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59 results for “host race”
Data from: Can the genomics of ecological speciation be predicted across the divergence continuum from host races to species? A case study in Rhagoletis
<p>Studies assessing the predictability of evolution typically focus on short-term adaptation within populations or the repeatability of change among lineages. A missing consideration in speciation research is to determine whether natural selection predictably transforms standing genetic variation within populations into differences between species. Here, we test whether host-related selection on diapause timing anticipates genome-wide differentiation during ecological speciation by comparing ancestral hawthorn and newly formed apple-infesting host races of <i>Rhagoletis pomonella </i>to their sibling species <i>R. mendax</i> that attacks blueberries. The responses of 57,857 single nucleotide polymorphisms in a diapause study on the hawthorn race strongly predicted the direction and magnitude of genomic divergence among the three flies at a field site in Fennville, Michigan, USA. As anticipated, the apple race and <i>R. mendax</i> show parallel changes in the frequencies of putative inversions on three chromosomes associated with the earlier fruiting times of apples and blueberries compared to hawthorns. A diapause experiment on <i>R. mendax</i> revealed compensatory mutations throughout the genome accounting for the earlier eclosion of blueberry, but not apple flies. Thus, a degree of predictability, although not complete, exists in the genomics of diapause across the ecological speciation continuum in <i>Rhagoletis</i>. The generality of this result is placed in the context of other similar systems.</p>
Fig. 7 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 7 Myrmica species composition on syntopic sampling sites of spring and summer arion in the Aggtelek Karst region of Hungary. The area of pie-charts is proportional to the number of nests and pitfall traps at that site
Fig. 5 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 5 Differences in Wolbachia infestation between the spring and the summer type of P. arion: a differences between the spring and the summer-type specimens from Korlát hill in the Wolbachia quantity on 1% agarose gel; b box-plots showing the difference in infestation levels as
Fig. 2 in Incipient sympatric speciation via host race formation in Phengaris arion (Lepidoptera: Lycaenidae)
Fig. 2 Unrooted neighbour joining tree based on a pairwise FST matrix. The abbreviations are the same as in Suppl. Table S1. The letter 'T' in the sample codes refers to spring arion, the letter 'N' indicates summer arion
Figure 9 in Host-race formation in Chaetostomella cylindrica (Diptera: Tephritidae): Morphological and morphometric evidence
Figure 9. Aculeus tip showing the position of the sensory ventro-lateral groove in Chaetostomella cylindrica females from the Notobasis-associated host race (A) and the Onopordum-associated host race (B). Scale bar: 0.1 mm.
Figure 8 in Host-race formation in Chaetostomella cylindrica (Diptera: Tephritidae): Morphological and morphometric evidence
Figure 8. Typical aculeus of Chaetostomella cylindrica females from the Notobasis-associated host race (A) and the Onopordum-associated host race (probably C. lurida) (B). Scale bar: 0.5 mm.
Figure 7 in Host-race formation in Chaetostomella cylindrica (Diptera: Tephritidae): Morphological and morphometric evidence
Figure 7. Typical glans of the male distiphallus of Chaetostomella cylindrica from the Onopordum-associated race (A) and the Notobasis-associated race (B). Scale bars: 0.1 mm.
Figure 6 in Host-race formation in Chaetostomella cylindrica (Diptera: Tephritidae): Morphological and morphometric evidence
Figure 6. Scatter plots of: (A) the scores obtained for each fly using the second standardized CD function (CDF 2) as a function of the scores obtained using CDF 1; (B) for each male; and (C) for each female fly using CDF 2 as a function of the scores obtained using CDF1. Squares represent Chaetostomella cylindrica from the Onopordum host race; triangles represent flies from the Notobasis host race.
Figure 5 in Host-race formation in Chaetostomella cylindrica (Diptera: Tephritidae): Morphological and morphometric evidence
Figure 5. Plot of principal components 1 and 2 for (A) female specimens and (B) male specimens of Chaetostomella cylindrica from the Notobasis-associated race (race 1) and the Onopordum-associated race (race 2).
Figure 4 in Host-race formation in Chaetostomella cylindrica (Diptera: Tephritidae): Morphological and morphometric evidence
Figure 4. Third instar larvae of Notobasis-associated host race of Chaetostomella cylindrica. (A) Typical cephalopharyngeal skeleton; (B) posterior spiracle; (C) anterior spiracle. SS, spiracular slit; IP, interspiracular process; P, one of the six papillae.
Figure 1 in Host-race formation in Chaetostomella cylindrica (Diptera: Tephritidae): Morphological and morphometric evidence
Figure 1. Tephritid wing showing the measurements taken for morphometric studies. WW, wing width at the level of the stigma; Ldm, length of the discal medial cell; LR4+5, length of the third radial cell (R4+5) at the boundary with the medial and discal cells.
