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23 results for “host-parasite associations”
CSM09 Small mammal host-parasite sampling data associated with the Consume herbivore exclusion plots across two burned and native-grazed watersheds at Konza Prairie
Data set contains summaries of the number of individuals of each species of small mammal captured (relative abundance) on each trapping grid. Each record contains date, treatment, grid, trap station, species, specimen number, recapture status, specimen disposition, external body measurements (where applicable), reproductive information, and miscellaneous associated comments. These sampling records are based on nightly captures during one 4-night trapping period in fall (October concurrent with annual bison roundup activites) for each of 4 permanent trapping grids established on two fire/grazing treatments (two grids per treatment). These treatments are both grazed by native grazers (bison) and include one treatment burned annually (N1A) and one treatment burned every 4 years (N4B). In each treatment, sampling grids are arranged as 5 x 10 permanent stakes spaced 10m apart and labeled numerically between 1-50 for grid A and 51-100 for grid B. One grid per treatment (grid A) is sampled using capture-mark-release methods and the other grid in each treatment (grid B) is sampled using specimen removal and subsequent whole body processing and curation.
Phylogenetic signals in host-parasite associations for Neotropical bats and Nearctic desert rodents
<p>Hosts and their parasites have strong ecological and evolutionary relationships, with hosts representing habitats and resources for parasites. In the present study, we use approaches developed to evaluate the statistical dependence of species trait values on phylogenetic relationships to determine whether host–parasite relationships (i.e. parasite infections) are contingent on host phylogeny. If host–parasite relationships are contingent on the ability of hosts to provide habitat or resources to parasites, and if host phylogeny is an effective surrogate for among-host variation in habitat and resource quality, host–parasite relationships should evince phylogenetic signals (i.e. be contingent on host phylogeny). Because the strength of ecological relationships between parasites and their hosts may affect the likelihood of phylogenetic signals occurring in host–parasite relationships, we hypothesized that (1) host specificity would be positively correlated with the strength of phylogenetic signals and (2) the strength of phylogenetic signals will be greater for parasites that rely more on their host throughout their life cycle. Analyses were conducted for ectoparasites from tropical bats and for ectoparasites, helminths, and coccidians from desert rodents. Phylogenetic signals were evaluated for parasite presence and for parasite prevalence. The frequency of phylogenetic signal occurrence was similar for parasite presence and prevalence, with a signal detected in 24–27% of cases at the species level and in 67% and 15% of cases at the genus level for parasites of bats and rodents, respectively. No differences in signal strength or the likelihood of detecting a signal existed between groups of parasites. Phylogenetic signal strength was correlated with host specificity, suggesting that mechanisms increasing host specificity also increase the likelihood of a phylogenetic signal in host use by parasites. Differences in the transmission mode did not affect signal strength or the likelihood of detecting a signal, indicating that variation in host switching opportunities associated with the transmission mode does not affect signal strength.</p>
Fig. 7 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations
Fig. 7. Distribution of the records of parasitic arthropods in relation to host species and their distribution in the sub-regions of the Antarctic region. Legend: AAP = Antarctic Peninsula (including South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago), AWS = Antarctica Weddell Sea sector, AAT = Antarctica Atlantic Ocean sector (including Bouvet Island), AIW = Antarctica Indian Ocean West sector, AIE = Antarctica Indian Ocean East sector, ARS = Antarctica Ross Sea sector (including Scott and Balleny Islands), APW = Antarctica Pacific Ocean West sector, APE = Antarctica Pacific Ocean East sector (including Peter I Island), SOI = South Orkney Island, SGI = South Georgia Island, SSI = South Sandwich Islands, PEI = Prince Edward Islands, CRI = Crozet Islands, KEI = Kerguelen Islands, HMI = Heard and McDonald Islands.
Fig. 6 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations
Fig. 6. Distribution of host species and host-parasite-location records in the Antarctic region, excluding stragglers and contaminants. Legend: (A) avian hosts, (B) pinniped hosts, (C) chewing lice, (D) sucking lice, (E) fleas, (F) ticks, (G) nasal mites, (H) feather mites.
