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261 results for “hypothesis testing”
Precipitation-productivity relationships in desert grassland: a test of the double asymmetry hypothesis.
The purpose of this data package is to provide the derived data and R code for analyses presented in the manuscript by Collins et al. Knowing the relationship between precipitation (PPT) and aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP) is essential for understanding and modeling the global carbon cycle. Across grassland to forest gradients, the PPT-ANPP relationship is well-defined and non-linear. Temporal patterns within a site over time, however, are more variable than spatial patterns and nearly always linear. Linear relationships, however, are inconsistent with positive asymmetry occurring when the increase in ANPP in a wet year is greater than the decline in a dry year. The double asymmetry model predicts that concave down non-linearities will occur when extreme high and low PPT years are included in a time series. We used long-term ANPP data from ambient plots, plus rainfall addition and reduction experiments to test the predictions of the double asymmetry model. By combining experimental drought, plus water and nitrogen addition experiments we found some support for the double asymmetry model. However, the response was concave up not down under high precipitation coupled with nitrogen addition. By experimentally extending the range of monsoon precipitation we generated a significant although weak, non-linear PPT-ANPP relationship, but only when nutrient limitation was alleviated. Our results demonstrate that multiple interacting factors govern the PPT-ANPP relationship within a site over time.
Dataset from: A test of the reproductive assurance hypothesis in Ipomoea hederacea: does inbreeding depression counteract the benefits of self-pollination?
<p><strong>PREMISE: Darwin proposed that self-pollination in allegedly outcrossing species might act as a reproductive assurance mechanism when pollinators or mates are scarce; however, in natural populations, the benefits of selfing may be opposed by seed discounting and inbreeding depression. While empirical studies show variation among species and populations in the magnitude of reproductive assurance, little is known about the counterbalancing effects of inbreeding depression.</strong></p> <p><strong>METHODS: By comparing the female reproductive success of emasculated and open-pollinated flowers, we assessed the reproductive assurance hypothesis in two Mexican populations of <em>Ipomoea hederacea.</em> In one population we assessed temporal variation in reproductive assurance for three years. We evaluated inbreeding depression on seed production, seedling germination, and dry plant mass by contrasting self- and cross-hand pollination treatments in one population for two years.</strong></p> <p><strong> KEY RESULTS: The contribution of self-pollination to female reproductive success was high and consistent between populations, but there was variation in reproductive assurance across years. Inbreeding depression was absent in the early stages of progeny development, but there was a small negative effect of inbreeding in the probability of germination and the mass of adult progeny. </strong></p> <p><strong>CONCLUSIONS: Self-pollination provided significant reproductive assurance in <em>I. hederacea </em>but this contribution was variable across time. The contribution of reproductive assurance is probably reduced by inbreeding depression in later stages of progeny development, but this counter-effect was small in the study populations. This study supports the hypothesis that reproductive assurance with limited inbreeding depression is likely an important selective force in the evolution of self-pollination in the genus <em>Ipomoea</em>. </strong></p>
An experimental test of the Allee effects range limitation hypothesis
<p>Data and code for a simple N-mixture model in JAGS Merker, S.A and Chandler, R.B. In Press. An experimental test of the Allee effects range limitation hypothesis. Journal of Animal Ecology.</p> <p>JAE-data.gzip contains the data required to run the model including:</p> <ol> <li>scaled and center covariates of detection</li> <li>a 3 dimensional array containing counts of Canada warbler (cardellina canadensis) at 71 point count locations over 4 years</li> <li>A climate PCA derived from PRISM data.</li> </ol> <p>The model itself is described in the .jAG file "Abundance_EN_clim-trt-D.JAG"</p> <p>Merker_Chandler_Appendices is an Rmarkdown file for the appendices of the article</p>
