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41 results for “hostplants”
Data from: The interactive effects of heat stress, parasitism, and hostplant quality in a host-parasitoid system
<p>Species interactions are expected to change in myriad ways as the frequency and magnitude of extreme temperature events increase with anthropogenic climate change. The relationships between endosymbionts, parasites, and their hosts are particularly sensitive to thermal stress, which can have cascading effects to other trophic levels. We investigate the interactive effects of heat stress and parasitism on a terrestrial tritrophic system consisting of two hostplants (one common, high-quality plant and one novel, low-quality plant), a caterpillar herbivore, and a specialist parasitoid wasp. We used a fully-factorial experiment to determine the bottom-up effects of the novel hostplant on both the caterpillars' life history traits and the wasps' survival, and the top-down effects of parasitism and heat shock on caterpillar developmental outcomes and herbivory levels. Hostplant identity interacted with thermal stress to affect wasp success, with wasps performing better on the low-quality hostplant under constant temperatures but worse under heat shock conditions. Surprisingly, caterpillars consumed less leaf material of the low-quality hostplant to reach the same final mass across developmental outcomes. In parasitized caterpillars, heat shock reduced parasitoid survival and increased both caterpillar final mass and development time on both hostplants. These findings highlight the importance of studying community-level responses to climate change from a holistic and integrative perspective and provide insight into potential substantial interactions between thermal stress and diet quality in plant-insect systems.</p>
Figure 3 in Butterfly-parasitoid-hostplant interactions in Western Palaearctic Hesperiidae: a DNA barcoding reference library
Figure 3. Mounted specimens illustrating the species of Microgastrinae recovered in this study. A, Cotesia glabrata Telenga ex Carcharodus alceae, Italy. Adult plus cocoons. Gregarious parasitoid; brood sizes vary considerably, host usually well grown or prepupal when killed. The other Cotesia species (near glabrata) look similar and behave in the same way. B, Dolichogenidea sp. near sicaria Marshall, ex Carcharodus alceae, Spain. Adult plus cocoon. Solitary parasitoid, killing the host while still quite young. C, Microgaster australis Thomson, ex Muschampia stauderi, Greece. Adult plus cocoon. Solitary parasitoid, usually killing the host as a prepupa. D, Microgaster nobilis Reinhard, ex Carcharodus alceae, Spain. Adult plus cocoon. Solitary parasitoid, usually killing the host as a prepupa. All specimens are in the collection of the National Museums of Scotland.
Figure 4 in Butterfly-parasitoid-hostplant interactions in Western Palaearctic Hesperiidae: a DNA barcoding reference library
Figure 4. Interaction matrices showing the recorded interactions of Hesperiidae and their hostplants (A), Hesperiidae and their parasitoids (B) and parasitoids and hostplants of Hesperiidae (C). White squares indicate recorded interactions between the taxa in the corresponding row and column, while blue squares indicate lack of interaction.
Figure 2 in Butterfly-parasitoid-hostplant interactions in Western Palaearctic Hesperiidae: a DNA barcoding reference library
Figure 2. Circular cladogram showing ecological interactions among European and North African Hesperiidae, their hostplants, and their microgastrine parasitoids, recovered through DNA barcoding for Hesperiidae and/or parasitoids. Hesperiid, parasitoid and plant cladograms are coloured in orange, blue and green, respectively. Lines representing interactions with parasitoids are coloured in blue, while lines involving hostplant interactions are coloured in green.
