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9 results for “hemiparasitic plant”
Data for: Local adaptation of a generalist hemiparasitic plant to one of its potential host plants
<p>Coevolution is often found in parasite-host interactions but has not yet been described for hemiparasitic plants and their hosts. Root hemiparasites like <em>Rhinanthus alectorolophus</em> perform photosynthesis but also parasitize other plant species, some of which (e.g. <em>Plantago lanceolata</em>) may defend themselves against parasite attack by blocking the haustoria of the parasites. We grew seedlings of the hemiparasite <em>Rhinanthus alectorolophus</em> and the potential host <em>Plantago lanceolata</em> from seven grassland sites in a factorial design. To detect differences in host defence, we also included hosts from two 'naïve' populations from regions where the parasite does not occur.<em> R. alectorolophus</em> grew consistently larger and had higher fitness with sympatric than with allopatric hosts, suggesting parasite adaptation to local host populations. Moreover, <em>R. alectorolophus</em> remained smallest with allopatric hosts from the same region and reached intermediate sizes with allopatric hosts from other regions or naïve hosts, suggesting host adaptation to parasites at the regional scale. Parasite presence reduced the size of the host plants already after four weeks, but only that of hosts with 'experience' of the parasite, suggesting an early host response. Follow-up experiments confirmed that parasites attach to hosts already after four weeks and hosts respond by changing belowground allocation patterns. However, parasite roots did not preferentially grow towards sympatric hosts. Our results suggest that local adaptation to hosts can occur even in generalist parasites and does not require specialization on individual hosts. We discuss the role of potential mechanisms, including variation in chemical signalling (early) and in host defence (late effects).</p>
Data for: Local adaptation of a generalist hemiparasitic plant to one of its potential host plants
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Host age affects the performance of the root hemiparasitic plant Rhinanthus alectorolophus
<p><span>Interactions between root hemiparasitic plants and their hosts are strongly affected by host identity but may also depend on the condition of the host. A</span><span>n important determinant of host quality could be host age, as it may influence host size, allocation patterns, responses to infection, and the strength of competition for light between parasite and host. </span><span>We investigated the effects of host species identity, host age and above-ground separation of hemiparasite and host on the </span><span>interactions between the hemiparasite <em>Rhinanthus</em> <em>alectorolophus</em> and five host species in a factorial experiment. The host species were planted at six different times, from ten weeks before the parasite was planted to four weeks after. </span><span>Host age strongly influenced the performance of the parasite, but these effects also varied among host species. </span><span>Parasites grew largest with hosts planted at the same time or two weeks earlier, but their performance strongly declined both with increasing host age and with the time they grew autotrophically. A large part of the variation due to host age but not of that due to host species identity could be related to the negative influence of host size at the likely time of parasite attachment. The low quality of older hosts was not due to light competition, suggesting that effective exploitation of these hosts was prevented by other factors like harder roots, stronger defence against parasite attack or competition for resources taken up by the host roots. Suppression of host growth by the parasites declined with increasing host age. The results indicate that the choice of host age may influence the results of studies on hemiparasites. They also highlight the importance for annual root hemiparasites of attachment in early spring, i.e. at a time when their mostly perennial hosts produce fresh roots but are still poorly developed above ground.</span></p>
Data from: Suppressing competitive dominants and community restoration with native parasitic plants using the hemiparasitic Rhinanthus alectorolophus and the dominant grass Calamagrostis epigejos
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Host age affects the performance of the root hemiparasitic plant Rhinanthus alectorolophus
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Data from: Hemiparasites can transmit indirect effects from their host plants to herbivores
Parasitic plants can serve as critical intermediaries between their hosts and other organisms; however these relationships are not well understood. To investigate the relative importance of plant traits in such interactions, we studied the role of the root hemiparasite, Castilleja levisecta (Orobanchaceae), as a mediator of interactions between the host plants it parasitizes and the lepidopteran herbivore Euphydryas editha (Nymphalidae), whose caterpillars feed on Castilleja and sequester iridoid glycosides from it. We tested whether the hemiparasite's size, leaf N concentration, and iridoid glycoside concentrations were influenced by the identity of its host plant, and then whether these traits influenced outcomes for the herbivore. We found that the hemiparasite's size and leaf N depended on the host it parasitized, and these traits in turn affected outcomes for E. editha. Specifically, Euphydryas editha survival increased with hemiparasite size and caterpillar mass increased with leaf N; caterpillars with greater mass were more likely to survive during diapause. We also found preliminary evidence that host identity influenced iridoid glycoside sequestration by the herbivore. Mean iridoid glycoside concentrations in caterpillars ranged from 1-12% depending on the host being parasitized by Castilleja. This study demonstrates that root parasitism can result in strong indirect effects on higher trophic levels, influencing organisms' survival, growth, and chemical interactions.
Supplementary material 1 from: Těšitelová T, Knotková K, Knotek A, Cempírková H, Těšitel J (2024) Root hemiparasites suppress invasive alien clonal plants: evidence from a cultivation experiment. NeoBiota 90: 97-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.113069
Supplementary information
Supplementary material 2 from: Těšitelová T, Knotková K, Knotek A, Cempírková H, Těšitel J (2024) Root hemiparasites suppress invasive alien clonal plants: evidence from a cultivation experiment. NeoBiota 90: 97-121. https://doi.org/10.3897/neobiota.90.113069
Primary data table
Data from: Hemiparasites can transmit indirect effects from their host plants to herbivores
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