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116 results for “holoparasitism”
Fig. 3 in Phelipanche chionistrae (Orobanchaceae): a new holoparasitic species from Cyprus
Fig. 3. – Distribution map of Phelipanche chionistrae Rätzel, Hand, Christodoulou & Uhlich in Cyprus and in the central Troodos range (inlay). Elevation is represented in levels of grey. Phytogeographical divisions follow MEIKLE (1985).[Map: A. Antoniou & K. Papasavvas]
Fig. 2 in Phelipanche chionistrae (Orobanchaceae): a new holoparasitic species from Cyprus
Fig. 2. – Phelipanche chionistrae Rätzel, Hand, Christodoulou & Uhlich. A. Flower, side view; B. Flower, front view; C. Anther; D. Calyx and bracteoles; E. Bract, outside; F. Stem scale, outside; G. Corolla, open, inside with stamens; H. Stigma and upper part of the style; I. Ovary with style and stigma. [Drawings: S. Rätzel]
Fig. 4. – A in Phelipanche chionistrae (Orobanchaceae): a new holoparasitic species from Cyprus
Fig. 4. – A. Phelipanche olbiensis (Coss.) Carlón et al. on Helichrysum L. in Crete, Greece; B. Phelipanche rosmarina (Beck) Banfi et al., Serra dos Candeeiros in Portugal. [Photos: A: A. Jagel & T. Schmitt; B: P. Pinho]
Fig. 1 in Phelipanche chionistrae (Orobanchaceae): a new holoparasitic species from Cyprus
Fig. 1. – Phelipanche chionistrae Rätzel, Hand, Christodoulou & Uhlich in Mt Chionistra. A. Single plant habit; B. Inflorescence; C. Habitat, plants in Teucrium cyprium Boiss. [Photos: C.S. Christodoulou]
Diverging repeatomes in holoparasitic Hydnoraceae uncover a playground of genome evolution
<p>The present repository provides a FASTA resource with reference sequences of major repetitive DNA sequences from the genomes of <em>Hydnora </em>and <em>Prosopanche </em>species. This sequence list is complemented by a GFF file with detailed annotations for the included retrotransposons. <br><br><br>The nuclear genomes of parasitic plants have undergone unique evolutionary trajectories to adapt to the heterotrophic lifestyle. These adaptations often involve large genomic alterations, potentially driven by repetitive elements. Despite the well-recognized role of repetitive DNAs as evolutionary forces in shaping plant genomes, their role in genome evolution of parasitic plants remains largely unexplored. To address this knowledge gap, we conducted the first analysis of repetitive DNAs in eleven genomes of Hydnoraceae, a family of mostly non-crop parasitizing holoparasites.</p> <p>The observed repeat abundance profiles and presence-absence patterns align with the phylogenetic relationships, geographical distribution, and host shifts, suggesting a key role of repetitive DNAs in shaping Hydnoraceae genomes. The repetitive fraction of the two Hydnoraceae genera, <em>Hydnora</em> and <em>Prosopanche</em>, are fundamentally different: Whereas the eight analyzed <em>Hydnora</em> genomes are largely populated by long terminal repeat retrotransposons, particularly of the Tekay and Ogre type, the three <em>Prosopanche </em>repeatomes differ vastly in individual abundances, including <em>P. bonacinae</em> with massive amplifications of a single DNA transposon and <em>P. panguanensis</em> with over 15% 5S rDNA (as opposed to some Hydnoraceae with <0.1% 5S rDNA). Both extremely low and very high abundance of 5S rDNA challenges our current understanding for chromosome stabilization and rRNA transcription.</p> <p>These genome dynamics suggest rapidly evolving repeat profiles, potentially being enhanced by the adaptation to the parasitic lifestyle. The heterogeneous abundance of rDNAs and DNA transposons in Hydnoraceae genomes needs further attention, with regard to repeat-driven evolution. This study lays the groundwork for future genomic explorations on Hydnoraceae, as well as heterotrophic plants and their nuclear genome composition in general.</p>
Data for: Host shift promotes divergent evolution between closely related holoparasitic species
<p>Distinct hosts have been hypothesized to possess the potential for affecting species differentiation and genome evolution of parasitic organisms. However, what host shift history is experienced by the closely related parasites and whether disparate evolution of their genomes occur remain largely unknown. Here, we screened horizontal gene transfer (HGT) events in a pair of sister species of holoparasitic Boschniakia (Orobanchaceae) having obligate hosts from distinct families to recall the former host-parasite associations and performed a comparative analysis to investigate the difference of their organelle genomes. Except these from present hosts (Ericaceae and Betulaceae), a number of HGTs from Rosaceae were identified to support the occurrence of unexpected ancient host shifts. Different hosts transfer functional genes which changed nuclear genomes of the sister species. Similarly, different donors transfer sequences to their mitogenomes which size varies due to foreign and repetitive elements rather than other factors found in other parasites. The plastomes are both severely reduced, but the extent of differences in reduction syndrome is near to the genus level. Our findings provide new insights into the genome evolution of parasites adapting different hosts and extend the mechanism of host shift promoting species differentiation to parasitic plant lineages.</p>
Data for: Host shift promotes divergent evolution between closely related holoparasitic species
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FIGURE 61 in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 61. Orobanche rosea lectotype. Nakhichevan, peaks of low mountains 1.5‒2 km east of city of Ordubad, on Prangos ferulacea, 9 June 1956, T. Egorova, N. Tzvelev & S. Cherepanov (LE s.n.).
