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48 results for “host-association”
Metabarcoding reveals a high diversity of woody host-associated Phytophthora spp. in soils at public gardens and amenity woodlands in Britain
<p>This is the demultiplexed Illumina MiSeq raw sequencing data from two 96-well plates from the following recent publication, shared with permission of the corresponding author, Sarah Green:</p> <p>Riddell <em>et al.</em> (2019). Metabarcoding reveals a high diversity of woody host-associated <em>Phytophthora</em> spp. in soils at public gardens and amenity woodlands in Britain. https://doi.org/10.7717/peerj.6931<br> <br> It consists of 244 gzipped compressed plain text FASTQ format sequence files, grouped into 122 pairs by the widely used R1 and R2 suffix. The files have been renamed to use the anonymised site numbers (1 to 14) as in the paper, see also supplementary table one for site metadata. Additionally there are two negative controls, and positive control DNA mixtures of 10 and 15 species as described in the paper.<br> </p>
Coevolving plasmids drive gene flow and genome plasticity in host-associated intracellular bacteria
<p>Comparative genomics and modeling of plasmids of the obligate host-associated intracellular phylum chlamydiae. </p>
Figure 1 in Contribution to the knowledge of Parichoronyssus bakeri Morales-Malacara and Guerrero, 2007 (Mesostigmata: Macronyssidae): new locality and host-association records with additional molecular data
Figure 1 Light Microscopy images of the female Parichoronyssus bakeri. A – General view of the ventral idiosoma; B – General view of the dorsal idiosome; C – Close up of sternal shield; D – Close up of genital and anal shields; E – Gnathosoma and coxa of the Leg I, with the black arrow pointed out the spine-like projection; F – Close up of the dorsal shield. Scales: A and B 50µm, C-F 20µm.
Fig. 4 in The distribution and host-association of a haemoparasite of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) from the eastern Caribbean based on a combination of morphology and 18S rDNA sequences
Fig. 4. Phylogenetic analysis of the Haemohormidium-like parasite based on 18S rDNA sequences. Bayesian inference (BI) analysis showing the phylogenetic relationships for 8 Haemohormidium-like parasite isolates, 6 from the present study (GenBank: MH401637-42) (in bold) and 2 from Renoux et al. (2017), isolated from three species of Stegastes including Stegastes adustus, Stegastes diencaeus and Stegastes planifrons, from 5 sites in the eastern Caribbean. Comparative sequences representing known coccidia, with Adelina dimidiata (DQ096835) as outgroup, were downloaded from the GenBank database. Nodal support values> 50% are represented on the tree.
Fig. 2 in The distribution and host-association of a haemoparasite of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) from the eastern Caribbean based on a combination of morphology and 18S rDNA sequences
Fig. 2. Peripheral blood stages of the Haemohormidium-like parasite infecting species of Stegastes. Giemsa stained light micrographs of the Haemohormidium-like parasite as observed in the peripheral blood of Stegastes diencaeus from St Thomas, eastern Caribbean (Genbank accession number MH401641). A. rare possible trophozoite stage. B. possible meront stages undergoing transverse binary fission. C. possible meront stages undergoing longitudinal binary fission. Scale bar = 10 μm.
Fig. 3 in The distribution and host-association of a haemoparasite of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) from the eastern Caribbean based on a combination of morphology and 18S rDNA sequences
Fig. 3. Prevalence of infection differences among six Stegastes spp., averaged across six study sites. 95% confidence intervals calculated using the Wilson procedure with continuity corrections. Different lower-case letters above each bar indicates a significant (p ≤ 0.05) difference between species, as indicated by a binomial logistic regression (GLMM results shown in Table 1).
Fig. 1 in The distribution and host-association of a haemoparasite of damselfishes (Pomacentridae) from the eastern Caribbean based on a combination of morphology and 18S rDNA sequences
Fig. 1. Map of the Eastern Caribbean region showing collection sites for the current study and Cook et al., 2015.
