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171 results for “hermaphroditism”
Data from: Unisexual flowers as a resolution to intralocus sexual conflict in hermaphrodites
<p>In dioecious populations, males and females may evolve different trait values to increase fitness through their respective sexual functions. Because the two sexual functions are expressed by the same individual in hermaphroditic populations, resolving sexual conflict is potentially more difficult. Here, we show that the modularity of plants may allow hermaphrodites to resolve sexual conflict because modules with different genders can promote fitness through their specialized sexual functions by expressing a correspondingly optimal trait value. We analyzed the flowering phenology, sex allocation, and selection gradients on floral traits of flowers of the andromonoecious plant <em>Pulsatilla alpina</em>, which produces both bisexual and male flowers. Our results indicate that strong protogyny prevents early bisexual flowers from profiting from high siring opportunities early in the reproductive season at a time when male flowers are able to achieve high siring success. Andromonoecy therefore resolves sexual conflict experienced by bisexual flowers in strongly protogynous populations. Our study illustrates the resolution of sexual conflict arising from phenological constraints via modular divergence in sex allocation. We discuss the extent to which modular variation in sex allocation in species with other sexual systems involving bisexuality may be explained similarly.</p>
Establishment of a Spermatogonial Stem Cell Line with Potential of Meiosis in a Hermaphroditic Fish, Epinephelus coioides
<p>Figure S1. Cell localization of ly75, thy1, and dmc1 in adult testis of orange-spotted grouper. (A-C) Antisense probe signals of ly75, thy1, and dmc1. (D-F) Sense probe signals of ly75, thy1, and dmc1. Sg, Spermatogonium; Sc, Spermatocyte; St, spermatid. Scale Bars: 20 μm.</p> <p>Figure S2. Fluorescent immunostaining of antibodies in adult testis of orange-spotted grouper. (A-D and M-O) Fluorescence signals of Piwi, Dazl, Ssea1, Nanog, PCNA, Sycp3, and Dmc1. (E-H and P-R) Nuclei are counterstained with PI. (I-L and S-U) Merge images. Sg, Spermatogonium; Sc, Spermatocyte; St, spermatid; Sz, spermatozoa. Scale Bars: 20 μm.</p> <p>Figure S3. Derivation of a single colony from a single cell of GPT line. (A) A small colony after five days of culture. (B) A distinct colony after 10 days of culture. (C) A large colony containing hundreds of cells after 20 days of culture. Scale Bars: 20 μm in A; 50 μm in B; 200 μm in C.</p> <p>Figure S4. Prolonged cultivation of GPT cells under the lack of bFGF. (A-D) All GPT cells would differentiate into large epithelial-like cells and gradually die out during 25 days of culture under the lack of bFGF, LIF, and SCF (-/-). (E-H, J-M, and O-R) GPT cells consisted of some polygonal-like cells and many epithelial-like cells during 25 days of culture in the ESM media containing SCF and/or LIF. (I, N and S) All GPT cells transformed into very large epithelial-like cells and gradually died after 35 days of culture in the ESM media containing SCF and/or LIF. Scale Bars: 50 μm.</p> <p>Figure S5. Morphology of GPT cells under a condition of high cell confluence. (A) GPT cells were cultured for 14 days without subculture and (B) generated a few spherical cells (Arrows). Scale Bars: 50 μm in A; 20 μm in B.</p> <p>Figure S6. Establishment of a GPT cell line stably expressing green fluorescence protein. (A-C) Bright-field image, fluorescent image, and merged image of GPT cells after 48 hours of culture following electrotransfection with pEGFP-N3 plasmid. (D-F) Bright-field image, fluorescent image, and merged image of GPT cells after G418 resistance screening. Scale Bars: 200 μm in A-C; 100 μm in D-F.</p>
Sperm competition favours intermediate sperm size in a hermaphrodite
<div> <p>Sperm competition is a potent mechanism of post-copulatory sexual selection that has been found to shape reproductive morphologies and behaviours in promiscuous animals. Especially sperm size has been argued to evolve in response to sperm competition through its effect on sperm longevity, sperm motility, the ability to displace competing sperm and ultimately fertilization success. Additionally, sperm size has been observed to co-evolve with female reproductive morphology. Theoretical work predicts that sperm competition may select for longer sperm but may also favour shorter sperm if sperm size trades off with number. In this study, we studied the relationship between sperm size and post-mating success in the free-living flatworm, <em>Macrostomum lignano</em>. Specifically, we used inbred isolines of <em>M. lignano </em>that varied in sperm size to investigate how sperm size translated into the ability of worms to transfer and deposit sperm in a mating partner. Our results revealed a hump-shaped relationship with individuals producing sperm of intermediate size having highest sperm competitiveness. This finding broadens our understanding of the evolution of sperm morphology by providing empirical support for stabilizing selection on sperm size under sperm competition.</p> </div>
Fig. 11 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 11. Male pleon of three new species of Parasesarma from southern Taiwan. (A) P. aurifrons n. sp., holotype male (10.4 × 8.5 mm) (NCHUZOOL 15602); (B) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype male (14.1 × 12.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 15625); (C) P. gemmatum n. sp., holotype male (15.7 × 13.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 15639). Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
Fig. 12 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 12. Coloration in life. (A, B) Parasesarma lenzii (De Man, 1895), male (CW about 15 mm, not collected) from Tanzih Fishing Port, Hengchun, Pingtung, Taiwan; (C, D) P. dumacense (Rathbun, 1914), male (23.9 × 19.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 16088) from Dongsha Island, Taiwan.
