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58 results for “host switching”
Pre- and post-association barriers to host switching in sympatric mutualists
<p>Coevolution between mutualists can lead to reciprocal specialization, potentially causing barriers to host switching. In the present study, we conducted assays to identify pre- and post-association barriers to host switching by endosymbiotic bacteria, both within and between two sympatric nematode clades. In nature, <em>Steinernema </em>nematodes and <em>Xenorhabdus </em>bacteria<em> </em>form an obligate mutualism. Free-living juvenile nematodes carry <em>Xenorhabdus</em> in a specialized intestinal receptacle. When nematodes enter an insect, they release the bacteria into the insect hemocoel. The bacteria aid in killing the insect and facilitate nematode reproduction. Prior to dispersing from the insect, juvenile nematodes must form an association with their symbionts; the bacteria must adhere to the intestinal receptacle. We tested for pre-association barriers by comparing the effects of bacterial strains on native verses non-native nematodes via their virulence towards, nutritional support of, and ability to associate with different nematode species. We then assessed post-association barriers<strong> </strong>by measuring the relative fitness of nematodes carrying each strain of bacteria. We found evidence for both pre- and post-association barriers between nematode clades. Specifically, some bacteria were highly virulent to nonnative hosts, and some nematode hosts carried fewer cells of nonnative bacteria, leading to pre-association barriers. In addition, reduced infection success and lower nematode reproduction were identified as post-association barriers. No barriers to symbiont switching were detected between nematode species within the same clade. Overall, our study suggests a framework that could be used to generate predictions for the evolution of barriers to host switching in this and other systems.</p>
FIGURE 1 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)
FIGURE 1 An overview of the diversity in morphology, colouration, and host-associations of the studied clade. A, Anchiopontonia hurii (Holthuis, 1981) in the spiny oyster Spondylus sp.; B, Ascidonia quasipusilla (Chace, 1972) in a solitary ascidian; C, Conchodytes meleagrinae Peters, 1852 in the spiny oyster Spondylus sp.; D, Conchodytes pteriae Fransen, 1994 in the pearl oyster Pteria loveni (Dunker, 1879); E, male-female pair of Dactylonia ascidicola (Borradaile, 1898) from the solitary ascidian Ascidia sp.; F, Odontonia katoi (Kubo, 1940) in the solitary ascidian Polycarpa aurata (Quoy & Gaimard, 1834); G, Odontonia plurellicola De Gier & Fransen, 2018 in the colonial ascidian Plurella sp.; H, Odontonia sibogae (Bruce, 1973) in the solitary ascidian Polycarpa sp.; I, Platypontonia hyotis Hipeau-Jacquotte, 1971 in the giant honeycomb oyster Hyotissa hyotis (Linnaeus, 1758); J, Pontonia manningi Fransen, 2000 in the spiny oyster Spondylus americanus Hermann, 1781. PHOTO CREDIT: C.H.J.M. FRANSEN
FIGURE 5 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)
FIGURE 5 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the TE approach (fig. 4), with ancestral biogeographic range reconstructions on the internal nodes (probabilities are shown as pie charts). Indo-West Pacific genera simplified as genus names, except for Odontonia kerangcaris Fransen, Groenhof & De Gier, 2021 due to its position outside of the genus. Colours indicate distribution ranges, both for the species as well as the ancestral distribution ranges. Species/genera of which only morphological data was analysed are indicated with an asterisk (*).
FIGURE 4 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)
FIGURE 4 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the TE approach. RAxML bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities expressed as percentages are indicated respectively. Dashes (--) indicate values <50; asterisk (*) indicates different topology of RAxML or MrBayes tree. Four major clades can be recognized. Newly acquired barcodes are indicated with a collection accession number (RMNH.CRUS.D., MZB.), otherwise GenBank accession numbers are given. The selection of species can be found in the appendices (supplementary table S1), and species of which only morphological data was analysed are indicated with an asterisk (*) and no accession number. Colours indicate various host associations. The host association of Pontonia longispina Holthuis, 1951 is unknown, indicated with a question mark (?), and the known host association of Pontonia chimaera Holthuis, 1951 is with gastropod molluscs, which is indicated with an outline of a shell.