Figure 2 in Long forgotten record of a freshwater leech on Madagascar indicates a host-associated dispersal event from continental Africa
Figure 2. General view and labels of F. Sikora's sample of Placobdelloides multistriatus (N = 2), Andrahomana, Southern Madagascar (ZIN Hirudinea 2227). (a) Specimen No 1 (red arrow shows a rupture at the ventral side). (b) Specimen No 2. (c) Original label with locality and host data (handwritten by F. Sikora in 1899). (d) Example of the word 'Andrahomana' from a handwritten letter of F. Sikora, Fort Dauphin, 17 December 1900 (Breure 2015, fig. 55c). (e) Original label with collection number (handwritten by F. Sikora in 1899 or later). (f) Two examples of a crossed out letter 'N' from a handwritten letter of F. Sikora, Fort Dauphin, 17 December 1900 (Breure 2015, fig. 55b). (g) Secondary label containing species name with a question mark (most likely handwritten by V. Plotnikov in 1904). (h) Secondary label (most likely handwritten by E. Lukin in 1960s-1970s). Scale bar = 1.0 mm (a-b). Photos: Tatyana A. Eliseeva and Iya G. Tsiplenkina.
Figure 3 in Long forgotten record of a freshwater leech on Madagascar indicates a host-associated dispersal event from continental Africa
Figure 3. External morphology of a Placobdelloides multistriatus specimen from F. Sikora's sample, Andrahomana, Southern Madagascar (ZIN Hirudinea 2227: specimen No 2). (a) Dorsal view. (b) Ventral view. (c) Anterior region (dorsal view). Abbreviations: MO, mouth; AS, anterior sucker; PS, posterior sucker; MS, traces of the median light (aureate) stripe; mg, male gonopore; and fg, female gonopore. Body somites are indicated by roman numerals; symbols a1, a2, and a3 indicate the number of annulus. Scale bars = 1.0 mm (a-b) and 0.5 mm (c). Photos: Tatyana A. Eliseeva; graphics: Ivan N. Bolotov.
Figure 1 in Long forgotten record of a freshwater leech on Madagascar indicates a host-associated dispersal event from continental Africa
Figure 1. Range map of Placobdelloides multistriatus. The light red filling indicates country-level records from continental Africa and Western Asia (Oosthuizen 1979; Al-Safadi and El-Shimy 1993; Leslie et al. 2011); the red star indicates F. Sikora's record from Madagascar discussed herein. Map: Mikhail Y. Gofarov.
Host-associated genetic differentiation and origin of a recent host shift in the generalist parasitic weed Phelipanche ramosa
<p>The branched broomrape, <em>Phelipanche ramosa</em> (L.) Pomel, is a parasitic weed that can infest several crops, notably tobacco, hemp and tomato. In western France, it has recently adapted to a new host, oilseed rape. We collected <em>P. ramosa</em> samples from fields cultivated with six different crops across Europe. Data from SSR markers and DNA sequences showed strong host-associated genetic differentiation.</p> <p>File SSRdata-Pramosa1611.txt contains sampling locations, host crops and microsatellite genotypes.</p> <p>Files BO1aligned.fas, ITSaligned.fas, RPL16aligned.fas and trnKtrnQaligned.fas contain aligned DNA sequences.</p>
Data from: Evidence of host-associated divergence from coral-eating snails (genus Coralliophila) in the Coral Triangle
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Data from: Convergent shifts in host-associated microbial communities across environmentally elicited phenotypes
Morphological plasticity is a genotype-by-environment interaction that enables organisms to increase fitness across varying environments. Symbioses with diverse microbiota may aid in acclimating to this variation, but whether the associated bacteria community is phenotype-specific remains unstudied. Here we induce morphological plasticity in three species of sea urchins and measure changes in the associated bacterial community. While each host species had unique microbial communities, the expression of morphological plasticity resulted in the convergence for a phenotype-specific microbiome that was, in part, driven by differentially associating with α- and γ-proteobacteria. Furthermore, these results suggest that phenotype-specific signatures were the product of the environment, and are correlated with ingestive and digestive structures. By manipulating diet quantity over time, we also support that differentially associating with microbiota along a phenotypic continuum is bidirectional. Taken together, our data support the idea of a phenotype-specific microbial community and that phenotypic plasticity extends beyond a genotype-by-environment interaction.
