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262 results for “indirect effects”

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edi48/100

Enclosure/exclosure experiments in a montane Puerto Rican stream examining direct and indirect effects of two dominant taxa of atyid (Atyidae) shrimp, Atya lanipes Holthius and Xiphocaris elongata Guerin-Meneville (Shrimp/ Algae/ Oecologia (1993))

Freshwater shrimp dominate the faunal biomass of many tropical headwater streams: however, their role in community organization is unclear. Enclosure/exclosure experiments in a montane Puerto Rican stream examined direct and indirect effects of two dominant taxa of atyid (Atyidae) shrimp, Atya lanipes Holthius and Xiphocaris elongata Guerin-Meneville. Both shrimp taxa caused significant reductions in sediment cover on rock substrata, reducing sedimentation and enhancing algal biovolume on clay tiles in cages. When tiles incubated in shrimp exclosures for 2 wks were placed outside of cages, atyid shrimp removed 100% of sediment cover within a 30 min. observation period. Atyid shrimp appear to play an important role in stream recovery after high discharge events in rapidly removing sediments and detritus deposited on benthic substrata in pools. We evaluated the mechanism by which A. lanipes influences algae and benthic insects by comparing patterns of algal biomass, taxonomic composition and shrimp-presence treatments both with and without manual sediment removal. The shrimp exclusion treatment without manual sediment removal had significantly lower algal biomass and greater sedimentation than all other treatments. The treatment in which shrimp were excluded but sediment was manually removed, however, accrued almost the same algal biovolume as the shrimp enclosure treatment, supporting the hypothesis that sediment removal enhances the biovolume of understory algal taxa. Algal community composition was similar between stream bottom bedrock exposed to natural densities of shrimp and all experimental treatments for both Atya and Xiphocaris: a diatom community strongly dominated (78-95%) by the adnate taxon, Achnanthes lanceolata Breb ex. Kutz. Atyid shrimp are important in determining the distribution and abundance of benthic insects through both direct and indirect effects. Sessile, retreat-building chironomid larvae (Chironomidae: Diptera) are negatively affected by bo

openCC (other)Nov 2023View details →

edi48/100

Indirect upstream effects of dams: consequences of migratory consumer extirpation in Puerto Rico

Large dams degrade the integrity of a wide variety of ecosystems, yet direct downstream effects of dams have received the most attention from ecosystem managers and researchers. We investigated indirect upstream effects of dams resulting from decimation of migratory freshwater shrimp and fish populations in Puerto Rico, USA, in both high- and low-gradient streams. In high-gradient streams above large dams, native shrimps and fishes were extremely rare, whereas similar sites without large dams had high abundances of native consumers. Losses of native fauna above dams dramatically altered their basal food resources and assemblages of invertebrate competitors and prey. Compared to pools in high-gradient streams with no large dams, pool epilithon above dams had 9 times more algal biomass, 20 times more fine benthic organic matter (FBOM), 65 times more fine benthic inorganic matter (FBIM), 28 times more carbon (C), 19 times more nitrogen (N), and 4 times more non-decapod invertebrate biomass. High-gradient riffles upstream from large dams had 5 times more FBIM than did undammed riffles but showed no difference in algal abundance, FBOM, or non-decapod invertebrate biomass. For epilithon of low-gradient streams, differences in basal resources between pools above large dams vs. without large dams were considerably smaller in magnitude than those observed for pools in high-gradient sites. These results match previous stream experiments in which the strength of native shrimp and fish effects increased with stream gradient. Our results demonstrate that dams can indirectly affect upstream free-flowing reaches by eliminating strong top-down effects of consumers. Migratory omnivorous shrimps and fishes occur throughout the tropics, and the consequences of their declines upstream from many tropical dams are likely to be similar to those in Puerto Rico. Thus, ecological effects of migratory fauna loss upstream from dams encompass a wider variety of species interactions and

openCC (other)Nov 2023View details →

zenodo44/100

Reservoir water quality deterioration due to deforestation emphasizes the indirect effects of global change