FIGURE 2 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)
FIGURE 2 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the concatenated molecular dataset (COI, H3, 16S, 18S). RAxML bootstrap support and Bayesian posterior probabilities expressed as percentages are indicated respectively. Dashes (--) indicate values <50; asterisk (*) indicates different topology of RAxML or MrBayes tree. Four branches are shortened for convenience. Three major clades can be recognized. Newly acquired barcodes are indicated with a collection accession number (RMNH.CRUS.D., MZB.), otherwise GenBank accession numbers are given. The selection of species can be found in the appendices (supplementary table S1). Colours indicate various host associations.
FIGURE 6 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)
FIGURE 6 Phylogeny based on the RAxML tree topology of the TE approach (fig. 4), with ancestral character state reconstructions on the internal nodes (probabilities are shown as pie charts). Colours indicate various host associations, both for the species as well as the ancestral character states. The host association of Pontonia longispina Holthuis, 1951 is unknown, indicated with a question mark (?), and the known host association of Pontonia chimaera Holthuis, 1951 is with gastropod molluscs, which is indicated with an outline of a shell. Species of which only morphological data was analysed are indicated with an asterisk (*).
FIGURE 3 The 50 in Coming out of your shell or crawling back in: multiple interphylum host switching events within a clade of bivalve- and ascidian-associated shrimps (Caridea: Palaemonidae)
FIGURE 3 The 50% majority rule consensus tree of the morphological analysis in PAUP. Five distinct clades can be recognized. Support values are given at every dichotomous or polytomous branching. Colours indicate various host associations. The host association of Pontonia longispina Holthuis, 1951 is unknown, indicated with a question mark (?), and the known host association of Pontonia chimaera Holthuis, 1951 is with gastropod molluscs, which is indicated with an outline of a shell.
Figure 3 in Intraspecific variation in Gyrodactylus mediotorus and G. crysoleucas (Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic shiners (Leuciscidae): evidence for ongoing speciation, host-switching, and parasite translocation
Figure 3. Bayesian inference (BI) phylogram of Gyrodactylus spp. parasitizing Nearctic Cypriniformes based on sequences of the ITS regions (927 bp). Values above branches indicate posterior probabilities (PP) from BI analyses and bootstrap support (BS) from ML. Values below 0.80 (BI) and 70 (ML) are shown as dashes.
Figure 2 in Intraspecific variation in Gyrodactylus mediotorus and G. crysoleucas (Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic shiners (Leuciscidae): evidence for ongoing speciation, host-switching, and parasite translocation
Figure 2. Photomicrographs (A–C) and line drawings (B–D) of Gyrodactylus mediotorus King, Marcogliese, Forest, McLaughlin and Bentzen, 2013 from the blacktail shiner, Cyprinella venusta (A–B) and from the sand shiner, Notropis cf. stramineus (Guadalupe River) (C–D).
Figure 1 in Intraspecific variation in Gyrodactylus mediotorus and G. crysoleucas (Gyrodactylidae) from Nearctic shiners (Leuciscidae): evidence for ongoing speciation, host-switching, and parasite translocation
Figure 1. Photomicrographs (A) and line drawings (B) of Gyrodactylus crysoleucas from the blacktail shiner, Cyprinella venusta.
Fig. 2 in An alien parasite affects local fauna-Confirmation of Sinergasilus major (Copepoda: Ergasilidae) switching hosts and infecting native Silurus glanis (Actinopterygii: Siluridae) in Hungary
Fig. 2. Evolutionary history of Sinergasilus based on Bayesian Inference (BI) analysis of 18S rDNA with Ergasilus anchoratus Markewitsch, 1940 designated as outgroup. Support for both maximum likelihood (ML, 1000 bootstrap replicates) and BI (10 million MCMC) indicated at nodes (ML/BI), only nodes with more than 50% support annotated.