Fig. 7 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 7. (A, B, E, F) Parasesarma sanguimanus n. sp., holotype male (15.2 × 13.0 mm, NCHUZOOL 15623), southern Taiwan; (I, J) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype male (18.4 × 15.0 mm, ZRC 2019.1080), southern Taiwan; (K) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype female (13.8 × 11.6 mm, NCHUZOOL 15627), southern Taiwan; (C, D, G, H) P. cricotus (Rahayu and Davie, 2002) (male, 19.2 × 15.0 mm, MZB), Papua, Indonesia. A, C, dorsal views; B, D, frontal views; E, F, left chela; G, H, right chela; I, J, left G1; K, vulvae. E, G, outer views; E, F, dorsal (sternal) views; I, ventral (pleonal) view; J, dorsal (sternal) view.
Fig. 3. Parasesarma aurifrons n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 3. Parasesarma aurifrons n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A–D) holotype male (10.4 × 8.5 mm, NCHUZOOL 15602); (E–F) paratype male (14.2 × 10.9 mm, ZRC 2019.1075); (G) paratype female (13.8 × 11.2 mm, NCHUZOOL 15609). A, dorsal view; B, frontal view; C, D, right chela; E, F, left G1; G, vulvae. C, outer view; D, inner view; E, ventral (pleonal) view; F, dorsal (sternal) view.
Fig. 4 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 4. Occurrence of N. indica in pairs with different life cycle stage combinations. M/F: male-female (89.17%; 717/804), male-transitional (7.46%; 60/804), female-juvenile (0.37%; 3/804), juvenile-male (0.62%; 5/804), male-male (0.12%; 1/804), female-transitional (0.49%; 4/804), juvenile-juvenile (0.12%; 1/804), and female-female (1.61%; 13/804).
Fig. 2 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 2. Infection by N. indica – site of attachment, tissue damage, and adaptations for clinging to the host fish. A, Male-Female (ñ -ò) pair in the gill chamber (branchial cavity) of R. kanagurta; B, juvenile-ò pair; C, Manca-II (first infective stage); D and E. damaged gill chamber (arrow) and gills due to the infection of N. indica; F, gill of uninfected fish j- Juvenile, m-manca-I. G, male pereopods; H, female pereopods; I, mouthpart complex.
Fig. 7 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 7. Seasonal variation in the prevalence of N. indica along the Malabar Coast of Kerala. Overall variations among the three seasons was statistically shown using one-way ANOVA (** p = 0.0011). Paired t-test of prevalence between monsoon/post-monsoon and winter seasons (ns-no significance; p = 0.0983) and paired t-test of prevalence at pre-summer/summer vs monsoon/post-monsoon were significantly different (p = 0.0293).
