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62 results for “hominin”
Merging Morphological and Genetic Evidence to assess hybridization in Eurasian Late Pleistocene hominins
<pre>Previous scientific consensus saw human evolution as defined by adaptive differences (behavioural and/or biological) and the emergence of Homo sapiens as the ultimate replacement of non-modern groups by a modern, adaptively more competitive one. However, recent research has shown that the process underlying our origins was considerably more complex. While archaeological and fossil evidence suggests that behavioural complexity may not be confined to the modern human lineage, recent paleogenomic work shows that gene flow between distinct lineages (e.g., Neanderthals, Denisovans, early H. sapiens) occurred repeatedly in the Late Pleistocene, likely contributing elements to our genetic make-up that might have been crucial to our success as a diverse, adaptable species. Following these advances, the prevailing human origins model has shifted from one of near-complete replacement to a more nuanced view of partial replacement with considerable reticulation. Here we provide a brief introduction to the current genetic evidence for hybridization among hominins, its prevalence in, and effects on, comparative mammal groups, and especially how it manifests in the skull. We then explore the degree to which cranial variation seen in the fossil record of Late Pleistocene hominins from Western Eurasia corresponds with our current genetic and comparative data. We are especially interested in understanding the degree to which skeletal data can reflect admixture. Our findings indicate some correspondence between these different lines of evidence, flag individual fossils as possibly admixed, and suggest that different cranial regions may preserve hybridisation signals differentially. We urge further studies of the phenotype in order to expand our ability to detect the ways in which migration, interaction and genetic exchange have shaped the human past, beyond what is currently visible with the lens of ancient DNA. </pre>
Experimental assessment of the relationship between diet and mandibular morphology: new insights for the paleodietary reconstructions of early hominins
<p>Code R.txt : R script containing all the analyses (can be open in R or RStudio or any text reader)</p> <p>landmark_coordinates: Raw coordinates for all specimens</p> <p>diet-scrach.csv : CSV file containing all the information of the specimens</p>
Fig. 6 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages
Fig. 6. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis performed using Euclidean distances extracted from distal measurements. Bootstrap values show the support for each internal node.
Fig. 4 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages
Fig. 4. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis performed using Euclidean distances extracted from all measurements. Bootstrap values show the support for each internal node.
Fig. 3 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages
Fig. 3. Plot of the first two linear discriminant functions extracted from a combination of radial measurements used to classify habitat preferences within Canidae.
Fig. 1. Measurement scheme for the canid radius, illustrated using a in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages
Fig. 1. Measurement scheme for the canid radius, illustrated using a left radius of Cuon alpinus, NHMUK M1888.2.5.22_159.d, in posterior view (A1), proximal (A2) and distal (A3) end; lateral view proximal (B1) and distal (B2) end; distal view of radius lower extremity (C), proximal (D) and distal (E) views of radius epiphyses. Not to scale. Explanation of radial measurements 1–29 in Table 1.
Fig. 2 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages
Fig. 2. Plot of the first two linear discriminant functions extracted from a combination of radial measurements used to classify genera within Canidae.
Fig. 5 in Ecomorphology of radii in Canidae: Application to fragmentary fossils from Plio-Pleistocene hominin assemblages
Fig. 5. Neighbour-joining cluster analysis performed using Euclidean distances extracted from proximal measurements. Bootstrap values show the support for each internal node.
FIGURE 9 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 9. Cross-plot of oxygen and carbon isotope values from fossil eggshells and sediment, base of the Dart Pinnacle, Taung. There is a high degree of consistency between replicate samples, and each eggshell fragment shows a distinct isotopic signature, indicating that the eggshells are derived from different individuals (with the possible exception of TDES 2 & TDES 3). The δ13C values indicate that all eggshells have a predominantly C4 (savannah grass) dietary signal, with the exception of T93-17 which has a pure (or almost pure) C3 diet.
FIGURE 4 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 4. All specimens, both extant eggs and fossil eggshells, showing surface morphology at 57X magnification.
FIGURE 5 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 5. Renderings of fossil eggshell fragments embedded in matrix (1-2) and indication of the internal boundary between eggshell and matrix (3-4). Images 1 and 3 are fossil eggshell fragment T92-88, and images 2 and 4 are fossil eggshell fragment T93-17. Note the relatively consistent thickness at the edges and how this maintained surface curvatures indicated by the external surfaces.
FIGURE 6. Fossil eggshell fragments T92-88 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 6. Fossil eggshell fragments T92-88 (blue) and T93-17 (yellow) fit to eggs from five extant birds. Fits depicted visually in the figure (rigidly constrained size) correspond to root mean square (RMS) values reported in Table 2. Note that visual correspondence supports quantification of RMS values in that fossil eggshell fragment T92-88 fits best with the blunt pole of the extant guinea fowl egg. Extant black eagle (blunt pole) and giant eagle owl (apical pole) eggs provide the next closest, but still worse fits. Fossil eggshell fragment T93-17 fits best with the equatorial region of the black eagle egg. The extant guinea fowl egg provides the next closest fit for fossil eggshell fragment T93-17.
FIGURE 8 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 8. (1) Fossilized eggshell fragments T92-88 (blue) and T93-17 (yellow) indicating best fit to the same black eagle egg as illustrated in Figure 6, plus six additional black eagle eggs. Note despite intraspecific variability in egg shape, the fits are quite similar (also see Table 3). This suggests even accounting for intraspecific variability in egg shape Results in Table 2 should be robust. (2) Fossil eggshell fragments T92-88 (blue) and T93-17 (yellow) indicating best fit to the same guinea fowl egg as illustrated in Figure 6 (far left), plus four additional guinea fowl eggs. Note that despite intraspecific variability in egg shape, the fits are quite consistent (also see Table 3). This suggests that even accounting for intraspecific variability in egg shape results of the surface curvature analyses are robust.