Fig. 1 in An alien parasite affects local fauna-Confirmation of Sinergasilus major (Copepoda: Ergasilidae) switching hosts and infecting native Silurus glanis (Actinopterygii: Siluridae) in Hungary
Fig. 1. Micrographs using light microscopy (LM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) of Sinergasilus major; (A) Total body (SEM), (B) rostral plate with integumental pores and tactile setules (SEM), (C) thoracic plate with pectinate denticles (SEM), (D) ventral aspect of cephalon (SEM), (E) everted mouth (SEM), (F) inverted mouth (SEM), (G) ventral view of mouth parts (SEM), (H) mouth parts (LM). A1 – antennule 1, A2 – antenna, Ip – integumental pore, Gs – genital somite, Lb – labium, Lr – labrum, M – mouth, Md – mandible, Ml – maxillule, Mx – maxilla, Ps4 – pedigerous somite 4, Pd – pectinate denticles, Tp – thoracic plate, Ts – tactile setules.
Effect of host-switching on the ecological and evolutionary patterns of parasites
<p>Speciation via host-switching is a macroevolutionary process that emerges from a microevolutionary dynamic where individual parasites switch hosts, establish a new association, and reduce reproductive contact with the original parasite lineage. Phylogenetic distance and geographic distribution of the hosts have been shown to be determinants of the capacity and opportunity of the parasite to change hosts. Although speciation via host-switching has been reported in many host-parasite systems, its dynamic on the individual, population and community levels is poorly understood. Here we propose a theoretical model to simulate parasite evolution considering host-switching events on the microevolutionary scale, taking into account the macroevolutionary history of the hosts, to evaluate how host-switching can affect ecological and evolutionary patterns of parasites in empirical communities at regional and local scales. In the model, parasite individuals can switch hosts under variable intensity and have their evolution driven by mutation and genetic drift. Mating is sexual and only individuals that are sufficiently similar can produce offspring. We assumed that parasite evolution occurs at the same evolutionary time scale as their hosts and that the intensity of host-switching decreases as the host species differentiate. Ecological and evolutionary patterns were characterised by the turnover of parasite species among host species, and parasite evolutionary tree imbalance respectively. We found a range of host-switching intensity that reproduces ecological and evolutionary patterns observed in empirical communities. Our results showed that turnover decreased as host-switching intensity increased, with low variation among the model replications. On the other hand, tree imbalance showed wide variation and non-monotonic tendency. We concluded that tree imbalance was sensitive to stochastic events, whereas turnover may be a good indicator of host-switching. We found that local communities corresponded to higher host-switching intensity when compared to regional communities, highlighting that spatial scale is a limitation for host-switching.</p>
Pre- and post-association barriers to host switching in sympatric mutualists
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Effect of host-switching on the ecological and evolutionary patterns of parasites
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Learning‐induced switching costs in a parasitoid can maintain diversity of host aphid phenotypes although biocontrol is destabilized under abiotic stress
<p>Aphid populations frequently include phenotypes that are resistant to parasitism by hymenopterous parasitoid wasps, which is often attributed to the presence of 'protective' facultative endosymbionts residing in aphid tissues, particularly <em>Hamiltonella defensa</em>. In field conditions, under parasitoid pressure, the observed coexistence of aphids with and without protective symbionts cannot be explained by their difference in fitness alone.</p> <p>Using the cereal aphid <em>Rhopalosiphum padi</em> as a model, we propose an alternative mechanism whereby parasitoids are more efficient at finding common phenotypes of aphid and experience a fitness cost when switching to the less common phenotype.</p> <p>We construct a model based on delay differential equations and parameterise and validate the model with values within the ranges obtained from experimental studies. We then use it to explore possible effects on system dynamics under conditions of environmental stress, using our existing data on the effects of drought stress in crops as an example.