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56 results for “indirect interaction”
Data and R code from: Pollination interactions reveal direct costs and indirect benefits of plant–plant facilitation for ecosystem engineers
Ecosystem engineers substantially modify the environment via their impact on abiotic conditions and the biota, resulting in facilitation of associated species that would not otherwise grow. Yet, reciprocal effects are poorly understood as studies of plant–plant interactions usually estimate only benefits for associated species while hardly considering how another trophic level may mediate direct and indirect effects for ecosystem engineers. We run a field experiment with ecosystem engineers blooming either alone or with associated plants to decompose net effects and to test the hypothesis that pollinator-mediated interactions provide benefits which balance costs of facilitation by ecosystem engineers. We found that net costs of facilitation are accompanied by pollinator-mediated benefits. Despite ecosystem engineers producing less flowers per plant, they were visited by more and more diverse pollinators per flower when blooming with associated plants than when blooming alone. However, fruit set was unaffected by the presence of associated plants and seed production per plant was higher when ecosystem engineers bloomed alone. Our findings suggest that besides experiencing direct costs, ecosystem engineers can also benefit from facilitating other species via increasing their own visibility to pollinators. This study illuminates how the outcome of direct plant–plant interactions might be mediated by indirect interactions including third players.
Data and code for Reeb, R.A. & Kuebbing, S.E. (2024). Phenology mediates direct and indirect interactions among co-occurring invasive plant species. Ecology, e4446.
<p>Data and analysis code for:</p> <p>Reeb, R.A. & Kuebbing, S.E. (2024). Phenology mediates direct and indirect interactions among co-occurring invasive plant species. Ecology, e4446. <a href="https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4446">https://doi.org/10.1002/ecy.4446</a></p> <p>Repository contains R markdown analysis code, datasets, and the associated metadata file.</p>
Rhizobia-legume symbiosis mediates direct and indirect interactions between plants, herbivores and their parasitoids
<p>Data and R scripts for statistical analyses for the article:</p> <p><strong>Rhizobia-legume symbiosis mediates direct and indirect interactions between plants, herbivores and their parasitoids</strong></p> <p>By: <strong>Carlos Bustos-Segura, Adrienne L. Godschalx, Lucas Malacari, Fanny Deiss, Sergio Rasmann, Daniel J. Ballhorn, Betty Benrey</strong> </p> <p> </p> <p><strong>Abstract</strong></p> <p>Microorganisms associated with plant roots significantly impact the quality and quantity of plant defences. However, the bottom-up effects of soil microbes on the aboveground multitrophic interactions remain largely under studied. To address this gap, we investigated the chemically-mediated effects of nitrogen-fixing rhizobia on legume-herbivore-parasitoid multitrophic interactions. To address this, we initially examined the cascading effects of the rhizobia bean association on herbivore caterpillars, their parasitoids, and subsequently investigated how rhizobia influence on plant volatiles and extrafloral nectar. Our goal was to understand how these plant-mediated effects can affect parasitoids. Lima bean plants (<em>Phaseoulus lunatus</em>) inoculated with rhizobia exhibited better growth, and the number of root nodules positively correlated with defensive cyanogenic compounds. Despite increase of these chemical defences, <em>Spodoptera</em> latifascia caterpillars preferred to feed and grew faster on rhizobia-inoculated plants. Moreover, the emission of plant volatiles after leaf damage showed distinct patterns between inoculation treatments, with inoculated plants producing more sesquiterpenes and benzyl nitrile than non-inoculated plants. Despite these differences, <em>Euplectrus platyhypenae</em> parasitoid wasps were similarly attracted to rhizobia- or no rhizobia-treated plants. Yet, the oviposition and offspring development of <em>E. platyhypenae </em>was better on caterpillars fed with rhizobia-inoculated plants. We additionally show that rhizobia-inoculated common bean plants (<em>Phaseolus vulgaris</em>) produced more extrafloral nectar, with higher hydrocarbon concentration, than non-inoculated plants. Consequently, parasitoids performed better when fed with extrafloral nectar from rhizobia-inoculated plants. While the overall effects of bean-rhizobia symbiosis on caterpillars were positive, rhizobia also indirectly benefited parasitoids through the caterpillar host, and directly through the improved production of high quality extrafloral nectar. This study underscores the importance of exploring diverse facets and chemical mechanisms that influence the dynamics between herbivores and predators. This knowledge is crucial for gaining a comprehensive understanding of the ecological implications of rhizobia symbiosis on these interactions.</p>
