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125 results for “hyper-diverse”
The ability to disperse large seeds, rather than body mass alone, defines the importance of animals in a hyper-diverse seed dispersal network
<p>1. Large-bodied animals play irreplaceable roles in seed dispersal, partly due to their capacity to disperse large seeds. Understanding this role at a community level has been limited by the paucity of network studies that include large vertebrates, and the almost complete absence of studies including synzoochoric dispersers. Synzoochoric dispersers can disperse seeds disproportionately large for their body size, potentially overlapping the roles of large-bodied animals. A comprehensive network, inclusive of large vertebrates and synzoochorous dispersers, is imperative to understand seed dispersal at a community level.</p> <p>2. Here, we analysed the seed dispersal network of a hyper-diverse Sundaic forest in Malaysia using local ecological knowledge and including multiple forms of endozoochorous and synzoochorous dispersal. We evaluated the extent to which three disperser traits: body mass, seed-handling ability (size of the largest seed dispersed), and diet explained the importance of animals in the network. We evaluated dispersers' relative importance using four network metrics — degree of specialisation (nested rank), species strength, within-module connectivity (z-value), and between-modules connectivity (c-value).</p> <p>3. We found that seed-handling ability had the biggest effect on a disperser's importance, with strong effects on three network metrics (species strength, ecological specialization, z-value) and moderate effects on connectivity between modules. Body mass was important in defining interactions within modules, and dietary differences defined the ecological specialisation of species in seed dispersal.</p> <p>4. Important dispersers in our network were large-seed dispersers (e.g., rats, gibbons), large-bodied animals, in particular the Asian elephant, and animals with frugivorous diets such as hornbills.</p> <p>5. Synthesis. Our work uncovers the significance of seed-handling ability in identifying pivotal seed dispersal roles in tropical rainforests. Key dispersers include large-bodied herbivores and medium-sized frugivores that could disperse large seeds by endozoochory, and smaller rodents that dispersed similar-sized seeds by synzoochory. Many of the species that emerged as particularly important for the seed dispersal network are currently threatened (e.g., the Asian elephant, gibbons, and hornbills). Their protection or reintroduction should be a top conservation priority. </p>
Plant and frugivore species characteristics drive frugivore contributions to seed dispersal effectiveness in a hyper-diverse community
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The ability to disperse large seeds, rather than body mass alone, defines the importance of animals in a hyper-diverse seed dispersal network
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Data from: Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)
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Multiple lineages of hyper-diverse Zopheridae beetles survived the New Zealand Oligocene Drowning
Aim: During the late Oligocene (23 mya) the New Zealand landmass was reduced to approximately 18% of its current area. It has been hypothesized that this event, known as the Oligocene Drowning, caused population bottlenecking and mass extinction. Using phylogenetic methods, we examine the effect of this and other environmental events on the hyper-diverse Zopheridae beetles (162 morpho-species), which largely inhabit leaf litter and dead wood. Location: New Zealand Taxon: Zopheridae, Coleoptera Methods: Here we use a fossil-calibrated phylogenetic tree estimated from mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and nuclear large subunit rRNA genes to identify monophyletic New Zealand zopherid lineages and date the age of these lineages. We used Bayesian diversification models (compound Poisson process on mass-extinction times) to test the hypothesis that the New Zealand zopherids underwent a mass extinction in the late Oligocene followed by an increase in speciation rate in the Miocene. We also used these data to estimate the age of these lineages in New Zealand. Results: We demonstrate that 15 to 20 zopherid lineages survived the Oligocene Drowning depending on the calibration scheme. Of these lineages from three to 11 have posterior intervals that encompass the rifting of New Zealand from Gondwana in the late Cretaceous, again depending on the calibration scheme. The diversification model shows no evidence of an increase in extinction rate during the Oligocene Drowning or during any other period since the Cretaceous. Furthermore, rather than recovering an increase in speciation rate during the Miocene and Pliocene, due to environmental changes, we instead recovered a large drop in the speciation rate during this time. Main conclusion: The New Zealand zopherid fauna is a combination of lineages, some of which may have existed on New Zealand since the rifting from Gondwana and other more recent arrivals. The late-Oligocene reduction in land area was insufficient to cause a mass extinction in the Zopheridae. This suggests the amount of emergent land was great enough to support a diverse invertebrate fauna. Our study demonstrates the different biogeographic patterns evident in cryptic, hyperdiverse, and poorly dispersing invertebrate species relative to more mobile plants and animals.
