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235 results for “host-parasite”
Explosive networking: the role of adaptive host radiations and ecological opportunity in a species-rich host-parasite assembly
<p>Dataset for Cruz-Laufer et al. (2021) Explosive networking: the role of adaptive host radiations and ecological opportunity in a species-rich host-parasite assembly.</p> <p><strong>Abstract: </strong>Many species-rich ecological communities emerge from adaptive radiation events. The effects of this explosive speciation on community assembly remain poorly understood. Here, we explore the well-documented radiations of African cichlid fishes and their interactions with the flatworm gill parasites <em>Cichlidogyrus </em>spp., including 10529 reported infections and 477 different host-parasite combinations collected through a survey of peer-reviewed literature. We assess how evolutionary, ecological, and morphological parameters determine host-parasite meta-communities affected by adaptive radiation events through network metrics, host repertoire measures, and network link prediction. The hosts’ evolutionary history mostly determined host repertoires of the parasites. Ecological and evolutionary parameters determined host-parasite interactions. Generally, ecological opportunity and fitting have shaped cichlid-<em>Cichlidogyrus</em> meta-communities suggesting an invasive potential for hosts used in aquaculture. Meta-communities affected by adaptive radiations are increasingly specialised with higher environmental stability. These trends should be verified across other systems to infer generalities in the evolution of species-rich host-parasite networks.</p>
CSM08 Small mammal host-parasite sampling data for 16 linear trapping transects located in 8 LTER burn treatment watersheds at Konza Prairie
Data set contains summaries (summer) of the number of individuals of each species of small mammal captured (relative abundance) on each transect. Each record contains date, treatment, transect, trap station, species, specimen number, recapture status, specimen disposition, external body measurements (where applicable), reproductive information, and miscellaneous associated comments. These sampling records are based on nightly captures during one 4-night trapping period in summer (June through August) for each of 16 permanent transects established on eight fire treatments (two transects per treatment). These treatments include two seasonal burn watersheds (SpB, SuB), two reversal burn watersheds (R1A, R20A), one annual burn watershed (1D), two 4-year burn watersheds (4B, 4F, and one 20-year burn watershed (20B). None of these treatments implement bison grazing.
CSM09 Small mammal host-parasite sampling data associated with the Consume herbivore exclusion plots across two burned and native-grazed watersheds at Konza Prairie
Data set contains summaries of the number of individuals of each species of small mammal captured (relative abundance) on each trapping grid. Each record contains date, treatment, grid, trap station, species, specimen number, recapture status, specimen disposition, external body measurements (where applicable), reproductive information, and miscellaneous associated comments. These sampling records are based on nightly captures during one 4-night trapping period in fall (October concurrent with annual bison roundup activites) for each of 4 permanent trapping grids established on two fire/grazing treatments (two grids per treatment). These treatments are both grazed by native grazers (bison) and include one treatment burned annually (N1A) and one treatment burned every 4 years (N4B). In each treatment, sampling grids are arranged as 5 x 10 permanent stakes spaced 10m apart and labeled numerically between 1-50 for grid A and 51-100 for grid B. One grid per treatment (grid A) is sampled using capture-mark-release methods and the other grid in each treatment (grid B) is sampled using specimen removal and subsequent whole body processing and curation.
Figure 2 in Host-parasite relationships and life cycles of cuckoo wasps in agro-ecosystems in Argentina (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae: Chrysidini)
Figure 2. Emergence patterns of (a) Chrysis boutheryi (Brèthes) (squares; n = 20) and (b) C. saltana Bohart (triangles, n = 19) adults reared from trap-nests in Toay, La Pampa Province.
Figure 1 in Host-parasite relationships and life cycles of cuckoo wasps in agro-ecosystems in Argentina (Hymenoptera: Chrysididae: Chrysidini)
Figure 1. (a) Study sites: Toay (inverted triangle), Hortensia (square), Pila (triangle) and Colonia Elía (hexagon), situated in the Pampean region. The area encircled by thick line indicates the location of the Río de la Plata grasslands. Subdivisions are limited by dotted lines and identified by capital letters. A: Rolling Pampa; B: Inland Pampa; C: Southern Pampa; D: Flooding Pampa; E: Mesopotamic Pampa; F: Campos (modified from Medan et al.2011). (b–c) Trap-nests located in one tree and on fence posts.