This repository contains the dataset linked to the following publication: Article title: Reservoir water quality deterioration due to deforestation emphasizes the indirect effects of global change Journal title: Water Research Article Number: WR_118721 doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2022.118721 Abstract: Deforestation is currently a widespread phenomenon and a growing environmental concern in the era of rapid climate change. In temperate regions, it is challenging to quantify the impacts of deforestation on the catchment dynamics and downstream aquatic ecosystems such as reservoirs and disentangle these from direct climate change impacts, let alone project future changes to inform management. Here, we tackled this issue by investigating a unique catchment-reservoir system with two reservoirs in distinct trophic states (meso‑ and eutrophic), both of which drain into the largest drinking water reservoir in Germany. Due to the prolonged droughts in 2015–2018, the catchment of the mesotrophic reservoir lost an unprecedented area of forest (exponential increase since 2015 and ca. 17.1% loss in 2020 alone). We coupled catchment nutrient exports (HYPE) and reservoir ecosystem dynamics (GOTM-WET) models using a process-based modeling approach. The coupled model was validated with datasets spanning periods of rapid deforestation, which makes our future projections highly robust. Results show that in a short-term time scale (by 2035), increasing nutrient flux from the catchment due to vast deforestation (80% loss) can turn the mesotrophic reservoir into a eutrophic state as its counterpart. Our results emphasize the more prominent impacts of deforestation than the direct impact of climate warming in impairment of water quality and ecological services to downstream aquatic ecosystems. Therefore, we propose to evaluate the impact of climate change on temperate reservoirs by incorporating a time scale-dependent context, highlighting the indirect impact of deforestation in the short-term scale. In the long-term scale (e.g. to 2100), a guiding hypothesis for future research may be that indirect effects (e.g., as mediated by catchment dynamics) are as important as the direct effects of climate warming on aquatic ecosystems.   Data description by Xiangzhen Kong (xiangzhen.kong@ufz.de; xzkong@niglas.ac.cn) 2022-06-20 1. Discharge in the streams from 2010 to 2021 at YRZ site, and from 2010 to 2020 at YHZ_Q site. <ul> <li>File name: dat_discharge_stream_YRZ_YHZ_2010_2021_daily.csv</li> <li>Note: The data is at daily basis but also available at 15-min high frequency basis, which can be requested from the authors.</li> </ul> 2. Nitrate concentration in the streams from 2011 to 2019 at both YRZ and YHZ_Q sites. <ul> <li>File name: dat_nitrate_stream_YRZ_YHZ_2011_2019_daily.csv</li> <li>Note: The data is at daily basis but also available at 15-min high frequency basis, which can be requested from the authors.</li> </ul> 3. Water quality data in the inflows from 2010 to 2021 at biweekly basis, from YRZ and YHZ_WQ sites. <ul> <li>File name: dat_waterquality_stream_YRZ_YHZ_2010_2021_biweekly.csv</li> <li>Note: The data is at biweekly basis, measured at the depth of 0.5m under water surface, from both probe and lab.</li> </ul> 4. Water quality data in the predams from 2010 to 2021 at biweekly basis, from YR1 and YH1 sites. <ul> <li>File name: dat_waterquality_predams_YR1_YH1_2010_2021_biweekly.csv</li> <li>Note: The data is at biweekly basis, measured at the depth of 0.5m under water surface, from both probe and lab.</li> </ul> 5. Water quality data in the predams from 2010 to 2015 at biweekely basis, from YR3 and YH3 sites. <ul> <li>File name: dat_waterquality_predams_YR3_YH3_2010_2015_biweekly.csv</li> <li>Note: The data is at biweekly basis, measured at various water depth, only from lab.</li> </ul> 6. CTD and BBE probe profile data in the predams from 2010 to 2015 at biweekely basis, from YR3 and YH3 sites. <ul> <li>Note: Data stored in the folder "probe_profiles_predam_YR3_YH3_2010_2015_biweekly". The data is at biweekly basis, measured at various water depths. The measurements include water temperature (Celcius), DO (mg/L), Chl-a (mg/m3), bluegreen, green and diatom (all in Chl-a, mg/m3)</li> </ul>

opencc-by-4.0Jun 2022View details →

zenodo44/100

Direct and indirect effects of climate and land use change on food webs in lakes and streams