Predator home range size mediates indirect interactions between prey species in an arctic vertebrate community
<ol> <li>Indirect interactions are widespread among prey species that share a common predator, but the underlying mechanisms driving these interactions are often unclear, and our ability to predict their outcome is limited. </li> <li>Changes in behavioural traits that impact predator space use could be a key proximal mechanism mediating indirect interactions, but there is little empirical evidence of the causes and consequences of such behavioural-numerical response in multi-species systems. </li> <li>Here, we investigate the complex ecological relationships between seven prey species sharing a common predator. We used a path analysis approach on a comprehensive 9-year dataset simultaneously tracking predator space use, prey densities, and prey mortality rate on key species of a simplified Arctic food-web. </li> <li>We show that high availability of a clumped and spatially predictable prey (goose eggs) leads to a two-fold reduction in predator (arctic fox) home range size, which increases local predator density and strongly decreases nest survival of an incidental prey (American golden plover). On the other hand, a scattered cyclic prey with potentially lower spatial predictability (lemming) had a weaker effect on fox space use and an overall positive impact on the survival of incidental prey.</li> <li>These contrasting effects underline the importance of studying behavioural responses of predators in multi-prey systems and to explicitly integrate behavioural-numerical responses in multi-species predator-prey models.</li> </ol>
Predator home range size mediates indirect interactions between prey species in an arctic vertebrate community
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Data and R code from: Pollination interactions reveal direct costs and indirect benefits of plant–plant facilitation for ecosystem engineers
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Dataset for paper Do ant-caterpillar interactions indirectly benefit spiders?
<p>Dataset for paper Do ant-caterpillar interactions indirectly benefit spiders?</p>
20230822-IKEM: Intrinsic exploration motivation (individual / social and direct / indirect curiosity, creativity and non-exploration), that influences which object and, if the agent is social, partner(s) are chosen for the interaction, is introduced.
<p>This archive contains the results of a multi-agent simulation experiment [1] carried out with Lazy lavender [2] environment.<br> <br> Experiment Label: 20230822-IKEM<br> <br> Experiment design: Agents interact by playing games with objects and adapt their ontologies to agree on decision taking. Intrinsic exploration motivation (individual / social and direct / indirect curiosity, creativity and non-exploration), that influences which object and, if the agent is social, partner(s) are chosen for the interaction, is introduced.<br> <br> Experiment setting: Agents learn decision trees (transformed into ontologies); choose the objects (and partners) to interact with; adapt by splitting their leaf nodes<br> <br> Hypotheses: 1) Agents will be able to fulfil their motivation in terms of increased exploration (exploratory motivations) and decreased exploration (non-exploratory motivation). 2) Agents with exploratory motivation will be more complete, but less accurate than the baseline and non-exploration. 3) Curious agents will be more accurate and complete, but converge slower in comparison with creativity. 4) In more complex settings (higher number of agents and properties), exploration leads to more completeness, accuracy, distance and faster convergence than the baseline. 5) Agents with non-exploratory motivation will be less accurate and complete than the baseline. 6) The indirect learning models have a higher accuracy and completeness than the direct models. 7) Agents with socially oriented intrinsic motivation will have less diverse knowledge, but agree more and converge faster than agents with individual intrinsic motivation. 8) Heterogeneously motivated agents will have a higher accuracy and completeness, but lower diversity and converge slower than homogeneously motivated agents.<br> <br> Detailed information can be found in index.html or notebook.ipynb.<br> <br> [1] <a href="\">https://sake.re/20230822-IKEM</a><br> [2] <a href="\">https://gitlab.inria.fr/moex/lazylav/</a><br> </p>
Integrating predator energetic balance, risk-taking behavior and microhabitat in functional response to untangle indirect interactions in a multispecies vertebrate community
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Herbivory mediates direct and indirect interactions in long-unburned chaparral
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Multiple spatial scales affect direct and indirect interactions between a non-native and a native species