TABLE 1 in Skeletal reconstruction of fossil vertebrates as a process of hypothesis testing and a source of anatomical and palaeobiological inferences
<p>TABLE 1. — Ratio of the length of phalanx I-1 to the length of metatarsal I in several ceratopsids. Length measurements were made from images with metatarsal I and phalanx I-1 in the same focal plane, using ImageJ (Schneider <i>et al.</i> 2012). The median ratio was used to determine that the expected length of phalanx I-1 for UALVP 42 was approximately 88.45% the length of phalanx I-1 in UALVP 16248. The digital model was scaled accordingly for the reconstruction.</p><table><thead><tr><th><b>Specimen</b></th><th><b>Taxon</b></th><th><b>Ratio</b></th></tr></thead><tbody><tr><th>AMNH 5351 cast (right foot)</th><td><i>Centrosaurus apertus</i> (Lambe, 1905)</td><td>1.021</td></tr><tr><th>CMN 8547</th><td>Indeterminate chasmosaurine</td><td>0.986</td></tr><tr><th>TMP 2002.076.0001</th><td>Indeterminate pachyrinosaurin</td><td>0.893</td></tr><tr><th>CMN 41357</th><td><i>Vagaceratops irvinensis</i> (Holmes Holmes, Forster, Ryan & Shepherd, 2001)</td><td>0.885</td></tr><tr><th>TMP 1989.097.0001</th><td><i>Styracosaurus albertensis</i> Lambe, 1913</td><td>0.883</td></tr><tr><th>AMNH 5351 cast (left foot)</th><td><i>Centrosaurus apertus</i></td><td>0.859</td></tr><tr><th>Median</th><td>–</td><td>0.889</td></tr></tbody></table>
An experimental test of the Growth Rate Hypothesis as a predictive framework for microevolutionary adaptation
<p><span>The growth rate hypothesis (GRH), a central concept of ecological stoichiometry, posits that the relative body phosphorus content of an organism is positively related to somatic growth rate as protein synthesis, which is necessary for growth, requires P-rich rRNA and has strong support at the interspecific level. Here, we explore the use of the GRH to predict microevolutionary responses in consumer body stoichiometry. For this, we subjected zooplankton populations to selection for fast population growth (PGR) in P-rich (HPF) and P-poor (LPF) food environments. With common garden transplant experiments, we demonstrate that in HP populations evolution towards increased PGR was concomitant with an increase in relative phosphorus content. In contrast, LP populations evolved higher PGR without an increase in relative phosphorus content. We conclude that the GRH has the potential to predict microevolutionary change, but that its application is contingent on the environmental context. Our results highlight the potential of cryptic evolution in determining the performance response of populations to elemental limitation of their food resources.</span></p>
Data to test for the early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis in Great Tits
<p><span>This is the data set for the paper “</span><span><strong>Did you learn what to eat from your parents? A test of the early learning of the foraging niche hypothesis in Great Tits </strong><em><span><strong>Parus major</strong>”, </span></em><em><span>published in</span></em><em><span> <strong>Journal of Avian Biology</strong>. </span></em></span></p> <p><span><span>We collected information on foraging preferences of breeding Great Tits during twelve years (2011-2022) in the field station of Can Catà, within Collserola Natural Park (Cerdanyola, Barcelona, NE Iberian Peninsula, 45º 27' N, 2º 8' E). To obtain data about nestlings’ diet, we attached infra-red Micro-D cameras (Mini Colour Sony IR Camera SK-C170IR) to the nest top inside the nest-box and focused on the entrance, thus allowing us to identify delivered prey. Nests were recorded from 07:00-13:00h (five hours).</span></span></p> <p><span><span>Prey were classified into three categories -caterpillars, spiders and others- because caterpillars and spiders are the most important prey types for Mediterranean populations of Great Tits. The size of each prey item was determined according to a semi-quantitative scale in relation to beak size of the Great Tit, which has an average size of 9 mm. Size categories were: 1=small (smaller than beak size), 2 = medium (similar to beak size), 3 = large (larger than beak size).