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104 results for “heterotrophs”
Soil nitrogen availability vs. acidification: effects on soil respiration, heterotrophic respiration, and soil physicochemical properties in mixed temperate forests in central New York, USA (2019-2022)
In 2011, an experimental nitrogen x pH manipulation study was initiated in mixed temperate forests in central New York, USA to disentangle the often-confounded roles of nitrogen (N) and soil pH in driving various ecosystem processes. This data package contains soil physicochemical properties (soil pH, resin available nitrogen), soil temperature, in situ soil respiration, and heterotrophic respiration measured from laboratory incubations of soils collected from experimental plots. Soil pH was measured both pre-treatment (2009-2010) and after 8 and 11 years of experimental treatment. All other properties were measured between 9 and 12 years after treatment initiation.
Heterotrophic Respiration from Nine Nutrient Network Grasslands in North America
This experiment tracks the response of soil heterotrophic respiration (i.e., soil organic matter decomposition), enzyme expression, and microbial biomass in nine US grasslands participating in the globally-distributed Nutrient Network. At Cedar Creek, as in over 70 other sites in grasslands around the world, the experiment aims to describe impacts of increased nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, sulfur and other metals) and decreased herbivory (removal of mammals by fencing). Two overarching questions are being explored with these manipulations: 1. To what extent are plant production and diversity co-limited by multiple nutrients in herbaceous-dominated communities? 2. Under what conditions do grazers or fertilization control plant biomass, diversity, and composition? By utilizing identical protocols at diverse grassland sites around the world, NutNet aims to uncover both the generalities in ecosystem functioning, and the contingencies or differences which can obscure those common mechanisms. In addition to the standard NutNet protocol, e247 includes an additional low Nitrogen gradient (1 gram Nitrogen per meter squared per year and 5 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year in addition to the standard 10 grams Nitrogen per meter squared per year). These samples in the present dataset were collected at the same time as soil and plant samples for https://doi.org/10.6073/pasta/7f984c2ed9e63754577ee711e6d74a6e.
Abundance, biovolume, and biomass of Synechococcus, eukaryote pico- and nano- phytoplankton, and heterotrophic bacteria from flow cytometry for water column bottle samples on NES-LTER Transect cruises, ongoing since 2018
These data represent the abundance, biovolume, and biomass of prokaryotic phytoplankton, eukaryotic pico- and nano- phytoplankton, and heterotrophic bacteria from discrete flow cytometry samples collected during the Northeast U.S. Shelf Long-Term Ecological Research (NES-LTER) Transect cruises, ongoing since 2018. Samples were collected and preserved from the water column at multiple depths using Niskin bottles on a CTD rosette system along the NES-LTER transect, and analyzed post cruise. Cells were identified and enumerated from the flow cytometry data files based on their scattering, SYBR (525 nm), phycoerythrin (575 nm) and chlorophyll (680 nm) fluorescence signals. Gating was completed manually in the Attune NXT software interface.
Lineage and role in integrative taxonomy of a heterotrophic orchid complex
<p>Lineage-based species definitions applying coalescent approaches to species delimitation have become increasingly popular. Yet, the application of these methods and the recognition of lineage-only definitions have recently been questioned. Species delimitation criteria that explicitly consider both lineages and evidence for ecological ‘role’ shifts provide an opportunity to incorporate ecologically meaningful data from multiple sources in studies of species boundaries. Here, such criteria were applied to a problematic group of mycoheterotrophic orchids, the <em>Corallorhiza striata</em> complex, analyzing genomic, morphological, phenological, reproductive-mode, niche, and fungal host data. A recently developed method for generating genomic polymorphism data–ISSRseq–demonstrates evidence for four distinct lineages, including a previously unidentified lineage in the Coast Ranges and Cascades of California and Oregon, USA. There is divergence in morphology, phenology, reproductive mode, and fungal associates among the four lineages. Integrative analyses, conducted in population assignment and redundancy analysis frameworks, provide evidence of distinct genomic lineages and a similar pattern of divergence in the ‘extended’ data, albeit with weaker signal. However, none of the ‘extended’ datasets fully satisfy the condition of a significant ‘role’ shift, which requires evidence of fixed differences. The four lineages identified in the current study are recognized at the level of variety, short of comprising different species. This study represents the most comprehensive application of ‘lineage+role’ to date and illustrates the advantages of such an approach.</p>