FIGURE 59 in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 59. Orobanche kurdica isolectotype. Iran, in montibus calcareis Avroman et Schahu, June–July 1867, C. Haussknecht (LE s.n.).
FIGURE 58. Orobanche kurdica. A. Plant. B. Flower, side view. C. Flower, front view. D. Calyx. E. Bract. F. Leaf. G. Open corolla and androecium. H. Gynoecium. I. Stigma. J in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 58. Orobanche kurdica. A. Plant. B. Flower, side view. C. Flower, front view. D. Calyx. E. Bract. F. Leaf. G. Open corolla and androecium. H. Gynoecium. I. Stigma. J. Anther. Illustration by Jolanta Urbanik.
FIGURE 57. Orobanche kurdica. A–C. General habit. D–G in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 57. Orobanche kurdica. A–C. General habit. D–G. Inflorescences. Photos by Renata Piwowarczyk.
FIGURE 55 in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 55. Orobanche transcaucasica holotype. Azerbaijan, Shemackha Region (environs of the Sharadil village, in mixed forest (Carpineto-Quercetum), at ca. 800 m, 6 June 1941, I. Schchiponova (BAK 0-0000063).
FIGURE 53. Orobanche laxissima. A. Plant. B. Flower, side view. C. Flower, front view. D. Leaf. E. Bract. F. Calyx. G. Open corolla and androecium. H. Anther. I. Gynoecium. J in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 53. Orobanche laxissima. A. Plant. B. Flower, side view. C. Flower, front view. D. Leaf. E. Bract. F. Calyx. G. Open corolla and androecium. H. Anther. I. Gynoecium. J. Stigma. Illustration by Jolanta Urbanik.
FIGURE 21. Phelipanche cilicica. A in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 21. Phelipanche cilicica. A. General habit on Phlomis orientalis, B–C. General habit on Stachys inflata. D–F. Inflorescences. Photos by Renata Piwowarczyk.
FIGURE 41 in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 41. Orobanche schelkovnikovii lectotype. Armenia, prat. subalpin. Jelidja [actually Norabak], 23–25 July 1926, A. Schelkovnikov (LE s.n. ex ERE-18939).
FIGURE 48. Orobanche grossheimii. A. Plant. B. Flower, side view. C. Flower, front view. D. Calyx. E. Bract. F. Leaf. G. Open corolla and androecium. H. Gynoecium. I. Stigma. J in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 48. Orobanche grossheimii. A. Plant. B. Flower, side view. C. Flower, front view. D. Calyx. E. Bract. F. Leaf. G. Open corolla and androecium. H. Gynoecium. I. Stigma. J. Anther. Illustration by Jolanta Urbanik.
FIGURE 47. Orobanche grossheimii. A–B. General habit. C–F in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 47. Orobanche grossheimii. A–B. General habit. C–F. Inflorescences. Photos by Renata Piwowarczyk.
FIGURE 29. Phelipanche libanotica. A, C in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 29. Phelipanche libanotica. A, C. Parasites (red circle) below host-Prunus (arrow). B, D–F. Inflorescences. Photos by Renata Piwowarczyk.
FIGURE 11 in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 11. General habit of: A. Phelipanche caesia, B. P. zangezuri, C. P. hajastanica, D. P. purpurea, E. P. heldreichii, F. P. arenaria, G. P. nana, H. P. sevanensis, I. P. ramosa. Photos by Renata Piwowarczyk.
FIGURE 4 in Holoparasitic Orobanchaceae (Cistanche, Diphelypaea, Orobanche, Phelipanche) in Armenia: distribution, habitats, host range and taxonomic problems
FIGURE 4. Floristic regions of Armenia: 1. Upper-Akhuryan, 2. Shirak, 3. Lori, 4. Idjevan, 5. Aparan, 6. Sevan, 7. Areguni, 8. Yerevan, 9. Darelegis, 10. North-Zangezur, 11. South-Zangezur, 12. Meghri (after Tamanyan & Fayvush 2009, modified).
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