Here, we provide the data and code necessary to reproduce the workflow and analysis in: Barbosa and Siqueira. Direct and indirect effects of climate and land use change on food webs in lakes and streams. A preprint is available at https://doi.org/10.1101/2022.04.18.488700 We compiled multicontinental data to investigate how climate and land use change are related to the structure of freshwater food webs, considering the inherent differences in lentic and lotic ecosystems. We analyzed the direct and indirect relationships between land use intensity, and temperature and precipitation changes, and food webs using multi-group structural equation modeling. Freshwater food webs were obtained from three sources: the Mangal interaction database, using the rmangal package in R, the GlobAl databasE of traits and food Web Architecture (GATEWAY) version 1.0, and the Interaction Web Data Base (IWDB). We also included food webs acquired from a search in the Web of Science Core Collection. Land use data was compiled from the global ESA CCI database, an annually generated land cover product at 300 m resolution for the period 1992 – 2015. Climate data was compiled from the TerraClimate database, a monthly generated product for climate and climatic water balance for global terrestrial surfaces at ~ 4 km for the period 1958 – 2015.

opencc-by-4.0May 2023View details →

edi44/100

Relyea, R. A. 2000. Trait-mediated indirect effects in larval anurans: Reversing competition with the threat of predation. Ecology 81:2278-2289.

Ecologists recently have been focusing on the role that trait-mediated indirect effects can have on community structure and composition. To date, this work has primarily focused on the effects of predator-induced behavioral plasticity on communities. However, predator-induced morphological plasticity, which has been documented in many taxa, might also lead to trait-mediated indirect effects. Here, I examined how predators altered the behavior and morphology of larval wood frogs (Rana sylvatica) and leopard frogs (R. pipiens) and how these phenotypic changes altered the outcome of competition between the two species. Competition in the absence of caged predators was asymmetric; when reared separately, leopard frogs grew more than wood frogs, but when competing (without predators), wood frogs grew faster than leopard frogs. The presence of caged predators reversed the outcome of competition between the two anuran prey. In the presence of larval dragonflies (Anax spp.) or caged mudminnows (Umbra limi), leopard frogs grew faster than wood frogs while total tadpole biomass production remained unchanged. Thus, there was a predator-mediated indirect effect. Because predators alter both the behavior and morphology of larval anurans and both of these traits are known to affect resource consumption and growth, both are potential mechanisms to explain the change in competitive outcome. Changes in behavior were not related to changes in growth, but changes in morphology (specifically mouth width and tail length) were related to changes in growth. When competitors were added (without predators), wood frogs increased their mouth width by 10% and their tail length by 3%, while leopard frogs increased their mouth width by 5% and did not change their tail length. The greater increase in mouth width for wood frogs should increase their forage intake, since tadpoles feed by scraping periphyton; the importance of a 3% longer tail in competitive ability is unknown. The presence of the p

openCC (other)Jun 2024View details →

zenodo40/100

Data and custom codes from "Rapid evolution in salmon life-history induced by direct and indirect effects of fishing"

