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Fig. 15 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 15. Hemipenis of Anadia ocellata. Field-everted left organ of AMNH R-129779. Left: sulcate side. Center: lateral view, turned with sulcate side facing to right. Right: asulcate side. MPAF, medioproximal asulcate spinulate flounces; SB, branch of sulcus spermaticus; SF, spinulate flounces; SS, sulcus spermaticus. Scale line 5 1 mm.

Fig. 14 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 14. Hemipenis of Anadia blakei Schmidt. Manually everted right organ of EBRG 2746, showing distal part of sulcate side; inset at top shows lateral view of left lobe. On the asulcate side of the hemipenis (not shown), the spinulate branches of the chevrons extend transversely across the organ as medioproximal flounces below a large nude area. (The more basal section of this hemipenis was not recovered; see text.) Abbreviations: CAV, concavity holding terminus of sulcus-spermaticus branch; CON, convexity behind the concavity; EAR, earlike structure proximal to the convexity; PT, papillate tips at apices of each lobe; SB, branch of sulcus spermaticus; SF, spinulate flounces; SS, sulcus spermaticus. Scale line 5 1 mm.

Fig. 12 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 12. Anadia blakei Schmidt. Dorsal and ventral views of male specimen (EBRG 2746) from Cerro Humo, Peninsula de Paria, Estado Sucre. Scale line 5 10 mm.

Fig. 9 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 9. Anadia escalerae, new species. Dorsal and ventral views of female holotype (EBRG 1998), showing habitus and color pattern in preservative. Scale line 5 10 mm.

Fig. 3 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 3. Euspondylus auyanensis, new species. Dorsal, and ventral views of holotype, showing habitus and color pattern in preservative. Scale line 5 10 mm.

Fig. 8 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 8. Anadia escalerae, new species. Lateral, dorsal, and ventral views of head of holotype (EBRG 1998). Unusual scales (gray tone in drawings) include fourth sublabial in contact with lip and azygous scale between paired prefrontals. Scalation of lower eyelid not shown in drawing because of desiccation and distortion; white areas in ventral view reflect insect damage. Scale lines 5 5 mm.

Fig. 11 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 11. Two microteiids showing typical habitus of the genus Anadia sensu stricto. Upper: A. ocellata Gray—the generic type species. An adult male from western Panama (AMNH R-114306, upper Río Chiriquí, Chiriquí, 1000 m). Lower: A. vittata Boulenger. An adult male from northwestern Colombia (AMNH R-124007, Puerto Mutis, Bahia Solano, Chocó). (From transparencies by C. W. Myers).

Fig. 6 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 6. Euspondylus auyanensis, new species. The left everted hemipenis of holotype. Left: sulcate side. Center: lateral view, turned with sulcate side facing to left. Right: asulcate side. (Photographs by R. C. Jadin).

Fig. 5 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 5. Euspondylus auyanensis, new species. Subpelvic region of holotype, showing preanal scales and large femoral pores. (Photograph by R. C. Jadin).

Fig. 4 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 4. Euspondylus auyanensis, new species. Trunk of holotype in lateral view (head to right), showing scalation at midbody, X4.6. Small lateral scales are smooth and juxtaposed, contrasted to the larger keeled, weakly imbricate dorsals and stilllarger smooth, subimbricate ventrals. Scale line 5 1 mm.

Fig. 7 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 7. Euspondylus auyanensis, new species. Apical view of the right everted (in situ) hemipenis of the holotype, showing complex folding of tissue. The two lobes are more closely appressed than in the left organ (fig. 6), probably because of maximal inflation pressure coupled with tension in the major retractor muscle. The following structures also are visible in figure 6 (left side): H, ''hood;'' R, rim of collar around ''basin'' (for impeding flow of seminal fluid?); SF, spinulate flounces; SS, sulcus spermaticus (distal branches not visible). Scale line 5 1 mm.

Fig. 1 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 1. Euspondylus auyanensis, new species. The male holotype (MNHN 1999.4799) in life. (Photograph by J.-C. de Massary).

Fig. 13 in New Species of Lizards from Auyantepui and La Escalera in the Venezuelan Guayana, with Notes on ''Microteiid'' Hemipenes (Squamata: Gymnophthalmidae)

Fig. 13. Anadia blakei Schmidt. Views of the female holotype (FMNH 17795), showing habitus and color pattern in preservative. Scale line 5 10 mm. (Photographs courtesy of Alan Resetar, Field Museum of Natural History).