Effects of nutrients and organic carbon on the relative proportion of primary producers (microalgae) and heterotrophic decomposers (bacteria and fungi) during aquatic biofilm development in boreal peatland located near Fairbanks Alaska - 2018
1. Producer-decomposer interactions within aquatic biofilms can range from mutualistic associations to competition depending on available resources. The outcomes of such interactions have implications for biogeochemical cycling, and as such, may be especially important in northern peatlands, which are a global carbon sink and are expected to experience changes in resource availability with climate change. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of nutrients and organic carbon on the relative proportion of primary producers (microalgae) and heterotrophic decomposers (bacteria and fungi) during aquatic biofilm development in a boreal peatland. Given that decomposers are often better competitors for nutrients than primary producers in aquatic ecosystems, we predicted that labile carbon subsidies would shift the biofilm composition towards heterotrophy owing to the ability of decomposers to outcompete primary producers for available nutrients in the absence of carbon limitation. 2. We manipulated nutrients (nitrate and phosphate) and organic carbon (glucose) in a full factorial design using nutrient-diffusing substrates in an Alaskan fen. 3. Heterotrophic bacteria were limited by organic carbon and algae were limited by inorganic nutrients. However, the outcomes of competitive interactions depended on background nutrient levels. Heterotrophic bacteria were able to outcompete algae for available nutrients when organic carbon was elevated and nutrient levels remained low, but not when organic carbon and nutrients were both elevated through enrichment. 4. Fungal biomass was significantly lower in the presence of glucose alone, possibly owing to antagonistic interactions with heterotrophic bacteria. In contrast to bacteria, fungi were stimulated along with algae following nutrient enrichment. 5. The decoupling of algae and heterotrophic bacteria in the presence of glucose alone shifted the biofilm trophic status towards heterotrophy. This effect was overturned
Fig. 2 in The Acquisition of Plastids/Phototrophy in Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates
Fig. 2. Variation in degree of reduction of the retained endosymbiont or organelles in dinoflagellates with acquired phototrophy. Black thick lines: plasma membrane; Blue circles: a single membrane of unknown origin that separates the cryptophyte cytoplasm from the dinoflagellate cytoplasm; Red circles: digestive vacuole (= food vacuole). A – green Noctiluca scintillans harboring an intact cell of the prasinophyte Pedinomonas noctilucae; B–D – the three cases where the mechanism for acquisition of organelles by dinoflagellates is known; B – Amphidinium poecilochroum. The ingested cryptophyte organelles are encircled by a single membrane of unknown origin, and then are actively transferred to and digested in a digestive vacuole in the order of the numbers indicated; C – Gymnodinium acidotum (= G. aeruginosum). In the dinoflagellate, the cryptophyte's Golgi body (indicated in grey color) was degenerated. The cryptophyte nucleus and nucleomorph (indicated by dotted lines) were present in some cells, but not in other cells. In the dinoflagellate, a peduncle has been identified (Wilcox and Wedemayer 1984, Farmer and Roberts 1990), but it is not clear whether the peduncle feeding is actually involved in the ingestion process (Fields and Rhodes 1991). As in A. poecilochroum, the ingested cryptophyte organelles are encircled by a single membrane; D – Dinophysis spp. The arrow means that the plastids escape from the food vacuole and move to the cytoplasm of the dinoflagellate; E–G – cases where the mechanism for acquisition of cryptophyte organelles remains unknown. The plastids and other organelles may originate from a series of events leading to acquisition and subsequent degeneration of a whole-cell endosymbiont (i.e., an intact cryptophyte symbiont – E, F or G), or may be acquired as organelles via predation (i.e., kleptoplastidy; an ingested cryptophyte partially digested to give states shown in E, F or G); E – Amphidinium latum and Gymnodinium myriopyrenoides; F – Amylax triacantha. According to Koike and Takishita (2008), a single Amylax cell had 14 cryptophyte vestiges, of which only one was found to contain a cryptophyte nucleus (indicated by dotted line). The presence of a Golgi body and exectosome was not confirmed (indicated by question marks); G – Amphidinium wigrense retaining only plastids of cryptophyte origin.