Data and custom codes from Czorlich, Y., Aykanat, T., Erkinaro, J., Orell, P. & Primmer, C.R. (2021) Rapid evolution in salmon life-history induced by direct and indirect effects of fishing. Science. Codes: The R file "Fishing_effort_parallel.R" was used to estimate fishing effort/intensity (beta in equation 8) given the length distribution, the gear-specific catchability and harvest rate "Fishing_selection_estimate.R" was used to estimate fishery-induced selection at vgll3. Datasets: Genetic_phenotypic_data.xlsx: Genetic and phenotypic data about salmon from the Teno mainstem population sonar_data.xlsx: Number of salmon per length class entering the river in 2018 and 2019. The length classes of salmon caught in those years by one of the fishing methods are also included annual_catch_data.xlsx: Total mass (kg) of salmon caught by each fishing method between 1975 to 2014. Environmental_data.xlsx: Data about Barents Sea temperature, biomass of key species, fishing data individual_weight_salmon_catches.xlsx: Individual weight of salmon caught with different fishing gears in the last decades Data sources: - Genetic data (Tenojoki population, random sampling): From Czorlich et al. 2018, https://datadryad.org/stash/dataset/doi:10.5061/dryad.7hm4708 - Data about krill biomass (1980 – 2013) were taken from (1, 2). - Capelin biomass estimated from acoustic survey and the landed capelin catches were derived from (3) for 1973 – 2013. - Herring biomass data were retrieved from (4) for the 1973-1998 period. Herring biomass was calculated from the number of 1-2 year old herring and the mean weight per age as reported in (3) for 1988 – 2013. - The annual biomass of cod (a predator of forage fish) was derived from VPA analyses ((5), table 3.24). Landed cod biomass was also taken from (5). - An index for mesozooplankton (a forage fish food source) corresponding to the sum of Calanus biomass indices from different parts of the Barents Sea was used (6). - The annual sea temperature in the Kola section of the Barents Sea measured in the upper 200 meters was from <a href="http://www.pinro.vniro.ru/">pinro.vniro.ru</a> - The total number of nets used to catch salmon in the Finnmark coastal region was calculated for each year using data from (7) - Other data were generated for this study, please check the Material and Methods.  References: 1. E. Eriksen, P. Dalpadado, Long-term changes in Krill biomass and distribution in the Barents Sea: Are the changes mainly related to capelin stock size and temperature conditions? Polar Biology. 34, 1399–1409 (2011). 2.      ICES, “Report of the Working Group on the Integrated Assessments of the Barents Sea. ICES CM 2017/SSGIEA:04. 186 pp.” (2017). 3.      ICES, “Report of the Arctic Fisheries Working Group (AFWG). ICES CM 2015/ACOM:05. 639 pp.” (2015). 4.      R. Toresen, O. J. Østvedt, Variation in abundance of Norwegian spring-spawning herring (Clupea harengus, Clupeidae) throughout the 20th century and the influence of climatic fluctuations. Fish and Fisheries. 85, 385–391 (2000). 5.      ICES, “Report of the Arctic Fisheries Working Group (AFWG). ICES CM 2016/ACOM:06. 621 pp.” (2016). 6.      L. C. Stige et al., Spatiotemporal statistical analyses reveal predator-driven zooplankton fluctuations in the Barents Sea. Progress in Oceanography. 120, 243–253 (2014). 7.      E. Niemelä, T. Kalske, E. Hassinen, “Numbers of fishing gears used in Kolarctic salmon project area, numbers of allowed sites for salmon fishing and numbers of salmon fishermen in Finnmark; development until the year 2013” (2013).

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2022View details →

zenodo40/100

Experimental assessment of thermal effectiveness of a regenerative indirect evaporative cooler

Heating, ventilation and air-conditioning, HVAC, systems represent a significant energy use in Europe, around 50% of total energy use in buildings. Conventional HVAC systems are mainly based on direct expansion units, whose use of 100% outdoor air leads to high energy use. Then, different innovative and efficient air-cooling systems could be an interesting alternative to approach Nearly Zero Energy Buildings, nZEB. One of these efficient solutions is the technology of indirect evaporative cooling. This work was based on the experimental evaluation of a regenerative indirect evaporative cooler, RIEC. Several empirical tests were carried out under different inlet conditions: inlet air temperature values between 29 °C and 43 °C, TOA, and inlet air humidity ratio values between 9 g/kg and 13 g/kg, 𝜔OA, were considered. A constant inlet air stream, V0A, and a constant supply air stream, SA, were adjusted during these tests for a steady-state period of thirty minutes each. The response variables which evaluated the thermal behaviour of this RIEC system were: (i) dew point effectiveness, εdp; (ii) wet bulb effectiveness, εwb. High values of εdp and εwb were reached when the inlet air humidity ratio was 9 g/kg, around 0.87 and 0.92, respectively. However, low values of dew point effectiveness, 0.71, and wet bulb effectiveness, 0.78, were showed when the inlet air temperature was 29 °C and the inlet air humidity ratio was 13 g/kg. According to the results that this study showed, the RIEC system could be an interesting alternative in spaces where improved indoor air quality is required by using 100% outdoor air. This type of systems could achieve high values of thermal performance, specially under hot-dry climatic conditions.

opencc-by-4.0Mar 2022View details →

dryad40/100

A genome-wide test for paternal indirect genetic effects on lifespan in Drosophila melanogaster

Exposing sires to various environmental manipulations has demonstrated that paternal effects can be non-trivial also in species where male investment in offspring is almost exclusively limited to sperm. Whether paternal effects also have a genetic component (i.e. paternal indirect genetic effects - PIGEs) in such species is however largely unknown, primarily because of methodological difficulties separating indirect from direct effects of genes. PIGEs may nevertheless be important, since they have the capacity to contribute to evolutionary change. Here we use Drosophila genetics to construct a breeding design that allows testing nearly complete haploid genomes (>99%) for PIGEs. Using this technique, we estimate the variance in male lifespan due to PIGEs among four populations and compare this to the total paternal genetic variance (the sum of paternal indirect and direct genetic effects). Our results indicate that a substantial part of the total paternal genetic variance results from PIGEs. A screen of 38 haploid genomes, randomly sampled from a single population, suggests that PIGEs also influence variation in lifespan within populations. Collectively, our results demonstrate that PIGEs may constitute an underappreciated source of phenotypic variation.