Fig. 4 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations
Fig. 4. Genera of fleas (Ceratophyllidae – 1, Pygiopsyllidae – 2, Rhopalopsyllidae – 3), pentastomes (Reighardiidae – 4), hard ticks (Ixodidae – 5), parasitic mites (Laelapidae – 6, Halarachnidae – 7, Rhinonyssidae – 8) and feather mites (Alloptidae – 9, Avenzoariidae – 10, Freyanidae – 11, Xolalgidae – 12) recorded infesting Antarctic birds and mammals.
Fig. 5 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations
Fig. 5. Network representation and mean and standard deviation of degrees and betweenness centrality of the host-parasite associations by host families (A) and parasite families (B), excluding stragglers and contaminants. Degrees (number of connections of a given node) may be interpreted as a measure of the host breadth of a given parasite species or the parasite diversity of a given host species; node size is drawn proportional to the number of degrees. Betweenness centrality (proportion of shortest paths between nodes that pass through a given node) may be interpreted as a measure of the potential influence a species has over the spread of vectorborne pathogens through the network.
Fig. 3 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations
Fig. 3. Genera of sucking lice (Echinophthiriidae – 1) and chewing lice (Menoponidae – 2, Philopteridae – 3) recorded infesting Antarctic birds and mammals.
Fig. 2 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations
Fig. 2. Host-parasite associations at the family level between Antarctic birds and mammals and arthropods, excluding stragglers and contaminants. Phylogenetic trees are not drawn to scale (adapted from Dabert and Mironov, 1999; Whiting, 2002; Dowling and O'Connor, 2010; Zhang, 2011; Prum et al., 2015).
Fig. 1 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations
Fig. 1. Sub-areas of the Antarctic region. Legend: AAP = Antarctic Peninsula (including South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago), AWS = Antarctica Weddell Sea sector, AAT = Antarctica Atlantic Ocean sector (including Bouvet Island), AIW = Antarctica Indian Ocean West sector, AIE = Antarctica Indian Ocean East sector, ARS = Antarctica Ross Sea sector (including Scott and Balleny Islands), APW = Antarctica Pacific Ocean West sector, APE = Antarctica Pacific Ocean East sector (including Peter I Island), SOI = South Orkney Island, SGI = South Georgia Island, SSI = South Sandwich Islands, PEI = Prince Edward Islands, CRI = Crozet Islands, KEI = Kerguelen Islands, HMI = Heard and McDonald Islands. The Antarctic Polar Front was drawn from Moore et al. (1999).
Data from: The role of host-range expansion and co-speciation in host-parasite associations with the divergence of the great tit species complex
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Phylogenetic signals in host-parasite associations for Neotropical bats and Nearctic desert rodents
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Host-parasite interactions between a copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and small reef-associated gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands
<p>The effects of parasitic copepods on free-living hosts are infrequently documented, and the copepod Pharodes tortugensis has remained virtually unstudied since described. For the first time, we document its host range in the British Virgin Islands (BVI), the prevalence and intensity of infections on wild hosts, and its impacts on host morphology and performance. Infections were observed on four benthic gobies in the BVI (<em>Coryphopterus glaucofraenum</em>, <em>C. venezuelae</em>, <em>C. dicrus</em> and <em>C. eidolon</em>) but not on other host species previously reported from other parts of the western Atlantic. Infected gobies were widespread in the BVI (detected at 33 of 52 sites, prevalence from 1–25%) but extremely rare elsewhere in the Caribbean (detected at 2 of 16 sites, prevalence <0.006%). As is typical of macroparasite infections, <em>P. tortugensis</em> was over-dispersed in BVI host populations (mean intensity = 4.7, range = 1–17). Infections were most common in juvenile and female hosts, and rarely found in larger male hosts. The copepods attach in the branchial chamber of the goby; female copepods show high attachment fidelity to the ventral surface of the chamber, while male copepods attached most often to the first two gill arches and in the branchial chamber adjacent to the female. Infections caused substantial damage to the host's branchial chamber and gill filaments. Parasitized gobies also had larger livers and smaller gonads than unparasitized individuals of similar length. The changes in organ mass of infected gobies were not sizeable enough to affect total body mass, and host condition (the body-length vs. body-mass relationship) was similar for gobies with and without infections. Parasitized gobies were, however, significantly smaller in body mass at a given age, reflecting slower overall growth. Effects of <em>P. tortugensis</em> on individual hosts were broadly similar to those of other parasitic copepods that infect fish gills and, for unknown reasons, the BVI appears to be a persistent hotspot of infections on these goby hosts.</p>