</p> <p>We show the 'switching penalty' incurred by parasitoids leads to stable coexistence of aphids with and without <em>H. defensa</em> and provides a potential mechanism for maintaining phenotypic diversity amongst host organisms. We show that drought-induced reduction in aphid development time has little impact. However, greater reduction in fecundity on droughted plants of symbiont-protected aphids can cause insect population cycles when the system would be stable in the absence of drought stress.</p> <p>The stabilising effect of the increased efficiency in dealing with more commonly encountered host phenotypes is applicable to a broad range of consumer-resource systems and could explain stable coexistence in competitive environments. The loss of stable coexistence when drought has different effects on the competing aphid phenotypes highlights the importance of scenario testing when considering biocontrol for pest management.</p>
Post-association barrier to host switching maintained despite strong selection in a novel mutualism
<p class="MsoNormal"><span>Following a host shift, repeated co-passaging of a mutualistic pair is expected to increase fitness over time in one or both species.<span> </span>Without adaptation, a novel association may be evolutionarily short-lived as it is likely to be outcompeted by native pairings.<span> </span>Here we test whether experimental evolution can rescue a low-fitness novel pairing between two sympatric species of <em>Steinernema</em> nematodes and their symbiotic <em>Xenorhabdus</em> bacteria.<span> </span>Despite low mean fitness in the novel association, considerable variation in nematode reproduction was observed across replicate populations.<span> </span>We selected the most productive infections, co-passaging this novel mutualism nine times to determine whether selection could improve fitness of either or both partners.<span> </span>We found that neither partner showed increased fitness over time.<span> </span>Our results suggest that the variation in association success was not heritable and that mutational input was insufficient to allow evolution to facilitate this host shift.<span> </span>Thus, post-association costs of host switching may represent a formidable barrier to novel partnerships among sympatric mutualists. </span></p>
Data from: Symbiont infection and psyllid haplotype influence phenotypic plasticity during host switching events
<p>Many herbivorous insect species exhibit phenotypic plasticity when using multiple hosts, which facilitates survival in heterogeneous host environments. Physiological host acclimation is an important part of it, yet the effects of host acclimation on insect feeding behavior are not well studied, particularly for insect vectors of plant pathogens. We studied the combined effects of host acclimation and infection with a plant pathogenic symbiont on feeding behavior of <em>Bactericera cockerelli</em>,<em> </em>an oligophagous psyllid widespread in both crop and natural habitats that feeds primarily on Solanaceae and transmits an economically important plant pathogen, <em>Candidatus</em> Liberibacter solanacearum (<em>C</em>Lso). We used a factorial design and the electrical penetration graphing technique to disentangle the effects of host acclimation, <em>C</em>Lso infection, and psyllid haplotype on the within-plant feeding behavior of <em>B. cockerelli</em> during conspecific and heterospecific host switches. This approach allows to connect phenotypic plasticity with the role of <em>B. cockerelli </em>as a vector by quantifying the frequency and duration of behaviors involved in <em>C</em>Lso transmission. We found significant reductions in multiple metrics of <em>B. cockerelli</em> feeding efficiency, exacerbated by infection with <em>C</em>Lso, which could lead to reduced transmission of this pathogen. Psyllid genotype was also important; the Central haplotype exhibited less dramatic changes in feeding efficiency than the Western haplotype during heterospecific host switches. Our study shows that host acclimation and heterospecific host switching directly alter feeding behaviors underlying pathogen transmission, and that the magnitude of feeding efficiency reductions depends on both host genotype and infection status.</p>
Learning‐induced switching costs in a parasitoid can maintain diversity of host aphid phenotypes although biocontrol is destabilized under abiotic stress
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Post-association barrier to host switching maintained despite strong selection in a novel mutualism
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