Figure 3 in Host-race formation in Chaetostomella cylindrica (Diptera: Tephritidae): Morphological and morphometric evidence
Figure 3. Third instar larvae of Onopordum-associated host race of Chaetostomella cylindrica (probably C. lurida). (A) Typical cephalopharyngeal skeleton; (B) posterior spiracle; (C) anterior spiracle. SS, spiracular slit; IP, interspiracular process; P, one of the six papillae.
Figure 2 in Host-race formation in Chaetostomella cylindrica (Diptera: Tephritidae): Morphological and morphometric evidence
Figure 2. Tephritid ovipositor showing measurements made on the aculeus tip. W1 and W2, width 1 and width 2 of the aculeus tip below the distal and proximal ends of the ventro-lateral groove respectively; W, aculeus tip width measured 0.014 mm from the very tip of the aculeus; ratio 15L/Lii; ratio 25L/Li.
Data from: Can the genomics of ecological speciation be predicted across the divergence continuum from host races to species? A case study in Rhagoletis
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Figure 3 in Distinct parasitoid communities associated with host races of the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta on distantly related host plants (Juglandaceae and Ericaceae)
Figure 3. Lateral view of female Aneurobracon philippinensis.
Figure 2 in Distinct parasitoid communities associated with host races of the leaf-mining moth Acrocercops transecta on distantly related host plants (Juglandaceae and Ericaceae)
Figure 2. Map of Japan showing the sampling localities of Acrocercops transecta mines.
Data from de Vega et al_Flora "Host-driven phenotypic and phenological differentiation in sympatric races of a parasitic plant" [Dataset]
<p>Data from de Vega et al_Flora "Host-driven phenotypic and phenological differentiation in sympatric races of a parasitic plant"</p>
Data from: Standing geographic variation in eclosion time and the genomics of host race formation in Rhagoletis pomonella fruit flies
Taxa harboring high levels of standing variation may be more likely to adapt to rapid environmental shifts and experience ecological speciation. Here, we characterize geographic and host-related differentiation for 10,241 single nucleotide polymorphisms in Rhagoletis pomonella fruit flies to infer if standing genetic variation in adult eclosion time in the ancestral hawthorn (Crataegus spp.)-infesting host race, as opposed to new mutations, contributed substantially to its recent shift to earlier fruiting apple (Malus domestica). Allele frequency differences associated with early versus late eclosion time within each host race were significantly related to geographic genetic variation and host race differentiation across four sites, arrayed from north to south along a 430 km transect, where the host races co-occur in sympatry in the Midwest USA. Host fruiting phenology is clinal, with both apple and hawthorn trees fruiting earlier in the North and later in the South. Thus, we expected alleles associated with earlier eclosion to be at higher frequencies in northern populations. This pattern was observed in the hawthorn race across all four populations; however, allele frequency patterns in the apple race were more complex. Despite the generally earlier eclosion timing of apple flies and corresponding apple fruiting phenology, alleles on chromosomes 2 and 3 associated with earlier emergence were paradoxically at lower frequency in the apple than hawthorn host race across all four sympatric sites. However, loci on chromosome 1 did show higher frequencies of early eclosion associated alleles in the apple than hawthorn host race at the two southern sites, potentially accounting for their earlier eclosion phenotype. Thus, although extensive clinal genetic variation in the ancestral hawthorn race exists and contributed to the host shift to apple, further study is needed to resolve details of how this standing variation was selected to generate earlier eclosing apple fly populations in the North.
Data for: Polymorphism at the nestling stage and host-specific mimicry in an Australasian cuckoo-host arms race
<p>Decades of research have shown that the coevolutionary arms race between avian brood parasites and their hosts can promote phenotypic diversification in hosts and brood parasites. However, relatively little is known about the role of brood parasitism in promoting phenotypic diversification of nestlings. We review field data collected over four decades in Australia, New Caledonia and New Zealand to assess potential for coevolutionary interactions between the shining bronze-cuckoo (<em>Chalcites lucidus</em>) and its hosts, and how diversification at the nestling stage may be generating different subspecies. The shining bronze-cuckoo is a specialist parasite of a few hosts in the family Acanthizidae. It has diversified into subspecies, of which the nestlings closely mimic the respective host nestlings in each region. Additionally, some cuckoo subspecies have polymorphic nestlings. The Acanthizidae hosts have similar breeding and nesting habits and only moderately effective frontline defences against parasitism at cuckoo egg laying or at the egg stages. However, some hosts have developed highly effective defences at the nestling stage by recognising and ejecting cuckoo nestlings from the nest. As with the cuckoo nestlings, some hosts have polymorphic nestlings. The coevolutionary interactions in each region suggest different evolutionary stages of the arms race in which either the parasite or the host is currently in the lead. The presence of moderately effective defences at the egg laying and egg stages might explain why some hosts do not have defences at the nestling stage. The south-Pacific cuckoo – host systems are excellent models to explore the evolutionary mechanisms driving the diversification at the nestling stage in the coevolutionary arms race between avian brood parasites and their hosts.</p>
Data for: Polymorphism at the nestling stage and host-specific mimicry in an Australasian cuckoo-host arms race
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