Estimating the extended and hidden species diversity from environmental DNA in hyper-diverse regions
Species inventories are the building blocks of our assessment of biodiversity patterns and human impact. Yet, historical inventories based on visual observations are often incomplete impairing subsequent analyses of ecological mechanisms, extinction risk and management success. Environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding is an emerging tool that can provide wider biodiversity assessments than classical visual-based surveys. However, eDNA-based inventories remain limited by sampling effort and reference database incompleteness. In this study, we propose a new framework coupling eDNA surveys and sampling-theory methods to estimate species richness in under-sampled and hyper-diverse regions where some species remain absent from the checklist or undetected by visual surveys. We applied this framework to the coastal fish diversity in the heart of the Coral Triangle, the richest marine biodiversity hotspot worldwide. Combining data from 279 underwater visual censuses, 92 eDNA samples and an extensive custom genetic reference database, we show that eDNA metabarcoding recorded 196 putative species not detected by underwater visual census including 37 species absent from the regional checklist. We provide an updated checklist of marine fishes in the 'Raja Ampat Bird's Head Peninsula' ecoregion with 2,534 species including 1,761 confirmed and 773 highly probable presences. The Chao lower-bound diversity estimator, based on the incidence of rare species, shows that the region potentially hosts an additional 123 fish species, including pelagic, cryptobenthic and vulnerable species. The extended and hidden biodiversity along with their asymptotic estimates highlight the ability of eDNA to expand regional inventories and species distributions to better guide conservation strategies.
Fig. 4 in Strong phylogenetic constraint on transition metal incorporation in the mandibles of the hyper-diverse Hymenoptera (Insecta)
Fig. 4 Phylogenetic tree mapping the larval development site (LDS) (0 = unconcealed, 1 = concealed) for each taxon analyzed in this study. The circle with a picture of a species developing in a concealed site (the apoid wasp Stizus continuus (Crabronidae), emerging from its nest) marks the ancestral state for Apocrita, while the circle with a question mark indicate the unclear ancestral state for Hymenoptera. The histogram in the lower part of the figure show the distribution of cases for a given rank of Zn, for species with either LDS type
Fig. 2 in Strong phylogenetic constraint on transition metal incorporation in the mandibles of the hyper-diverse Hymenoptera (Insecta)
Fig. 2 Phylogenetic tree mapping the ranked Zn % for each taxon analyzed in this study. Zn was ranked as 0 = <0.1 wt%; 1 = 0.1– 1.0 wt%; 2 = 1.0–5.0 wt%; 3 = 5.0–10.0 wt%; and 4 => 10 wt%. Node 1 (in violet) identifies Zn enrichment as ancestral state for Apocrita (proportional likelihoods for Zn %: 0 = 0.0015, 1 = 0.0015, 2 = 0.121, 3 = 0.9785, 4 = 0.0062). Nodes 2 (Proctotrupidae + Pelecinidae) and 3 (Agaonidae) (in pink) identify losses of Zn enrichment in non-Aculeata (proportional likelihoods for Zn %: node 2: 0 = 0.9390, 1 = 0.0036, 2 = 0.0483, 3 = 0.0052, 4 = 0.0037; node 3: 0 = 0.9454, 1 = 0.0038, 2 = 0.0389, 3 = 0.0050, 4 = 0.0068). Nodes 4 (Chrysidoidea), 5 (Formicidae), 6 (Mutillidae + Sapygidae), and 7 (Ampulicidae) (in violet) identify re-acquisitions of Zn enrichment within Aculeata (proportional likelihoods for Zn %: node 4: 0 = 0.0597, 1 = 0.0112, 2 = 0.3890, 3 = 0.5156, 4 = 0.0244; node 5: 0 = 0.2138, 1 = 0.0173, 2 = 0.0174, 3 = 0.2796, 4 = 0.4717; node 6: 0 = 0.3439, 1 = 0.0233, 2 = 0.1286, 3 = 0.1291, 4 = 0.3748; node 7: 4 = 1)
Fig. 1 in Strong phylogenetic constraint on transition metal incorporation in the mandibles of the hyper-diverse Hymenoptera (Insecta)
Fig. 1 SEM pictures of mandibles and representative spectra (on base-10 logarithmic scale) from X-ray energy-dispersive analysis of mandible teeth, generated with a primary electron beam energy of 20 keV. a, b Camponotus cruentatus (Formicidae); c, d Ibalia rufipes (Ibaliidae); e, f Isodontia mexicana (Sphecidae); g, h Argidae sp. Note that Zn occurs only in a and b, and Mn occurs only in b. Squares in the SEM pictures indicate the area of the mandibles where the EDS point analysis was done. Peaks for transition metals (Zn and Mn), for Cl (the halogen co-associated with Zn), and for the basic elements of the cuticle (C and O) are highlighted
Figure 6 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)
Figure 6. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Stethaprioninae, Pristellinae, Jupiabinae, Tyttobryconinae, and Hyphessobryconinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support.