Host-parasite interactions between a copepod (Pharodes tortugensis) and small reef-associated gobies (Coryphopterus) in the British Virgin Islands
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Data from: A comparison of diversity estimators applied to a database of host-parasite associations
Understanding the drivers of biodiversity is important for forecasting changes in the distribution of life on earth. However, most studies of biodiversity are limited by uneven sampling effort, with some regions or taxa better sampled than others. Numerous methods have been developed to account for differences in sampling effort, but most methods were developed for systematic surveys in which all study units are sampled using the same design and assemblages are sampled randomly. Databases compiled from multiple sources, such as from the literature, often violate these assumptions because they are composed of studies that vary widely in their goals and methods. Here, we compared the performance of several popular methods for estimating parasite diversity based on a large and widely used parasite database, the Global Mammal Parasite Database (GMPD). We created artificial datasets of host-parasite interactions based on the structure of the GMPD, then used these datasets to evaluate which methods best control for differential sampling effort. We evaluated the precision and bias of seven methods, including species accumulation and nonparametric diversity estimators, compared to analyzing the raw data without controlling for sampling variation. We find that nonparametric estimators, and particularly the Chao2 and second-order jackknife estimators, perform better than other methods. However, these estimators still perform poorly relative to systematic sampling, and effect sizes should be interpreted with caution because they tend to be lower than actual effect sizes. Overall, using these estimators is more effective in comparative studies than for estimating true estimates of diversity. We make recommendations for future sampling strategies and statistical methods that would improve estimates of global parasite diversity.
FIG. 2 in Host-parasite relationships between a Malagasy fruit bat (Pteropodidae) and associated bat fly (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): seasonal variation of host body condition and the possible impact of parasite abundance
FIG. 2. Body Condition Index (BCI) of R. madagascariensis in the Grotte des Chauves-souris, Parc National d'Ankarana, based on five different field sessions and separated into the different age and sex classes. AF = adult female, AM = adult male, NF = neonate female, NM = neonate male, SAF = sub-adult female, SAM = sub-adult male
FIG. 1 in Host-parasite relationships between a Malagasy fruit bat (Pteropodidae) and associated bat fly (Diptera: Nycteribiidae): seasonal variation of host body condition and the possible impact of parasite abundance
FIG. 1. Location map of the study site, Grotte des Chauves-souris, in the Parc National d'Ankarana, northern Madagascar
Data from: A comparison of diversity estimators applied to a database of host-parasite associations
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Data from: Host-parasite network structure is associated with community-level immunogenetic diversity
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Fig. 8 in Arthropod parasites of Antarctic and Subantarctic birds and pinnipeds: A review of host-parasite associations
Fig. 8. Distribution of the number of parasite species/subspecies recorded in relation to the number of host species known to breed at the different Antarctic sub-regions, excluding stragglers and contaminants. Legend: AAP = Antarctic Peninsula (including South Shetland Islands and Palmer Archipelago), AWS = Antarctica Weddell Sea sector, AAT = Antarctica Atlantic Ocean sector (including Bouvet Island), AIW = Antarctica Indian Ocean West sector, AIE = Antarctica Indian Ocean East sector, ARS = Antarctica Ross Sea sector (including Scott and Balleny Islands), APW = Antarctica Pacific Ocean West sector, APE = Antarctica Pacific Ocean East sector (including Peter I Island), SOI = South Orkney Island, SGI = South Georgia Island, SSI = South Sandwich Islands, PEI = Prince Edward Islands, CRI = Crozet Islands, KEI = Kerguelen Islands, HMI = Heard and McDonald Islands.
FIGURE 3 in A checklist of sucking lice (Insecta: Phthiraptera: Anoplura) associated with Mexican wild mammals, including geographical records and a host-parasite list
FIGURE 3. Geographical distribution of Polyplacidae reported from Mexico.
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