, 41 meadows that did not have seed addition were monitored (controls). </p> <p>3. Species-richness, diversity and floristic composition improved in 77 meadows three to five years after seed addition. Eighteen plant species had an increase in frequency in the receptor meadows but did not increase in frequency in the control meadows. The most successful were eight positive indicators which were annuals or fast-growing perennial plants (<em>Anthoxanthum odoratum</em>, <em>Euphrasia</em> spp., <em>Myosotis discolor</em>, <em>Plantago lanceolata</em>, <em>Ranunculus acris,</em> <em>R. minor</em>, <em>Trifolium dubium</em> and <em>Trifolium pratense</em>)<em>. </em>However, rarer characteristic MG3b plants such as <em>Alchemilla</em> spp., <em>G. sylvaticum</em>, and <em>Cirsium heterophyllum </em>showed little signs of establishing.</p> <p>4. Botanical evidence is demonstrating that seed addition using green hay is a successful way of restoring meadows to an MG6 community. What is now needed is an effective method to establish characteristic MG3b plants. Hand-collecting seeds and establishing plug plants, alongside seed addition and maintaining traditional management practises is one possible way forward.</p>
Evaluating the success of upland hay meadow restoration in the North Pennines, UK, using green hay transfer
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Data from: Butterfly density and behaviour in uncut hay meadow strips: behavioral ecological consequences of an agri-environmental scheme
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Distribution and pollination services of wild bees and hoverflies along an altitudinal gradient in mountain hay meadows
<p>Extensively managed and flower rich mountain hay meadows, hotspots of Europe's biodiversity, are subject to environmental and climatic gradients linked to altitude. While the shift of pollinators from bee to fly dominated communities with increasing elevation across vegetation zones is well established, the effect of highland altitudinal gradients on the community structure of pollinators within a specific habitat is poorly understood. We assessed wild bee and hoverfly communities, and their pollination service to three plant species common in mountain hay meadows, in eighteen extensively managed yellow oat grasslands (Trisetum flavescens) with an altitudinal gradient spanning approx. 300 meters. Species richness and abundance of pollinators increased with elevation, but no shift between hoverflies and wild bees (mainly bumblebees) occurred. Seedset of the woodland cranesbill (Geranium sylvaticum) increased with hoverfly abundance and seedset of the marsh thistle (Cirsium palustre) increased with wild bee abundance. Black rampion (Phyteuma nigrum) showed no significant response. The assignment of specific pollinator communities, and their response to altitude in highlands, to different plant species underlines the importance of wild bees and hoverflies as pollinators in extensive grassland systems.</p>
Figure 6 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 6 - PCA based on the orthopteran samples of four study sites (sites I–IV) (black circle: mowing once a year in May; black square: mowing twice a year in May and September; empty circle: mowing once a year in September; black triangle: abandoned).
Figure 5 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 5 - Box-plots (median values with minimum, maximum and ±SE) of nymphal density (specimen/m2) of orthopterans in four treatment types (mowing once a year in May; mowing twice a year in May and September; mowing once a year in September; abandoned) in June (Jn), July (Jl) and August (Ag). Significant (p<0.05) differences detected by Mann-Whitney U test are indicated by different letters.
Figure 4 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 4 - Box-plots (median values with minimum, maximum and ±SE) of species richness, adult density (specimen/m2) and Shannon diversity of orthopterans in four treatment types (mowing once a year in May; mowing twice a year in May and September; mowing once a year in September; abandoned) in June (Jn), July (Jl) and August (Ag). Significant (p<0.05) differences detected by Mann-Whitney U test are indicated by different letters.
Figure 3 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 3 - Box-plots (median values with minimum, maximum and ±SE) of species richness, density (specimen/m2) and Shannon diversity of orthopterans in four treatment types of sites I–IV. Significant (p<0.05) differences detected by Mann-Whitney U test are indicated by different letters.
Figure 1 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 1 - Location of the four study sites in Őrség National Park and the quadrats of different mowing regimes (quadrats are 20 × 20 metres; M: mowing once a year in May; MS: mowing twice a year in May and September; S: mowing once a year in September; C: abandoned).
Figure 2 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 2 - Box-plots (median values with minimum, maximum and ±SE) of vegetation height in four treatment types. Significant (p<0.05) differences detected by Mann-Whitney U test are indicated by different letters.
Figure 6 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 6 - PCA based on the orthopteran samples of four study sites (sites I–IV) (black circle: mowing once a year in May; black square: mowing twice a year in May and September; empty circle: mowing once a year in September; black triangle: abandoned).
Figure 5 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 5 - Box-plots (median values with minimum, maximum and ±SE) of nymphal density (specimen/m2) of orthopterans in four treatment types (mowing once a year in May; mowing twice a year in May and September; mowing once a year in September; abandoned) in June (Jn), July (Jl) and August (Ag). Significant (p<0.05) differences detected by Mann-Whitney U test are indicated by different letters.
Figure 2 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 2 - Box-plots (median values with minimum, maximum and ±SE) of vegetation height in four treatment types. Significant (p<0.05) differences detected by Mann-Whitney U test are indicated by different letters.
Figure 3 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 3 - Box-plots (median values with minimum, maximum and ±SE) of species richness, density (specimen/m2) and Shannon diversity of orthopterans in four treatment types of sites I–IV. Significant (p<0.05) differences detected by Mann-Whitney U test are indicated by different letters.
Figure 1 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 1 - Location of the four study sites in Őrség National Park and the quadrats of different mowing regimes (quadrats are 20 × 20 metres; M: mowing once a year in May; MS: mowing twice a year in May and September; S: mowing once a year in September; C: abandoned).
Figure 4 from: Kenyeres Z, Szentirmai I (2017) Effects of different mowing regimes on orthopterans of Central-European mesic hay meadows. Journal of Orthoptera Research 26: 29-37. https://doi.org/10.3897/jor.26.14549
Figure 4 - Box-plots (median values with minimum, maximum and ±SE) of species richness, adult density (specimen/m2) and Shannon diversity of orthopterans in four treatment types (mowing once a year in May; mowing twice a year in May and September; mowing once a year in September; abandoned) in June (Jn), July (Jl) and August (Ag). Significant (p<0.05) differences detected by Mann-Whitney U test are indicated by different letters.
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