</span></span></p> <p><span><span>Data refers to percentage of caterpillars, percentage of spiders, percentage of ‘other prey’ and mean prey size (of all prey categories). To perform the analyses the percentage of each type of prey (caterpillars, spiders and ‘other prey’) were square-root transformed to approximate normality. Since the diet of individuals may vary across years due to changing weather conditions and environmental factors affecting prey availability, before comparing an individual’s diet across different years, data was standardised for different variables using a generalised linear mixed-effects model fitted by restricted maximum likelihood. Variables included were ‘year’, ‘sex’, ‘age’ (to distinguish if the breeding individual was yearling or adult), ‘brood size’, ‘brood age’, ‘date of recording’ (taken as the number of days from 1st April to control for phenology), and the proportion of oak trees in relation to Aleppo Pines within 25m of the nest-box. Analysis allowed to extracte residuals for further analysis, which appear in the four provided tables. </span></span></p> <p><span><span>For each individual we provide prey data corresponding to the chick stage and the data from the adult stage. Data is divided in four different sheets, using different variants of the diet data that individuals received as a chick: (1) using exclusively the father’s data (referred to as <em>Father Data</em>), (2) using only the mother’s data (referred to as <em>Mother Data</em>), (3) using the <em>mean of both parents</em>’ prey data (referred to as Mean Data), and (4) using <em>weighted parents data</em> depending on the number of provisioning trips (giving more importance to the prey delivered by the most actively feeding parent, referred to as Weighted Data). </span></span></p>
Data for: "A test of the mechanistic process behind the convergent agonistic character displacement hypothesis"
<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p><span>In this era of rapid global change, understanding the mechanisms that enable or prevent species from co-occurring has assumed new urgency. The convergent agonistic character displacement (CACD) hypothesis posits that signal similarity enables co-occurrence of ecological competitors by promoting aggressive interactions that reduce interspecific territory overlap and hence, exploitative competition. In northwestern Switzerland, ca. 10% of <em>Phylloscopus sibilatrix</em> produce songs containing syllables that are typical of their co-occurring sister species, P. bonelli (“mixed singers”). To examine whether the consequences of P. sibilatrix mixed singing are consistent with CACD, we combined a playback experiment and an analysis of interspecific territory overlap. Although P. bonelli reacted more aggressively to playback of mixed P. sibilatrix song than to playback of typical P. sibilatrix song, interspecific territory overlap was not reduced for mixed singers. Thus, the CACD hypothesis was not supported, which stresses the importance of distinguishing between interspecific aggressive interactions and their presumed spatial consequences. </span></p> <p><span> </span></p>
FIGURE 16 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 16. Detailed images of the EFS of both the SMA 0084 "Rich" samples. A, EFS of SMA 0084 "Rich" tibia, in which a cycle of faster growth is included (indicated by arrow). B, EFS of SMA 0084 "Rich" fibula, which also shows a cycle of faster growth (indicated by arrow). Images taken under plane-polarized light.
FIGURE 13 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 13. Images of all forelimb samples taken from SMA 0011 "Max". A, humerus (r). B, humerus (l). C, ulna (l). D, radius (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, F: Bone tissue type F, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.
FIGURE 2 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 2. Detailed quarry map of the Howe Scott Quarry with finds from excavation seasons 1995-2003. The color coding reflects the hypothesis of skeletal unity based on field observations (Ayer, 2000). Sauropods are indicated in red in the legend. The arrows indicate the sampled bones used in this study. The quarry map was made by E. Premru, and provided by the Sauriermuseum Aathal, Aathal, Switzerland. Note that SMA M16/12-3 is not marked on the map due to a coordinate inaccuracy, which makes it impossible to correctly locate bone SMA M16/12-3 on the quarry map.
FIGURE 1 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 1. Detailed quarry map of the Howe-Stephens Quarry with finds from excavation seasons 1992-2001. The color coding reflects the hypothesis of skeletal unity based on field observations (Ayer, 2000). Sauropods are indicated in red text in the legend. Note that the 2002 season, which was the last season for the Howe-Stephens Quarry, only uncovered another silicified tree trunk, which was found below the partial skeletons of SMA 0002 "E.T." and SMA no # "Brösmeli". The arrows indicate the sampled bones used in this study. This quarry map was made by E. Premru, and provided by the Sauriermuseum Aathal, Aathal, Switzerland.