Fig. 1 in The Acquisition of Plastids/Phototrophy in Heterotrophic Dinoflagellates
Fig. 1. Light micrographs of some dinoflagellates with acquired phototrophy. A – Amphisolenia bidentata (micrograph provided by Niels Daugbjerg); B – green Noctiluca scintillans (micrograph provided by Ken Furuya); C – Amphidinium poecilochroum; D – Gymnodinium eucyaneum (micrograph provided by Guoxiang Liu); E – Cryptoperidiniopsis sp.; F – Gymnodinium myriopyrenoides; G – undescribed Antarctic dinoflagellate (micrograph provided by C. Grier Sellers); H – Dinophysis caudata; I – Amylax triacantha; J – Dinophysis acuminata; K – Dinophysis fortii.
Fig. 3 in Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates Lakes in Turkey (Protista) from Two Hypersaline
Fig. 3. (a) Ancyromonas sigmoides, (b) Caecitellus parvulus, (c) Cafeteria roenbergensis, (d) Cantina marsupialis, (e) Chelonemonas sp., (f) Codosiga botrytis, (g) Carpediemonas membranifera, (h) Neobodo curvifilus, (i) Neobodo designis, (j) Neobodo saliens, (k) unidentified protist, (l)-(m) Pleurostomum flabellatum, (n) Rhyncomonas nasuta, (o) Monosiga brevicollis, (p) Salpingoeca marina, (q) Pendulomonas adriperis, (r) Halocafeteria seosinensis. All micrographs are DIC images. Scale bar in (k) represents for all figures.
Fig. 2 in Free-living Heterotrophic Flagellates Lakes in Turkey (Protista) from Two Hypersaline
Fig. 2. (a) Ancyromonas sigmoides, (b) Neobodo curvifilus, (c) Chelonemonas sp., (d) Carpediemonas membranifera, (e) Caecitellus parvulus, (f) Codosiga botrytis, (g) Cafeteria roenbergensis, (h) Pleurostomum flabellatum, (i) Rhynchomonas nasuta, (j) Salpingoeca marina, (k) Pendulomonas adriperis, (l) Neobodo saliens, (m) unidentified protist, (n) Neobodo designis, (o) Monosiga brevicollis, (p) Halocafeteria seosinensis, (q) Cantina marsupialis.
Fig. 5 in Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Sediments of Gippsland Basin, South-Eastern Australia
Fig. 5. Dendrogram showing the Bray-Curtis similarity (%) between the communities from 41 habitats; taxonomic information based on species. Species data used for this analysis were from Lee and Patterson (1998), Al-Qassab et al. (2002), Lee et al. (2003, 2005), Lee (2002b, 2006a, b, 2008, 2012), Schroeckh et al. (2003), Aydin and Lee (2012) and the present study. MB – marine benthic habitats, MP – marine planktonic habitats, FB – freshwater benthic habitats, FP – freshwater planktonic habitats. * indicates Australian sites.
Fig. 2. a in Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Sediments of Gippsland Basin, South-Eastern Australia
Fig. 2. a – Chilomastix cuspidata, showing general appearance of cell; b – Goniomonas amphinema, showing general appearance of cell; c – G. pacifica, note two flagella diverging; d – Percolomonas similis, note ventral groove; e – Bodo platyrhynchus; f – Neobodo curvifilus; g – N. saliens; h–i – Hemistasia phaeocysticola, note a papillum (arrow); j – Bordnamonas tropicana, showing general appearance and mouth (arrow); k – Rhynchomonas nasuta; l–o – Rhynchobodo simius; l – tubular ingestion organelle (arrow); m, o – showing groove; n – general appearance of cell; p–q – Rhynchopus amitus; r–s – Spironema multiciliatum; t – Amastigomonas debruynei, general appearance of cell; u – Amastigomonas mutabilis, note anterior flagellum projecting from sleeve and recurrent flagellum; v – Apusomonas sp.; w – Psammosa unguis nov. comb., general appearance of cell; x–y – Mantamonas plastica; x – note anterior flagellum (arrow) and y – ventral depression. All micrographs are DIC images. Scale bar: 5 µm for all figures.