Fig. 6 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 6. Parasesarma obliquefrons (Rathbun, 1924), holotype male (12.8 × 11.3 mm) (USNM 45913a), Samoa. (A) left G1 (dorsal view); (B) distal part of left G1 (dorsal view); (C) left G1 (ventral view); (D) distal part of left G1 (ventral view); (E) left G2. Scale bars: A, C, E = 1.0 mm; B, D = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 10. Parasesarma gemmatum n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 10. Parasesarma gemmatum n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A, C–F, H) paratype male (14.8 × 12.4 mm) (NCHUZOOL 15532); (B, G) holotype male (15.7 × 13.1 mm) (NCHUZOOL 15639); (F) paratype female (14.2 × 11.7 mm, NCHUZOOL 15640). A, carapace; B, C, right dactylar finger; D, E, left G1; F, left vulvae; G, H, pleon. A–C, dorsal views; D, F, G, H, dorsal (sternal) view; E, ventral (pleonal) view. Scale bars: A–C, F–H = 1.0 mm; D, E = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 9. Parasesarma gemmatum n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 9. Parasesarma gemmatum n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A, B, E, F) paratype male (14.8 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15532); (C, D) paratype female (14.4 × 10.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15531); (G, H,) paratype male (15.0 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15707); (I) paratype female (12.8 × 10.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15641). A, C, dorsal views; B, D, ventral views; E, F, right chelipeds; G, H, left G1; I, vulvae. E, outer view; F, inner view; G, ventral (pleonal) view; H, dorsal (sternal) view.
Fig. 13. A in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 13. A Bayesian inference (BI) tree for species of Parasesarma, based on the cytochrome c oxidase subunit I (COI) gene. Probability values at the nodes represent support values for BI and maximum likelihood (ML). For haplotype names, see table 1.
Fig. 1 in Fig. 3 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 1. Life cycle stages of N. indica recovered from R. kanagurta. ES-1, ES-II, and ES-III: Eggs undergoing embryonic development; Manca-I and Manca-II: larval stages; male, transitional, and female: adult stages.
Fig. 8 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 8. (A–C) Parasesarma sanguimanus n. sp., holotype male (15.2 × 13.0 mm, NCHUZOOL 15623), southern Taiwan; (D) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype female (12.0 × 9.8 mm, NCHUZOOL 15631), southern Taiwan; (E, F) P. cricotus (Rahayu & Davie, 2002), male (19.2 × 15.0 mm, MZB), Papua, Indonesia; (G) P. cricotus (Rahayu & Davie, 2002), female (16.9 × 3.5 mm, MZB), Papua, Indonesia. A, B, E, left dactylar finger; C, F, left G1s ventral (pleonal) views; D, G, left vulvae. A, outer view; B, E, dorsal views. Scale bars = 1.0 mm.
Fig. 2 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 2. Colour in life of three new species of Parasesarma from southern Taiwan in the field. (A–D) P. aurifrons n. sp. (specimens not collected); (E) P. sanguimanus n. sp. (specimen not collected); (F) P. gemmatum n. sp. (paratype male, 14.8 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15532). A, B, E, on riverbed from Gangkou R. estuary; C, D, climbing on vegetations (Gangkou R. estuary, Pingtung, Taiwan); F, climbing on an eroded coral reef under a coastal forest (east coast to Tanzih Fishing Port, Pingtung, Taiwan).
Fig. 5 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 5. Parasesarma obliquefrons (Rathbun, 1924), holotype male (12.8 × 11.3 mm) (USNM 45913a), Samoa. (A) dorsal view; (B) frontal view; (C) ventral view; (D) left chela; (E) dorsal view of right chela; (F) dorsal view of left dactylar finger.
Fig. 4. Parasesarma aurifrons n in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 4. Parasesarma aurifrons n. sp., southern Taiwan. (A–E) holotype male (10.4 × 8.5 mm, NCHUZOOL 15602); (F) paratype female (13.8 × 11.2 mm, NCHUZOOL 15609). A, carapace dorsal view; B–D, right chela; E, left G1 dorsal (sternal) view; F, left vulva. B, outer view; C, dorsal view of palm and dactylar finger; D, lateral view of pectinated cristae on palm. Scale bars: A–C, E, F = 1.0 mm; D = 0.5 mm.
Fig. 1 in Fig. 1. Norileca indica and its protandrous hermaphroditic reproductive system. A in Chloeia incerta de Quatrefages 1866
Fig. 1. Colour in life of three new species of Parasesarma from southern Taiwan. (A, B) P. aurifrons n. sp., paratype male (12.4 × 10.2 mm, NCHUZOOL 15610); (C, D) P. sanguimanus n. sp., paratype male (17.6 × 15.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 15626); (E, G) P. gemmatum n. sp., holotype male (15.7 × 13.1 mm, NCHUZOOL 15639); (F) P. gemmatum n. sp., paratype female (14.8 × 12.4 mm, NCHUZOOL 15532). A, C, E, F, dorsal views; B, D, G, ventral views.
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