opencc-zeroApr 2022View details →

dryad40/100

Direct and indirect phenotypic effects on sociability indicate potential to evolve

The decision to leave or join a group is important as group size influences many aspects of organisms' lives and their fitness. This tendency to socialise with others, sociability, should be influenced by genes carried by focal individuals (direct genetic effects) and by genes in partner individuals (indirect genetic effects), indicating the trait's evolution could be slower or faster than expected. However, estimating these genetic parameters is difficult. Here, in a laboratory population of the cockroach Blaptica dubia, I estimate phenotypic parameters for sociability: repeatability (R) and repeatable influence (RI), which indicate whether direct and indirect genetic effects respectively are likely. I also estimate the interaction coefficient (Ψ), which quantifies how strongly a partner's trait influences the phenotype of the focal individual and is key in models for the evolution of interacting phenotypes. Focal individuals were somewhat repeatable for sociability across a three-week period (R = 0.080), and partners also had marginally consistent effects on focal sociability (RI = 0.053). The interaction coefficient was non-zero, although in the opposite sign for the sexes; males preferred to associate with larger individuals (Ψmale = -0.129) while females preferred to associate with smaller individuals (Ψfemale = 0.071). Individual sociability was consistent between dyadic trials and in social networks of groups. These results provide phenotypic evidence that direct and indirect genetic effects have limited influence on sociability, with perhaps the most evolutionary potential stemming from heritable effects of the body mass of partners. Sex-specific interaction coefficients may produce sexual conflict and the evolution of sexual dimorphism in social behaviour.

opencc-zeroSep 2022View details →

zenodo40/100

Indirect genetic effects are shaped by demographic history and ecology in Arabidopsis thaliana

This folder contains data & code used for the study "Indirect genetic effects are shaped by demographic history and ecology in Arabidopsis thaliana" All data analyzed in the study are stored in the folder "data": <ul> <li>"pheno_file.csv": the main phenotypic file corresponding to the experiment with paired plants used to estimate Indirect Genetic Effects.</li> <li>"pheno_file_single_plants.csv": phenotypic file with measurements of plant biomasses in the absence of competition (single plants)</li> <li>"call_method_75_TAIR9.csv": genomic data (SNPs) for each accession from the RegMap panel (ref [1])</li> <li>"Data_geo_RegMap_accessions.csv": geographic localization of each accession from the RegMap panel (ref [2])</li> <li>"igeGWAS_scores.csv": Genome-Wide Association Study (GWAS) results reporting for each SNP from the RegMap panel the p-value and estimated effect sizes of their direct and indirect genetic effects</li> <li>"1001_accessions_info.csv": geographic localization and admixture group for each accession from the 1001 genomes project (ref [3])</li> <li>"snp_data_all_samples.txt": allelic value of each accession from the 1001 genomes project at the eleven top SNPs associated with IGE</li> <li>"sample_names.txt": names of  accessions listed in the file "snp_data_all_samples.txt"</li> <li>"climatic_data.csv": climatic data for each accessions from the 1001 genomes project (ref [4])</li> <li>"candidate_genes_all.csv":  list of all genes (and associated GO terms) with a non-synonymous, nonsense, or frameshift mutation in close proximity (distance < half LD decay distance) and high linkage (r2>0.5) with a SNP significantly associated with IGE</li> <li>"genes.coord.bed": list of all genes in a +- 500 kb around top IGE SNPs and their coordinates</li> <li>"AllGenes_fst.GeneID.txt": pairwise Fst computed between each pair of admixture groups, for all genes annotated in the genome of A. thaliana</li> </ul> "ABBA_BABA" subfolder contains ABBA_BABA statistics computed for each individual chromosome (Chr1-Chr5) using genomic windows of 20 kb with at least 250 SNPs per windows. ABBA-BABA statistics were computed using custom python scripts from https://github.com/simonhmartin/genomics_general "GEA" subfolder contains Genome-Environment Association results, with one file per chromosome x climatic variable. Climatique variable are indexed, following the order listed in the file "Climatic_variables.txt" within the subfolder "GEA". GEA analysis were run with the gemma program: https://github.com/genetics-statistics/GEMMA. "LD_IGE_SNPs" subfolders contains the list of SNPs located at +- 2Mb of a significant IGE SNP (one file per IGE SNP, named "SNPalias_LDSimplified.csv") and their linkage (r2) with the IGE SNP. It also contains the file "LD_windows_sizes.csv" with the half LD decay distances for all significant IGE SNP. All analysis performed to produce the tables and figures presented in the study (main manuscript & supplementary information) were done with the R script "Arabidopsis_IGE_analysis.R", which uses "manhattan_custom.R" as a source function to produce custom manhattan plots.   REFERENCES: [1] Horton MW, Hancock AM, Huang YS, Toomajian C, Atwell S, Auton A, Muliyati NW, Platt A, Sperone FG, Vilhjálmsson BJ, et al. 2012. Genome-wide patterns of genetic variation in worldwide Arabidopsis thaliana accessions from the RegMap panel. Nature Genetics 44: 212–216. [2] Anastasio AE, Platt A, Horton M, Grotewold E, Scholl R, Borevitz JO, Nordborg M, Bergelson J. 2011. Source verification of mis-identified Arabidopsis thaliana accessions. The Plant Journal 67: 554–566. [3] 1001 Genomes Consortium. 2016. 1,135 genomes reveal the global pattern of polymorphism in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cell 166: 481–491. [4] Ferrero-Serrano Á, Assmann SM. 2019. Phenotypic and genome-wide association with the local environment of Arabidopsis. Nature Ecology & Evolution 3: 274–285.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Quantifying direct and indirect effects of early-season herbivory on reproduction across four brassicaceous plant species