Figure 1 in Butterfly-parasitoid-hostplant interactions in Western Palaearctic Hesperiidae: a DNA barcoding reference library
Figure 1. Representation of the study system. Hesperiid larvae feeding on their hostplants can be attacked by a number of parasitoids, which can in turn be attacked by various hyperparasitoids. A, Spialia rosae on its hostplant Rosa sicula. B, third instar larva of Sp. rosae on a silk shelter. C, Microgaster australis parasitizing an L3 Sp. rosae larva. D, Gelis sp. parasitizing M. australis on its cocoon after emerging from the Sp. rosae larva. Drawings by Martí Franch.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Western Palaearctic Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) Hering and Ectoedemia Busck s. str. (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): five new species and new data on distribution, hostplants and recognition.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Western Palaearctic Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) Hering and Ectoedemia Busck s. str. (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): five new species and new data on distribution, hostplants and recognition". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/d33a3344-7f9a-4028-8569-2b7643d9b43f">https://bionomia.net/dataset/d33a3344-7f9a-4028-8569-2b7643d9b43f</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/d33a3344-7f9a-4028-8569-2b7643d9b43f">https://gbif.org/dataset/d33a3344-7f9a-4028-8569-2b7643d9b43f</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: Western Palaearctic Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) Hering and Ectoedemia Busck s. str. (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): five new species and new data on distribution, hostplants and recognition.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "Western Palaearctic Ectoedemia (Zimmermannia) Hering and Ectoedemia Busck s. str. (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae): five new species and new data on distribution, hostplants and recognition". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/7182d6f0-9a7d-42e4-824f-cdce194bbff9">https://bionomia.net/dataset/7182d6f0-9a7d-42e4-824f-cdce194bbff9</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/7182d6f0-9a7d-42e4-824f-cdce194bbff9">https://gbif.org/dataset/7182d6f0-9a7d-42e4-824f-cdce194bbff9</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Linked collectors and determiners for: A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation.
Natural history specimen data linked to collectors and determiners held within, "A molecular phylogeny and revision of the genus Pyropteron Newman, 1832 (Lepidoptera, Sesiidae) reveals unexpected diversity and frequent hostplant switch as a driver of speciation". Claims or attributions were made on Bionomia by volunteer Scribes, <a href="https://bionomia.net/dataset/cdd9688e-9a3f-4602-992e-1f8693caab9b">https://bionomia.net/dataset/cdd9688e-9a3f-4602-992e-1f8693caab9b</a> using specimen data from the dataset aggregated by the Global Biodiversity Information Facility, <a href="https://gbif.org/dataset/cdd9688e-9a3f-4602-992e-1f8693caab9b">https://gbif.org/dataset/cdd9688e-9a3f-4602-992e-1f8693caab9b</a>. Formatted as a Frictionless Data package.
Data from: The interactive effects of heat stress, parasitism, and hostplant quality in a host-parasitoid system
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Figure 2. A in Defoliation of the Invasive Tree Falcataria moluccana on Hawaii Island by the Native Koa Looper Moth (Geometridae: Scotorythra paludicola), and Evaluation of Five Fabaceous Trees as Larval Hostplants
Figure 2. A defoliated Falcataria moluccana
Milkweed trait values associated with aridity gradients and drought-induced changes in hostplant quality
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Data from: Cytochrome P450 diversification and hostplant utilization patterns in specialist and generalist moths: birth, death, and adaptation
Across insect genomes, the size of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP) gene superfamily varies widely. CYPome size variation has been attributed to reciprocal adaptive radiations in insect detoxification genes in response to plant biosynthetic gene radiations driven by coevolution between herbivores and their chemically defended hostplants. Alternatively, variation in CYPome size may be due to random "birth and death" processes, whereby exponential increase via gene duplications is limited by random decay via gene death or transition via divergence. We examined CYPome diversification in the genomes of seven Lepidoptera species varying in host breadth from monophagous (Bombyx mori) to highly polyphagous (Amyelois transitella). CYPome size largely reflects the size of Clan 3, the clan associated with xenobiotic detoxification, and to some extent phylogenetic age. Consistently across genomes, families CYP6, CYP9, and CYP321 are most diverse and CYP6AB, CYP6AE, CYP6B, CYP9A, and CYP9G are most diverse among subfamilies. Higher gene number in subfamilies is due to duplications occurring primarily after speciation and specialization ("P450 blooms"), and the genes are arranged in clusters, indicative of active duplicating loci. In the parsnip webworm, Depressaria pastinacella, gene expression levels in large subfamilies are high relative to smaller subfamilies. Functional and phylogenetic data suggest a correlation between highly dynamic loci (reflective of extensive gene duplication, functionalization, and in some cases loss) and the ability of enzymes encoded by these genes to metabolize hostplant defenses, consistent with an adaptive, nonrandom process driven by ecological interactions.