Fig. 1. a in Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Sediments of Gippsland Basin, South-Eastern Australia
Fig. 1. a – Chilomastix cuspidata, b – Rhynchopus amitus, c – Spironema multiciliatum, d – Psammosa unguis nov. comb., e – Apusomonas sp., f – Rhynchobodo formica, g – Mantamonas plastica, h – Roombia truncata, i – Thaumatomastix setifera, j – Ancyromonas impluvium nov. spec., k – Helkesimastix faecicola, l – Kurnaimonas celeris nov. spec., m – Sinistermonas sinistrorsus nov. spec., n – Kiitoksia kaloista, o – Protist '1'. Scale bar: 10 µm for all figures.
Fig. 4. a in Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Sediments of Gippsland Basin, South-Eastern Australia
Fig. 4. a – Carpediemonas membranifera; b – Kipferlia bialata; c – Discocelis saleuta, note a short flagellum; d – Metopion fluens, showing general appearance of cell, note shorter flagellum (arrow); e–f – Kurnaimonas celeris nov. spec., showing general appearance of cell; g – Pseudophyllomitus granulatus; h – Helkesimastix faecicola, showing general appearance and note short flagellum (arrow); i – Metromonas grandis, showing general appearance of cell and note the folded margin on the left side and short flagellum (arrow); j – Metromonas simplex, showing general appearance of cell and note short flagellum (arrow); k – Kiitoksia kaloista, showing two flagella and note short flagellum (arrow); l – Sinistermonas sinistrorsus nov. spec., showing general appearance of cell, and note flagellar insertion and beating pattern of anterior flagellum; m – Telonema subtilis, showing general appearance; n – Protist '1'. All micrographs are DIC images. Scale bar: 5 µm for all figures.
Fig. 3. a–b in Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Sediments of Gippsland Basin, South-Eastern Australia
Fig. 3. a–b – Rhynchobodo formica; c – Massisteria marina, general appearance of cell showing pseudopodia and flagella (arrow); d–f – Cercomonas sp.; d – note two acronematic flagella; e – general appearance; f – note flagellar orientation; g–h – Roombia truncata, note cell attached to the substrate by the tip of the posterior flagellum and note extrusomes; i – Protaspa obliqua, note anterior protrusion; j–k – Thaumatomastix setifera, note spines around the body; j – general appearance of cell; k – ventral face showing a deep groove and pseudopodia; l–m – Ancyromonas sigmoides of different cells; l – note slightly thick anterior flagellum with acronematic tip and broad rostrum; m – note thick anterior flagellum and acute rostrum; n–p – Ancyromonas impluvium nov. spec., showing general appearance of cell and note flagellar insertion. All micrographs are DIC images with the exceptions of (d) and (p) which are phase contrast images. Scale bar: 5 µm for all figures.
Vertical distribution of heterotrophic nanoflagellates in the Baltic Proper
<p>This dataset contains data on the abundance of prokaryotes, heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF), specific lineages of HNF and environmental factors in the Baltic Sea collected during four cruises of r/v Baltica (National Fisheries Research Institute) in 2021. The Excel file includes six sheets:</p> <ol> <li>The "Parameters-Data" sheet lists all parameters for data presented in the "Data" sheet. Column A (Name) contains the variables names, column B (Unit) contains units in which they were measured, column C (Method/Device) contains information on the methodology, and column D (Comments) contains additional information</li> <li>The "Data" sheet contains data in a wide format for all variables listed in the "Parameters-Data" sheet measured at sampling depths. The first row contains variable names (listed in Column A of the Parameters-Data sheet) with units in square brackets</li> <li>The "Parameter-Size" sheet lists parameters for data presented in the "Size" sheet in the same format as described for the "Parameters-Data" sheet. Starting from row 5 in columns A and B, the number of measured HNF cells for each sample is given </li> <li>The "Size" sheet contains size measurements of HNF in the samples in a long format. The number of cells measured in each sample is provided in the "Parameter-Size" sheet</li> <li>The "Parameters-CTD depth profiles" sheet lists parameters for data presented in the "CTD depth profiles" sheet in the same format as described for the "Parameters-Data" sheet.</li> <li>The "CTD depth profiles" sheet contains full-depth profiles of variables measured with a CTD probe with 1 m resolution.</li> </ol>
Dataset and codes for: Partitioning the apparent temperature sensitivity between autotrophic and heterotrophic protists