Plant–plant interactions influence community assembly and species responses to environmental change. However, species interactions are complex phenomena influenced by context and scale. We conducted a one-year replacement experiment between two grasses in subtropical grasslands (native Axonopus fissifolius and non-native Paspalum notatum) in central Florida, USA. We evaluated interactions between these species at three ecological scales, ‘pairwise interactions’, ‘patch’ (33 cm x 33 cm) and ‘plot’ (1m x 3m), and along a gradient (15 levels) of increasing non-native and decreasing native plot groundcover within enclosures in semi-native pastures. We transplanted 18 individuals of each species per plot (18 × 30 plots = 1080 plants in total) in a 2×2 design intersecting direct pairwise interactions (additional transplanted neighbor: absent/present) with recipient patch type (Axonopus fissifolius/Paspalum notatum). Leaf length, leaf number and plant biomass were measured at the beginning and the end of the experiment along with soil nutrients and pH at patch level. Over 92% of the transplants survived. We observed an interactive effect between patch type (non-native vs. native dominated) and plant abundance at plot level on plant performance, suggesting that indirect effects at larger spatial scales can influence effects at smaller scales. Surprisingly, both species exhibited enhanced performance with increasing abundance of the non-native species at plot level. We discuss several mechanisms explaining these indirect effects including Paspalum notatum induced changes in soil pH, soil feedbacks from the soil microbial community, preconditioning effects of the native species on the recipient soil, and positive density dependence effects after transplantation.
Data from: Genetic variation in invasive species response to direct and indirect species interactions
Biotic resistance to invasion arises from strong species interactions that decrease the fitness and population growth rates of potential invaders. Strong, direct interactions such as predation and competition are typically thought to drive biotic resistance, but in diverse communities, indirect interactions among species may also affect biotic resistance. Further, genetic variation in traits of the invading species that affect species interactions may allow some genotypes to overcome biotic resistance. We investigated the direct and indirect effects of a native legume (Acmispon wrangelianus) and insect herbivores on the fitness of different genotypes of an invasive legume (Medicago polymorpha) in a California grassland. Insect herbivores decreased Medicago fitness, but only in the presence of Acmispon, suggesting that indirect interactions mediated through insects and Acmispon are important for deterring Medicago invasion. Some Medicago genotypes were less affected by interactions with other species, however. This genetic variance suggests that while biotic resistance reduced the reproductive success of most genotypes, a few genotypes were able to overcome these complex interactions. However, Medicago invasion was unsuccessful in all treatments at several of our sites, suggesting that factors beyond those manipulated here also play a key role at many sites. At sites where biotic resistance is important, spatial and temporal variation in community composition and the genetic composition of the invasion pool may explain the invasion success of Medicago into this community.
Data from: Moving beyond linear food chains: trait-mediated indirect interactions in a rocky intertidal food web
In simple, linear food chains, top predators can have positive indirect effects on basal resources by causing changes in the traits (e.g. behaviour, feeding rates) of intermediate consumers. Although less is known about trait-mediated indirect interactions (TMIIs) in more complex food webs, it has been suggested that such complexity dampens trophic cascades. We examined TMIIs between a predatory crab (Carcinus maenas) and two ecologically important basal resources, fucoid algae (Ascophyllum nodosum) and barnacles (Semibalanus balanoides), which are consumed by herbivorous (Littorina littorea) and carnivorous (Nucella lapillus) snails, respectively. Because crab predation risk suppresses snail feeding rates, we hypothesized that crabs would also shape direct and indirect interactions among the multiple consumers and resources. We found that the magnitude of TMIIs between the crab and each resource depended on the suite of intermediate consumers present in the food web. Carnivorous snails (Nucella) transmitted TMIIs between crabs and barnacles. However, crab–algae TMIIs were transmitted by both herbivorous (Littorina) and carnivorous (Nucella) snails, and these TMIIs were additive. By causing Nucella to consume fewer barnacles, crab predation risk allowed fucoids that had settled on or between barnacles to remain in the community. Hence, positive interactions between barnacles and algae caused crab–algae TMIIs to be strongest when both consumers were present. Studies of TMIIs in more realistic, reticulate food webs will be necessary for a more complete understanding of how predation risk shapes community dynamics.