Figure 4 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)
Figure 4. Phylogeny of Characidae and subfamilies Aphyocharacinae, Cheirodontinae, Exodontinae, Tetragonopterinae, and Characinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support.
Figure 3 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)
Figure 3. Phylogeny of Spintherobolidae and Stevardiidae and subfamilies Landoninae, Xenurobryconinae, Glandulocaudinae, Argopleurinae, Hemibryconinae, Stevardiinae, Planaltininae, Creagrutinae, and Diapominae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements
Figure 2 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)
Figure 2. Phylogenetic relationships of the major clades of Spintherobolidae, Stevardiidae, Characidae, and Acestrorhamphidae based on the 75% complete matrix of 1348 ultraconserved elements (575 taxa; 538 472 bp).
Figure 7 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)
Figure 7. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Thayeriinae, Rhoadsiinae, Grundulinae, and Acestrorhamphinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support.
Figure 1 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)
Figure 1. Accumulation curve of the original descriptions of current valid genera of Characidae s.l. highlighting the three periods of active descriptions of genera: (i) 1777–1900, (ii) 1900–1955, and (iii) 1955–present.
Figure 5 in Phylogenomics of Characidae, a hyper-diverse Neotropical freshwater fish lineage, with a phylogenetic classification including four families (Teleostei: Characiformes)
Figure 5. Phylogeny of Acestrorhamphidae and subfamilies Oxybryconinae, Trochilocharacinae, Stygichthyinae, Megalamphodinae, and Stichonodontinae based on 1348 nuclear loci of ultraconserved elements (538 472 bp). Numbers near nodes represent bootstrap support.
Multiple lineages of hyper-diverse Zopheridae beetles survived the New Zealand Oligocene Drowning
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Data from: Species interactions mediate phylogenetic community structure in a hyper-diverse lizard assemblage from arid Australia
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Estimating the extended and hidden species diversity from environmental DNA in hyper-diverse regions
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Effects of Salicaceae species litter type and moisture at 10 paired wetland by upland plots:Specialization, maintenance of diversity and ecosystem consequences of growth defense trade-offs in a model system: the hyper-diverse willow communities of Cedar Creek
Cedar Creek includes a diversity of habitats, which support an astonishing number of species (15) from a single evolutionary lineage: the willow family (Salicaceae). The physiological tolerances and abiotic mechanisms that maintain natural diversity in this hyper-diverse system are beginning to be understood; the role of biotic interactions, however, remains a major gap in understanding. We hypothesize that insect herbivory plays a critical role in niche partitioning, providing an important explanation for high willow diversity. Using a replicated series of common gardens and insect herbivore manipulations in resource rich and resource poor habitats, we are testing for evolved trade-offs between defense investment and growth rate. We expect specialized plant syndromes to emerge along the continuum from ???herbivore escape??? via fast growth in high resource environments to ???anti-herbivore protection??? via heavy investment in defense in low resource environments. Evolved growth/defense strategies that promote diversity are also likely to have ecosystem consequences due to foliar chemical influences on decomposition and the composition and diversity of the insect communities they support. The proposed research takes advantage of natural diversity, providing an important model system at Cedar Creek.
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Allen Brain Atlas
Allen Brain Atlas is an Allen Institute collection of brain map atlases, datasets, APIs, and analysis tools covering mouse, human, and non-human primate brain resources.
Annotated Behaviour and Observability Dataset (ABODe)
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DANDI Archive for NWB datasets
DANDI is a BRAIN Initiative archive for publishing and sharing neurophysiology data, including electrophysiology, optophysiology, and behavioral data packaged as NWB and related standards.
International Brain Laboratory public data
The International Brain Laboratory public data releases expose standardized mouse decision-making experiments, including Neuropixels recordings, widefield calcium imaging, behavior, and session metadata accessed through the ONE API.
OpenNeuro
OpenNeuro is a free, open platform for sharing neuroimaging datasets, with public search, dataset pages, and download paths for web, S3, DataLad, and the OpenNeuro CLI.