<div> Insect herbivores can directly affect plant reproduction by feeding on reproductive tissues, or indirectly by feeding on vegetative tissues for which plants are unable to compensate. Additionally, early-arriving herbivores may have cascading effects on plant reproduction by altering the later-arriving community. However, the dynamic interplay between plant development and the assembly of herbivore communities remains underexplored. Hence, it is unclear whether non-outbreak levels of ambient herbivory early in the development of plants can impact plant fitness and to what extent these effects are mediated through changes in plant development and subsequent herbivory. By excluding the herbivore community in an exclosure experiment and by manipulating early-season herbivory in a common garden field experiment replicated across four Brassicaceae species and two years, we tested whether early-season herbivory by caterpillars (Pieris rapae) or aphids (Myzus persicae) affected development, reproduction, and the herbivore communities associated with individual plants. In addition, we tested a causal hypothesis to assess the relative importance and temporal interplay between variation in herbivore communities and variation in plant development in determining plant reproduction. Early-season herbivory affected plant reproduction in the exclosure experiment, with effects being highly dependent on the plant species, the herbivore species, and the year. However, we found no such effects in the field experiment. The exploratory path analysis indicated that variation in plant reproduction is best predicted by variation in plant development, explaining 80% of the total effect on seed production. This suggests that early-season herbivory had limited effects on later plant development, and plants were able to attenuate the impact of early-season herbivory. However, no clear compensatory mechanism could be identified. While early-season herbivory has the potential to affect plant reproduction through changes in plant development or the subsequent development of the associated community, these effects were small and varied across closely related species. This suggests that plant species may be exposed to different levels of natural selection by early-season herbivores through plant- or community-mediated effects on reproduction. </div>

opencc-zeroApr 2024View details →

zenodo40/100

Dataset and codes for "Direct and indirect effects of pets on the health of older adults"

Dataset, codes and supplementary material for "Direct and indirect effects of pets on the health of older adults" Life expectancy emphasizes the importance of adapting to and adopting new measures that will benefit healthy aging. A promising lead is the potential benefits of pets for older adults in their homes. This  study aimed to test the influence of socio-demographic and environmental factors on the presence of dogs and cats around older adults. The direct and indirect effects of pets, using sociality and mobility factors, were tested on health variables. The social cohesion of a community and type of dwelling appeared to be related to the presence of pets. In addition, the results showed mixed effects of pets, namely a positive influence on mental health via the social network of older adults, and a negative influence in the form creation of a certain stress. In general, the effects of pets on the lives of older adults constitute an important research framework to pursue in the context of healthy aging.