FIGURE 15 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 15. Images of both samples taken from SMA 0084 "Rich". A, tibia (l). B, fibula (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; EFS: External fundamental system, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.
FIGURE 3 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 3. The innermost cortex of fibula SMA 0084 "Rich" with the three visible generations of secondary osteons. The numbers indicate the three overlapping secondary osteons. Image taken under plane-polarized light.
FIGURE 12 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 12. Several histological structures observed in the anterior section of the femur of SMA 0014 "Jacques". A, Large circular structure, which possesses clear circumferentially orientated vascular canals. B, Close-up of the circular structure and the vascular canals. C, D, F, Cycles which show unorganized bone tissue, and varying vascular canal orientations. E, Close-up of unorganized bone tissue cycle. Images taken under plane-polarized light.
FIGURE 11 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 11. Images of all samples taken from SMA 0014 "Jacques". A, femur (r), drilled on the anterior side. B, femur (r), drilled on the posterior side. C, tibia (r). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, F: Bone tissue type F, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.
FIGURE 14 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 14. Images of all hindlimb samples taken from SMA 0011 "Max". A, femur (l), drilled on the anterior side. B, femur (l), drilled on the posterior side. C, tibia (l). D, fibula (l). E, SMA M16/12-3 femur (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, EFS: External fundamental system, F: Bone tissue type F, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.
FIGURE 9 in Testing hypothesis of skeletal unity using bone histology: The case of the sauropod remains from the Howe-Stephens and Howe Scott quarries (Morrison Formation, Wyoming, USA)
FIGURE 9. Images of all samples taken from the isolated bones SMA G47/87-1, G47/87-1 and G50/91-1. A, SMA G46/87-1 humerus (l). B, SMA G50/91-1 humerus (r). C, SMA G47/87-1 femur (l). For all samples, the bone tissue types are indicated to the left, and the number and patterns of the visible growth cycles are indicated to the right. Abbreviations; D: Bone tissue type D, E: Bone tissue type E, MC: Medullary cavity, RA: Remodeled area.
Fig. 3 in Review paper Stimulation of Plant Growth through Interactions of Bacteria and Protozoa: Testing the Auxiliary Microbial Loop Hypothesis
Fig. 3. Difference in growth responses of 16 cultivars of rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in autoclaved soil and with a diverse soil bacterial filtrate reinoculated into the farmland soil in presence (black bars) and absence (white bars) of Acanthamoeba sp. Shoot dry weight (a), total root length (b), number of laterals at seminal root (c), and total nitrogen uptake (d). Vertical error bars represent standard deviation (n = 4–9). The symbols * and ** indicate a significant difference at P <0.05 and 0.01 by one way ANOVA, respectively. Data from Somasundaram et al. (2008).
Fig. 1 in Review paper Stimulation of Plant Growth through Interactions of Bacteria and Protozoa: Testing the Auxiliary Microbial Loop Hypothesis
Fig. 1. Respiration of glucose-C (µg CO -C * g–1 soil) after addi2 tion of 1,000, 2,000, 4,000, and 8,000 ppm glucose to soil from the Heteren field site (Scheu 1992). 1,000 ppm glucose are completely respired by soil microorganisms within a single day, but glucose was not lasting longer than 4 days after saturation of the soil with glucose at 2,000–8,000 ppm (mean of 3 replicates ± 1 SD, see Ekelund et al. (2009) for a characterization of the soil).
Fig. 1 in Testing the parasite-mediated competition hypothesis between sympatric northern and southern flying squirrels
Fig. 1. Map of sites (n = 30) used to survey the presence of the intestinal parasite Strongyloides robustus in northern and southern flying squirrels in Ontario from June–September 2019. Symbol shape represents squirrel species detected at a site: square = northern flying squirrel, cross = southern flying squirrel, circle = both, and triangle = neither. The colour of symbol indicates whether S. robustus was detected at a site: grey = absent (n = 23) and black = present (n = 7). Inset shows the location of our study area in Ontario, Canada. (For interpretation of the references to colour in this figure legend, the reader is referred to the Web version of this article.)
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