FIGURE 2 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 2. All specimens, both extant eggs and fossil eggshells, showing surface morphology at 6.3X magnification.
FIGURE 3 in Identification of fossilized eggshells from the Taung hominin locality, Taung, Northwest Province, South Afric
FIGURE 3. All specimens, both extant eggs and fossil eggshells, showing surface morphology at 12.5X magnification.
Text-fig. 3 Ternary diagram of the relative abundance (in %) of juvenile, prime adult, and old adult specimens in samples of Castor fiber (data from Table 3). The red dots indicate the Pleistocene samples of Bilzingsleben II (B), Weimar- Ehringsdorf (E), and Weimar-Taubach (T), the black dot represents an extant population from Telemark in Norway (data from Campbell 2009). Abbreviations of zones (after Discamps and Costamagno 2015): JOP – Juveniles-Old-Prime dominated zone, JPO – Juveniles-Prime-Old dominated zone, O – Old dominated zone, P – Prime dominated zone. The diagram shows the position of all three fossil samples in the prime dominated zone. in Mortality Profiles Of Castor And Trogontherium (Mammalia: Rodentia, Castoridae), With Notes On The Site Formation Of The Mid-Pleistocene Hominin Locality Bilzingsleben Ii (Thuringia, Central Germany)
Text-fig. 3 Ternary diagram of the relative abundance (in %) of juvenile, prime adult, and old adult specimens in samples of Castor fiber (data from Table 3). The red dots indicate the Pleistocene samples of Bilzingsleben II (B), Weimar- Ehringsdorf (E), and Weimar-Taubach (T), the black dot represents an extant population from Telemark in Norway (data from Campbell 2009). Abbreviations of zones (after Discamps and Costamagno 2015): JOP – Juveniles-Old-Prime dominated zone, JPO – Juveniles-Prime-Old dominated zone, O – Old dominated zone, P – Prime dominated zone. The diagram shows the position of all three fossil samples in the prime dominated zone.
Text-fig. 4. Mortality profile (relative abundance of age groups) of Trogontherium based on dp4 and p4 from the fossil sites of Bilzingsleben II, Mosbach 2 and Tegelen. Data from Table 4. in Mortality Profiles Of Castor And Trogontherium (Mammalia: Rodentia, Castoridae), With Notes On The Site Formation Of The Mid-Pleistocene Hominin Locality Bilzingsleben Ii (Thuringia, Central Germany)
Text-fig. 4. Mortality profile (relative abundance of age groups) of Trogontherium based on dp4 and p4 from the fossil sites of Bilzingsleben II, Mosbach 2 and Tegelen. Data from Table 4.
Text-fig. 1. Geographic position of the beaver-bearing sites discussed in this paper. Red triangles – records of Castor, blue dots – records of Trogontherium. Bilz II – Bilzingsleben II, Ehr – Weimar-Ehringsdorf, Mosb 2 – Mosbach 2, Taub – Weimar-Taubach, Teg – Tegelen. (This map was created using ArcGIS® software by Esri. ArcGIS® and ArcMap™ are the intellectual property of Esri and are used herein under license. Copyright © Esri). in Mortality Profiles Of Castor And Trogontherium (Mammalia: Rodentia, Castoridae), With Notes On The Site Formation Of The Mid-Pleistocene Hominin Locality Bilzingsleben Ii (Thuringia, Central Germany)
Text-fig. 1. Geographic position of the beaver-bearing sites discussed in this paper. Red triangles – records of Castor, blue dots – records of Trogontherium. Bilz II – Bilzingsleben II, Ehr – Weimar-Ehringsdorf, Mosb 2 – Mosbach 2, Taub – Weimar-Taubach, Teg – Tegelen. (This map was created using ArcGIS® software by Esri. ArcGIS® and ArcMap™ are the intellectual property of Esri and are used herein under license. Copyright © Esri).
Fig. 4 in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines
Fig. 4 Strict consensus cladograms. The four taxon sets each produced cladograms with the same topology whether character states were left unordered or a subset were ordered (see Methods and Supplementary Note 5 for details). a 18 OTUs. The four taxa with the fewest codable character states (Graecopithecus, 10%, Chororapithecus,13%, Samburupithecus, 18%, and Orrorin, 29%) were excluded, as was Sahelanthropus. Both Orrorin and Sahelanthropus were coded from published descriptions, which introduces uncertainty (DRB, who coded all characters in this analysis, was unable to code characters from these taxa through direct observation). b 19 OTUs, with Sahelanthropus added. c 20 OTUs with Orrorin. There is a decrease in resolution with the inclusion of Sahelanthropus and Orrorin but the tree topologies are otherwise consistent. Sahelantthropus is always recovered as a stem hominid and Orrorin as a hominin. The first three cladograms all recover a hominine clade that includes the thickly enameled Balkan taxa and the dryopithecins. d 23 OTUs, including all taxa. Little resolution remains among hominids, with recognized clades (pongines) unresolved. This cladogram also fails to recover Ouranopithecus as a hominine, which is otherwise a common result in previous analyses. Bremer support values, character states, character definitions and the character matrix (nexus) are all included in Supplementary Note 5 and Supplementary Data 3.
Fig. 3 3-D in A new ape from Türkiye and the radiation of late Miocene hominines
Fig. 3 3-D reconstruction of the left P3 to M1 of CO 300, showing the root, root canal and pulp chamber configurations. Supplementary Table 5 for a comparison of root formulae. Scale =10 mm.
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