Geography, seasonality, and host-associated population structure influence the fecal microbiome of a genetically depauparate Arctic mammal
<p>The Canadian Arctic is an extreme environment with low floral and faunal diversity characterized by major seasonal shifts in temperature, moisture and daylight. Muskoxen (<i>Ovibos moschatus</i>) are one of few large herbivores able to survive this harsh environment. Microbiome research of the gastrointestinal tract may hold clues as to how muskoxen exist in the Arctic, but also how this species may respond to rapid environmental changes. In this study, we investigated the effects of season (spring/summer/winter), year (2007-2016), and host genetic structure on population-level microbiome variation in muskoxen from the Canadian Arctic. We utilized 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the fecal microbial communities of 78 male muskoxen encompassing two population genetic clusters.<a name="_Hlk534564036"> These clusters are defined by Arctic Mainland and Island populations, including; 1) two mainland sampling locations of the Northwest Territories and Nunavut; and 2) four locations of Victoria Island. </a>Between these geographic populations, we found that differences in the microbiome reflected host-associated genetic cluster with evidence of migration. Within populations, seasonality influenced bacterial diversity with no significant differences between years of sampling. We found evidence of pathogenic bacteria, with significantly higher presence in mainland samples. Our findings demonstrate the effects of seasonality and the role of host population-level structure in driving fecal microbiome differences in a large Arctic mammal.</p>
Data from: Does sex-biased dispersal account for the lack of geographic and host-associated differentiation in introduced populations of an aphid parasitoid?
Host recognition and use in female parasitoids strongly relies on host fidelity, a plastic behavior which can significantly restrict the host preferences of parasitoids, thus reducing the gene flow between parasitoid populations attacking different insect hosts. However, the effect of migrant males on the genetic differentiation of populations has been frequently ignored in parasitoids, despite its known impact on gene flow between populations. Hence, we studied the extent of gene flow mediated by female and male parasitoids by assessing sibship relationships among parasitoids within and between populations, and its impact on geographic and host-associated differentiation in the aphid parasitoid Aphidius ervi. We report evidences of a high gene flow among parasitoid populations on different aphid hosts and geographic locations. The high gene flow among parasitoid populations was found to be largely male mediated, suggested by significant differences in the distribution of full-sib and paternal half-sib dyads of parasitoid populations.
Data from: A heritable symbiont and host-associated factors shape fungal endophyte communities across spatial scales
1. Although microbial ecologists are intensely interested in the processes governing microbial community assembly, progress has been limited by a lack of studies that span multiple geographical scales and levels of biological organization. 2. We used high throughput sequencing to characterize foliar fungal endophyte communities and host plant genetic structure both within, and among, 24 populations of spotted locoweed (Astragalus lentiginosus) across the Great Basin Desert. 3. Across the Great Basin, both within, and among populations of the host plant, fungal endophyte richness was predicted by plant size and variation in the seed-borne, heritable fungus, Alternaria fulva, which produces the bioactive alkaloid swainsonine. 4. The degree of between-plant turnover in the endophyte community was inversely related to host plant inbreeding and average plant size, and positively related to the relative abundance of A. fulva. Plant size was inversely related to endophyte community richness, both among, and within populations. The genetic and physical distance between host populations was not predictive of differences in fungal community structure. 5. Synthesis: Through pairing intensive local- and regional sampling, we uncovered a primacy of deterministic forces imposed by a heritable symbiont on the community structure of locoweed endophytes.