Phylogenetic signals in host-parasite associations for Neotropical bats and Nearctic desert rodents
<p>Hosts and their parasites have strong ecological and evolutionary relationships, with hosts representing habitats and resources for parasites. In the present study, we use approaches developed to evaluate the statistical dependence of species trait values on phylogenetic relationships to determine whether host–parasite relationships (i.e. parasite infections) are contingent on host phylogeny. If host–parasite relationships are contingent on the ability of hosts to provide habitat or resources to parasites, and if host phylogeny is an effective surrogate for among-host variation in habitat and resource quality, host–parasite relationships should evince phylogenetic signals (i.e. be contingent on host phylogeny). Because the strength of ecological relationships between parasites and their hosts may affect the likelihood of phylogenetic signals occurring in host–parasite relationships, we hypothesized that (1) host specificity would be positively correlated with the strength of phylogenetic signals and (2) the strength of phylogenetic signals will be greater for parasites that rely more on their host throughout their life cycle. Analyses were conducted for ectoparasites from tropical bats and for ectoparasites, helminths, and coccidians from desert rodents. Phylogenetic signals were evaluated for parasite presence and for parasite prevalence. The frequency of phylogenetic signal occurrence was similar for parasite presence and prevalence, with a signal detected in 24–27% of cases at the species level and in 67% and 15% of cases at the genus level for parasites of bats and rodents, respectively. No differences in signal strength or the likelihood of detecting a signal existed between groups of parasites. Phylogenetic signal strength was correlated with host specificity, suggesting that mechanisms increasing host specificity also increase the likelihood of a phylogenetic signal in host use by parasites. Differences in the transmission mode did not affect signal strength or the likelihood of detecting a signal, indicating that variation in host switching opportunities associated with the transmission mode does not affect signal strength.</p>
Data used in the article "Cryptic disease-induced mortality may cause host extinction in an apparently-stable host-parasite system"
<p>These data files include all the capture-history matrices that were used in the article, including two matrices with the age of captured individuals (adults or juveniles) according to the definition presented in the main text. Infection intensity (zoospore equivalents per swab) is provided in separate files for all <em>Rhinoderma darwini</em>i and<em> Eupsophus contulmoensis</em> individuals that tested positive for <em>Batrachochytrium dendrobatidis</em> infection. Also, the R code used for the fully paramaterized matrix population model 1 (including figures) is provided. Other codes used to analyze our data, especifically capture-recapture models, were obtained from Kéry and Schaub 2012 (<em>Bayesian population analysis using WinBUGS. A hierarchical perspective</em>. Waltham, USA: Academic Press.)</p>
Figure 2 in A Seinhorst Model Determined the Host-Parasite Relationships of Meloidogyne javanica Infecting Fenugreek cv. UM202
Figure 2: Effect of increasing nematode population densities (from 0.125 on the left to 128 J2s g-1 soil on the right) of M. javanica on the growth of fenugreek cv. UM-202, showing a reduction in plant growth. Symptoms of nematode attack (a marked reduction of plant growth) were evident at the P level of 8 J2s g-1 soil. However, the tolerance limits (T) of fenugreek plant shoot length i were 1.3 J2s g-1 soil.
Figure 3 in A Seinhorst Model Determined the Host-Parasite Relationships of Meloidogyne javanica Infecting Fenugreek cv. UM202
Figure 3: Relationship between initial population densities (Pi) of M. javanica and relative shoot length (A) and relative shoot dry weights (B) of fenugreek cv. UM-202, grown in pots under glasshouse conditions for 90 days. Each point represents the average of four replicated plants. Lines represent the predicted function calculated by fitting the Seinhorst model to data using the SeinFit program. Statistics for fitted models of shoot length and shoot dry weight were R2 = 0.90, sum of squares (SS) = 0.12; and R2 = 0.92, SS = 0.072, respectively.