Fig. 40 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 40. Boaedon fuliginosus (Boie), sphenoid bone from AMNH R-11996, ×8.7. A. Ventral (external) side. B. Dorsal (intracranial) side. Abbreviations: aac, anterior orifice of abducens canal (opening into Vidian canal); aoVc, anterior orifice of Vidian canal for the conjoined VII palatine and V4 levator bulbi nerves; imc, intermuscular crest, between deep and superficial heads of the protractor pterygoideus; pac, posterior orifice of abducens canal; poVc, posterior orifice of Vidian canal, shared by carotid artery and VII palatine; pvc, pituitary vein canal, also for entry of V4 levator bulbi into the cavum epiptericum; sfs, feebly developed suborbital flange, which barely extends lateral to the sphenoid-parietal contact and is medial to the retractor vomeris; tr, pit for trabecular cartilage; Vc, Vidian canal, an unroofed grove containing the joined VII palatine and V4 levator bulbi (retractor pterygoideus or mammalian deep petrosal) nerves, which together form a Vidian nerve, sensu stricto.

Fig. 38 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 38. Relationships of lateral levator bulbi (lbl) and medial levator bulbi (lbm) muscles to the Vidian nerve (vn) in some elethinophidian snakes: A. Acrochordus granulatus (AMNH R-14185); B. Tropidophis melanurus (AMNH R-82878); C. Loxocemus bicolor (AMNH R-99151); D. Ungaliophis continentalis (AMNH R-93813); E. Anilius scytale (AMNH R-54986); F. Python molurus (AMNH R- 3224); G. Calabaria reinhardtii (AMNH R-11718); H. Nerodia cyclopion (Carolina Biological Supply Co.). Other abbreviations: lp, levator pterygoideus; pp, protractor pterygoideus; pq, protractor quadrati.

Fig. 37 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 37. Diagrams of the braincase, with parietal bone attached, showing the pathways of trigeminal and facial nerve branches. A. Ctenosaura, a generalized lizard (after Oelrich, 1956, and a specimen from Carolina Biological Supply Co.). B. An alethinophidian snake (simplified and composite, but essentially as in Python). Abbreviations: bp, basipterygoid process; cr, communicating ramus between levator bulbi nerves and palatine ramus of the facial nerve; lbm, levator bulbi muscle (retractor arcus palatini and retractor vomeris muscles in snake); PA, parietal bone; vn, Vidian nerve in strict sense of mammalian anatomy, formed from conjoined palatine ramus of facial nerve and levator bulbi (deep petrosal) nerve; V1, deep ophthalmic ramus of trigeminal nerve; V2, maxillary ramus of trigeminal nerve; V3, mandibular ramus of trigeminal nerve; V41b, levator bulbi nerve (probably homologous to the mammalian deep petrosal nerve); V41p, levator pterygoideus nerve; V4pp, protractor pterygoideus nerve; VIIh, hyomandibular ramus of facial nerve; VIIp, palatine ramus of facial nerve (homologous to the greater superficial petrosal nerve of mammals).

Fig. 36 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 36. Xenodon rabdocephalus (Wied, 1824). Left. One of two unnumbered folio plates showing ''Coluber rabdocephalus'' in the Abbildungen zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens (Wied, 1827 [1822–1831], Lief. 10). Right. Same specimen, now AMNH R-3609, lectotype by present designation. This specimen suffered some decomposition in the past, with the body becoming very soft and breaking completely in two parts (arrows show place of break). Telling points of resemblance between painting and specimen are numbered: 1. Longitudinal white line on neck, terminating Y-shaped at first dorsal crossband; 2–6. Anterior and posterior pale edges of dorsal crossbands, showing both resemblances and minor copying errors; asterisk (*) denotes the undivided anal plate. The resemblance between the painting and specimen is very close, allowing for the inevitable accumulated copying errors (i.e., Wied's original pen-and-ink watercolor was copied from life and it in turn was copied by an artist for the published plate).

Fig. 35 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 35. One of two unnumbered folio plates labeled ''Coluber rabdocephalus'' in the Abbildungen zur Naturgeschichte Brasiliens by Wied (1827 [1822–1831], Lief. 10). The specimen portrayed is no longer extant; it would be a syntype by modern standards.

Fig. 27. A, B in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 27. A, B. Hemipenis of Enulius flavitorques in sulcate and asulcate view. Left organ of AMNH R- 107406, measuring 6.5 mm from base to crown between apical projections, which are about 2.5 mm long. C. Hemipenis of ''Enuliophis'' sclateri, roughly ×6.3. From McCranie and Villa (1993: fig. 1, ''organ 10.6 mm'').

Fig. 31 in New Taxa And Cryptic Species Of Neotropical Snakes (Xenodontinae), With Commentary On Hemipenes As Generic And Specific Characters

Fig. 31. Xenodon rabdocephalus, sensu lato. Living specimens from widely separated parts of its geographic range. A. A juvenile from eastern Panama (Darién, Río Jaque´, 1.5 km above Río Imamadó, 50 m; AMNH R-113392; tentatively assigned to X. angustirostris W. Peters; compare juvenile in figure 30B from western Colombia). B. An adult from Venezuela (Tapirapeco Expedition base camp, 150 m, upper Río Mavaca, Amazonas; AMNH R-134207. Not assigned to species; X. ''rabdocephalus'' barely enters Venezuela.) Photographs by C.W. Myers.