<p>Conventional <span>analyses suggest the metabolism of heterotrophs is thermally more sensitive than that of autotrophs, implying that warming leads to pronounced trophodynamic imbalances. However, these analyses inappropriately combine within- and across-taxa trends. We present a novel mathematic framework to separate these, revealing that the higher temperature sensitivity of heterotrophs is mainly caused by within-taxa responses which account for 92% of the difference between autotrophic and heterotrophic protists. This dataset contains both the datasets and R codes of per capita growth rates of autotrophic and heterotrophic protists as well as heterotrophic bacteria and insects.</span></p>
Fig. 5 in Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Intertidal Sediments of the Sydney Region, Australia
Fig. 5. (a) Protaspa verrucosa, note ventral groove. (b) Thaumatomastix sp., general appearance of cell and showing a layer of body scales. (c)–(d) Clautriavia cavus, general appearance of different cells, (c) cell from Lee and Patterson (2000). (e) Gweamonas unicus, note coiled flagellum and flagellar insertion. (f)–(h) Eoramonas jungensis sp. nov., showing general appearance of different cells, note flagellar insertion and beating pattern of anterior flagellum. (i)–(j) Glissandra similis, showing general appearance of different cells, note the ventral groove. (k) Phyllomitus undulans, note two flagella adhering each other, from Lee (2002a). (l)–(m) Protist 1, showing general appearance, note flagellar insertion. (n) Protist 2, showing general appearance, note collar and two emergent flagella. All micrographs are DIC images. Scale bar in (h) = 5 μm for (e)–(h) and in (n) = 10 μm for other figures.
Fig. 4 in Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Intertidal Sediments of the Sydney Region, Australia
Fig. 4. (a)–(b) Rhynchobodo longiciliatus, (a) general appearance of cell, (b) flagellar insertion into pocket. (c)–(d) Cercomonas sp.1, general appearance, note slender anterior part and hyaline cell body. (e)–(f) Cercomonas parva, (e) genera appearance showing a posterior flagellum attached to the body, (f) flexible body. (g)–(h) Cercomonas sp.2, general appearance, note both short flagella and cytoplasms drawn from the posterior part. (i) Cyranomonas australis, showing general appearance of different cells, note flagellar insertion. (j)–(k) Protaspa flexibilis sp. nov., general appearance of different cells, (j) nuclear caps around nucleus. All micrographs are DIC images. Scale bar in (k) = 10 μm for all figures with the exception of (b). Scale bar in (b) = 5 μm.
Fig. 3 in Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Intertidal Sediments of the Sydney Region, Australia
Fig. 3. Apusomonadida, Cercomonadida, Protaspidae, Thaumatomonadidae and Protista incertae sedis. (a) Apusomonas proboscidea, (b) Cercomonas parva, (c) Cercomonas sp.1, (d) Cercomonas sp.2, (e) Protaspa flexibilis sp. nov., (f) Thaumatomastix sp., (g) Eoramonas jungensis sp. nov., (h) Gweamonas unicus, (i) Phyllomitus undulans (from Lee 2002a), (j) Protist 1, (k) Protist 2. Scale bar = 10 μm for all figures.
Fig. 2 in Small Free-Living Heterotrophic Flagellates from Marine Intertidal Sediments of the Sydney Region, Australia
Fig. 2. (a)–(b) Mastigamoeba psammobia, (a) general appearance of cell, note cytoplasms drawn from the posterior end, (b) general appearance of different cell and note pseudopodia. (c) Hexamita inflata, general appearance, note the nucleus. (d) Trepomonas agilis, general appearance of cell. (e) Chilomastix cuspidata, showing general appearance. (f) Stephanopogon sp., showing general appearance. (g) Saepicula pulchra, showing general appearance of cell. (h)–(j) Goniomonas amphinema. (h) Form I, (i) Form II, (j) Form III, note flagellar ar- rangement. (k) Roombia truncata, note attached cell to the substrate by the tip of the posterior flagellum, note extrusomes, surface striations and deep gullet. (l) Telonema subtilis, showing general appearance. (m) Harpagon descissus, general appearance of cell. (n)–(o) Spironema multiciliatum, (n) general appearance of cell, (o) note the kinetics. (p) Psammosa unguis, general appearance of cell. (q) Bicosoeca conica, general appearance of cell. (r) Apusomonas proboscidea, genera appearance of cell, note the V-shaped structure on dorsal face. All micrographs are DIC images except for (b), which is phase contrast images. Scale bar in (r) = 10 μm for all figures.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.