Figure 1 in A Seinhorst Model Determined the Host-Parasite Relationships of Meloidogyne javanica Infecting Fenugreek cv. UM202
Figure 1: Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images of the perineal pattern of M. javanica, which show a rounded to flattened dorsal arch and conspicuous lateral lines that separate the dorsal and ventral regions of the patterns. (A) A close view of the distinct lateral line in a perineal pattern distinguishes this species from other Meloidogyne spp. (B) An inner area was marked by coarsely broken striae and contained the vulva and anus.
Fig. 10 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 10. Comparisons of inflammatory cells recruited to inflammatory foci in cane toads, Rhinella marina (a) and native frogs, Cyclorana australis (b). Each anuran species was exposed to infective larvae of Rhabdias hylae (white bars) and Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (grey bars). Graphs show average values ± 1 S.E.M.
Fig. 7 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 7. Histological investigation of lungworm infection in anurans. Graphs show the proportion of (a) metamorph native frogs (Cyclorana australis) and (b) metamorph cane toads (Rhinella marina) infected with lungworms, not infected with lungworms, or with inflammatory 'foci' (probable cases of a lungworm larva penetrating the anuran's body but failing to survive).
Fig. 2 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 2. The distribution of lungworm larvae in cane toad metamorphs. (a) Toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias hylae (native frog lungworm) and (b) toad metamorphs infected with Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala (cane toad lungworm). Data in panel (b) are from Pizzatto et al. (2010), with permission. LUNG refers to adult lungworms found within the lung, SKIN/MUSCLE refers to larvae found in the skeletal muscle or subcutaneous tissue, HEAD refers to larvae detected in the head or neck region (excluding those found in eye tissue), EYE indicates larvae found in the eye or periocular tissue, and COELOM denotes larvae within the coelom or coelomic membranes.
Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 1. Histological image depicting a transverse section of (a) R. hylae larva in the connective tissue of the head of a cane toad and (b) the inflammatory response composed primarily of macrophages and multinucleated giant cells surrounding the parasite. Haematoxylin and eosin stain, 400× magnification, scale bar equals 30 μm.
Fig. 4 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 4. Effect of time since exposure to Rhabdias hylae larvae on cane toad metamorphs: (a) shows the number of larvae found in toads and (b) shows the number of foci (areas of inflammation with no visible larvae) in toads, as determined by histological methods.
Fig. 9 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 9. Change in the average number of inflammatory foci (probable cases of larval parasites breaking down) observed in all anurans over time. Graph shows average values ± 1 S.E.M.
Fig. 6 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 6. Effects of Rhabdias hylae infection on cane toad metamorphs: (a) the average percentage of neutrophils and (b) lymphocytes around inflammation sites over time in cane toads infected with Rhabdias hylae. Graphs show average values ±1 S.E.M.
Fig. 3 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 3. The state of Rhabdias hylae larvae in cane toads as a function of days-post treatment. The graph shows larval numbers as the percentage of total larvae that were seen at each time period.
Fig. 5 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 5. Average inflammation severity surrounding Rhabdias hylae larvae and foci (probable larvae being broken down by the host's immune system) within infected cane toads at different numbers of days post-infection. Graph shows average values ±1 S.E.M.
Fig. 8 in Host-parasite interactions during a biological invasion: The fate of lungworms (Rhabdias spp.) inside native and novel anuran hosts
Fig. 8. Changes through time (days post-infection) on the relative numbers of anurans that were infected with lungworms, and that contained adult versus juvenile stages of the parasites involved. Data are shown for two lungworm species (Rhabdias hylae from native frogs, and Rhabdias pseudosphaerocephala from invasive cane toads) and for two types of host: the native frog, Cyclorana australis, and the cane toad, Rhinella marina. The panels show data for (a) C. australis infected with R. pseudosphaerocephala, (b) C. australis infected with R. hylae, (c) cane toads infected with R. pseudosphaerocephala and (d) cane toads infected with R. hylae.
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