FIGURE 2. Marmara viburnella male genitalia. 2a in A new species of Marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Marmarinae), with an Annotated List of Known Hostplants for the Genus
FIGURE 2. Marmara viburnella male genitalia. 2a, Genital capsule with valvae, ventral view. 2b, Phallus, lateral view.
FIGURES 3–11. Marmara viburnella. 3 in A new species of Marmara (Lepidoptera: Gracillariidae: Marmarinae), with an Annotated List of Known Hostplants for the Genus
FIGURES 3–11. Marmara viburnella. 3, early instar larva; 4, bark flap cut by the larva, under which the cocoon is spun; 5, cocoon of male paratype, with pupal exuviae protruding from right end; 6, cocoon with numerous pearly bubbles, found in Illinois; 7, the first documented leaf mine, from Tuckernuck Island, September 2011; 8, mine tract departing the leaf blade, visible as a brown line in the petiole and twig; 9, bark mine; 10, holotype male; 11, paratype male.
FIGURES 10–15 in On revised systematic status of Mycalesis suaveolens kagina Fruhstorfer, 1911, with notes on its immature biology and hostplant associations
FIGURES 10–15. Immatures of Mycalesis kagina. 10. Eggs attached on leaf underside of Zingiber kawagoii. 11. Enlargement of egg (head capsule visible), scale bar = 0.5 mm. 12. 1st instar larva. 13. 3rd instar larva. 14. 5th larva. 15. pupa.
FIGURES 32–35 in On revised systematic status of Mycalesis suaveolens kagina Fruhstorfer, 1911, with notes on its immature biology and hostplant associations
FIGURES 32–35. Genitalia of Mycalesis kagina and M. suaveolens. 32. Male genitalia of Mycalesis kagina, 33. Male genitalia of M. suaveolens. 34. Female genitalia of M. kagina, 35. Female genitalia of M. suaveolens. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURES 2–9. Adults specimens. 2–5 in On revised systematic status of Mycalesis suaveolens kagina Fruhstorfer, 1911, with notes on its immature biology and hostplant associations
FIGURES 2–9. Adults specimens. 2–5, those of Mycalesis suaveolens, 2. male, upperside (Yunnan), 3. male, underside (Yunnan), 4. female, upperside (Yunnan), 5. female, underside (Yunnan). 6–9, those of Mycalesis kagina, 6. male, upperside (Taiwan), 7. male, underside (Taiwan), 8. female, upperside (Taiwan), 9. female, underside (Taiwan). Scale bar = 1 cm.
FIGURES 27–31 in On revised systematic status of Mycalesis suaveolens kagina Fruhstorfer, 1911, with notes on its immature biology and hostplant associations
FIGURES 27–31. Head capsules of Mycalysis suaveolens. 27. 1st instar. 28. 2nd instar. 29. 3rd instar. 30. 4th instar. 31. 5th instar. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURES 22–26 in On revised systematic status of Mycalesis suaveolens kagina Fruhstorfer, 1911, with notes on its immature biology and hostplant associations
FIGURES 22–26. Head capsules of Mycalysis kagina. 22. 1st instar. 23. 2nd instar. 24. 3rd instar. 25. 4th instar. 26. 5th instar. Scale bar = 1 mm.
FIGURES 16–21 in On revised systematic status of Mycalesis suaveolens kagina Fruhstorfer, 1911, with notes on its immature biology and hostplant associations
FIGURES 16–21. Immatures of Mycalesis suaveolens. 16. Egg attached on leaf underside of Zingiber yunnanense. 17. Enlargement of egg (head capsule visible), scale bar = 0.5 mm. 18. 1st instar larva. 19. 3rd instar larva. 20. 5th larva. 21. pupa.
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