opencc-by-4.0Jan 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Data and reproducible code for Honor et al: Direct and indirect fitness effects of competition limit evolution of allelopathy in an invading plant

Upon introduction to new continents, invading species encounter novel communities of consumers, pathogens, and competitors. Both phenotypic plasticity and rapid evolution can facilitate adaptation across these heterogenous communities, facilitating further invasion. However, the rate and extent of adaptive evolution on contemporary timescales can be constrained by phenotypic plasticity and limits imposed by genetic co-variation for traits under selection. We measured phenotypic plasticity and quantified genetic co-variation for growth, competition, and fitness among 23 naturally inbred seed families of Alliaria petiolata (garlic mustard) collected across its invasive range in eastern North America. After growing a self-pollinated generation in a uniform common garden to reduce maternal effects, we reared second-generation plants in a two-year greenhouse and field experiment with naïve soil from an uninvaded habitat. We measured selection gradients and lifetime fitness when reared alone, with an intraspecific competitor, and under interspecific competition with naïve Acer saccharum (sugar maple) saplings. Total glucosinolate production was strongly correlated with the production of chlorophyll a (Chl a) (R2 = 0.45) such that first principal component (PC1) accounted for 84% of variation in these two traits. Furthermore, PC1 exhibited high plasticity across growing environments (p < 0.001) with limited broad-sense heritability (H2 = 2.91; p = 0.08). In contrast, investment in glucosinolate production relative to Chl a (PC2) was significantly heritable (H2 =16.91, p < 0.001) with minimal plasticity across treatments. Causal analysis revealed that plastic variation for higher Chl a + glucosinolate production (PC1) had an indirect positive effect on A. petiolata fitness via a direct, negative effect on A. saccharum performance. In contrast, heritable variation for higher glucosinolate investment (PC2) had a direct, positive effect on A. saccharum performance and an indirect negative effect on A. petiolata fitness. Applying causal inference, we find that evolution of allelopathy in A. petiolata has been constrained by (i) a lack of genetic variation, (ii) selection against glucosinolate investment under interspecific competition, and (iii) phenotypic plasticity. These factors limit adaptive evolution but maintain fitness during population growth as plants switch from interspecific to intraspecific competition during invasion.

opencc-zeroAug 2023View details →

dryad40/100

Data from: The sequential direct and indirect effects of mountain uplift, climatic niche and floral trait evolution on diversification dynamics in an Andean plant clade

Why and how organismal lineages radiate is commonly studied through either assessing abiotic factors (biogeography, geomorphological processes, climate) or biotic factors (traits, interactions). Despite increasing awareness that both abiotic and biotic processes may have important joint effects on diversification dynamics, few attempts have been made to quantify the relative importance and timing of these factors, and their potentially interlinked direct and indirect effects, on lineage diversification. We here combine assessments of historical biogeography, geomorphology, climatic niche, vegetative and floral trait evolution to test whether these factors jointly, or in isolation, explain diversification dynamics of a Neotropical plant clade (Merianieae, Melastomataceae). After estimating ancestral areas and disparification over time in climate and trait space, we employ Phylogenetic Path Analyses as a synthesis tool to test eleven hypotheses on the individual direct and indirect effects of these factors on diversification rates. We find strongest support for interlinked effects of colonization of the uplifting Andes during the mid-Miocene and rapid abiotic climatic niche evolution in explaining a burst in diversification rate in Merianieae. Within Andean habitats, later disparification in floral trait space allowed for the exploitation of wider pollination niches (i.e., shifts from bee to vertebrate pollinators), but did not affect diversification rates. Our approach of including both vegetative and floral trait evolution, rare in assessments of plant diversification in general, highlights important pre-adaptations to mountain colonization, specifically woody habit and larger flowers. Overall, and in concert with the idea that ecological opportunity is a key element of evolutionary radiations, our results suggest that a combination of rapid niche evolution and pre-adapted traits were critical for the exploitation of newly available niche space in the Andes in the mid-Miocene. Further, our results emphasize the importance of incorporating both abiotic and biotic factors into the same analytical framework if we aim to quantify the relative and interlinked effects of these processes on diversification.

opencc-zeroSep 2023View details →

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