Cultivation of host-associated bacteria under sulfide-enriched microoxic and anoxic conditions
<p>Three images of cell colonies on culture plates inoculated with gill tissue homogenate from <em>Bathymodiolus brooksi</em>. The colonies grew under the following conditions: </p> <ul> <li>IMG_2467: microoxic, low H2S, low ammonium</li> <li>IMG_2468: microoxic, low H2S, low ammonium, organics</li> <li>IMG_2474: microoxic, low H2S, high ammonium, organics, 1 mM thiosulfate</li> </ul> <p>Image of a control plate without cultures inoculated with heat sterilized aliquot of <em>Bathymodiolus brooksi</em> gill homogenate:</p> <ul> <li>IMG_2475</li> </ul> <p>Two images of pH controls plated with homogenization medium that did not contain gill homogenate:</p> <ul> <li>IMG_2477: phenol red</li> <li>IMG_2479: bromothymol blue</li> </ul> <p>Two close up photos of colonies on agar plates</p> <ul> <li>IMG_2485</li> <li>IMG_2488</li> </ul>
High levels of inbreeding with spatial and host-associated structure in lice of an endangered freshwater seal
<p>Host-specialist parasites of endangered large vertebrates are in many cases more endangered than their hosts. In particular, low host population densities and reduced among-host transmission rates are expected to lead to inbreeding within parasite infrapopulations living on single host individuals. Furthermore, spatial population structures of directly-transmitted parasites should be concordant with those of their hosts. Using population genomic approaches, we investigated inbreeding and population structure in a host-specialist seal louse (<em>Echinophthirius horridus</em>) infesting the Saimaa ringed seal (<em>Phoca hispida saimensis</em>), which is endemic to Lake Saimaa in Finland and is one of the most endangered pinnipeds in the world. We conducted genome resequencing of pairs of lice collected from 18 individual Saimaa ringed seals throughout the Lake Saimaa complex. Our analyses showed high genetic similarity and inbreeding between lice inhabiting the same individual seal host, indicating low among-host transmission rates. Across the lake, genetic differentiation among individual lice was correlated with their geographic distance, and assignment analyses revealed a marked break in the genetic variation of the lice in the middle of the lake, indicating substantial population structure. These findings indicate that movements of Saimaa ringed seals across the main breeding areas of the fragmented Lake Saimaa complex may in fact be more restricted than suggested by previous population-genetic analyses of the seals themselves.</p>
Data from: The socially parasitic ant Polyergus mexicanus has host-associated genetic population structure and related neighboring nests
<p>The genetic structure of populations can be both a cause and a consequence of ecological interactions. For parasites, genetic structure may be a consequence of preferences for host species or of mating behavior. Conversely, genetic structure can determine where conspecific interactions among parasites lay on a spectrum from cooperation to conflict. We used microsatellite loci to characterize the genetic structure of a population of the socially parasitic dulotic (aka "slave-making") ant (<i>Polyergus mexicanus</i>), which is known for its host-specificity and conspecific aggression. First, we assessed whether the pattern of host species use by the parasite has influenced parasite population structure. We found that host species use was correlated with subpopulation structure, but this correlation was imperfect: some subpopulations used one host species exclusively, while others used several. Second, we examined the viscosity of the parasite population by measuring the relatedness of pairs of neighboring parasitic ant nests at varying distances from each other. Although natural history observations of local dispersal by queens suggested the potential for viscosity, there was no strong correlation between relatedness and distance between nests. However, 35% of nests had a closely related neighboring nest, indicating that kinship could potentially affect the nature of some interactions between nests of this social parasite. Our findings confirm that ecological forces like host species selection can shape the genetic structure of parasite populations, and that such genetic structure has the potential to influence parasite-parasite interactions in social parasites via inclusive fitness.</p>
Data from: Does sex-biased dispersal account for the lack of geographic and host-associated differentiation in introduced populations of an aphid parasitoid?
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