Data from: Direct and indirect transgenerational effects alter plant-herbivore interactions
Theory suggests that environmental effects with transgenerational consequences, including rapid evolution and maternal effects, may affect the outcome of ecological interactions. However, indirect effects occur when interactions between two species are altered by the presence of a third species, and make the consequences of transgenerational effects difficult to predict. We manipulated the presence of insect herbivores and the competitor Medicago polymorpha in replicated Lotus wrangelianus populations. After one generation, we used seeds from the surviving Lotus to initiate a reciprocal transplant experiment to measure how transgenerational effects altered ecological interactions between Lotus, Medicago, and insect herbivores. Herbivore leaf damage and Lotus fecundity were dependent on both parental and offspring environmental conditions. The presence of insect herbivores or Medicago in the parental environment resulted in transgenerational changes in herbivore resistance, but these effects were non-additive, as a result of indirect effects in the parental environment. Indirect transgenerational effects interacted with more immediate ecological indirect effects on Lotus fecundity. These results suggest that explanations of ecological patterns require an understanding of transgenerational effects and that these effects may be difficult to predict in species-rich, natural communities where indirect effects are prevalent.
Assessing the potential for indirect interactions between tropical tree species via shared insect seed predators
Natural enemies of plants have the potential to influence the dynamics of plant populations and the structure of plant communities. In diverse tropical forests research on the effects of plant enemies has largely focused on the diversity-enhancing effects of highly specialised enemies, while the community-level effects of enemies with broader diets have rarely been considered. We investigated the community of insect seed predators interacting with seven tree species in the family Lauraceae on Barro Colorado Island (Panama). We present one of the first quantitative food webs for pre-dispersal insect seed predators and their host plants, and use the information in the web to assess the potential for indirect interactions between the tree species. Our data suggest that there is high potential for indirect interactions between Lauraceae species via their shared seed predators. The strength and direction of these interactions is largely unrelated to the phylogenetic distance and trait similarity between species but are likely governed by the volume of fruit produced by each tree species.
Data from: Interacting with the enemy: indirect effects of personality on conspecific aggression in crickets
In animal contests, individuals respond plastically to the phenotypes of the opponents that they confront. These "opponent"—or "indirect"—effects are often repeatable, for example, certain opponents consistently elicit more or less aggressiveness in others. "Personality" (repeatable among-individual variation in behavior) has been proposed as an important source of indirect effects. Here, we repeatedly assayed aggressiveness of wild-caught adult male field crickets Gryllus campestris in staged dyadic fights, measuring aggressiveness of both contestants. Measurements of their personality in nonsocial contexts (activity and exploration behavior) enabled us to ask whether personality caused indirect effects on aggressiveness. Activity, exploration, and aggressiveness were positively associated into a behavioral syndrome eliciting aggressiveness in conspecifics, providing direct evidence for the role of personality in causing indirect effects. Our findings imply that a multivariate view of phenotypes that includes indirect effects greatly improves our ability to understand the ecology and evolution of behavior.
Dataset and code for the manuscript "Plant indirect interactions reduce species richness but increase phylogenetic diversity"
<p>This Zenodo repository contains the original data set and code for replicating the result published in the paper "<strong>Plant indirect interactions reduce species richness but increase phylogenetic diversity</strong>"</p><p> </p><ol><li>The "BD.xlsx" data frame contains the original data. The first column, "ID," is an ID for each one of the patches (i.e., vegetation units containing one or more individuals for the same or different species separated from other patches by bare ground). The second and third columns, "localidad" and "suelo", inform about the location where patches are found. The "species" column identifies the different species present at each patch.</li><li> The "Comb1.xlsx" data frame contains the possible combination of 4 species for each ID (concatenation of "localidad" and "suelo") for all the species found in the sampling. Besides "ID", there is one column for each of the species included in interactions ("spA", "spB", "spC", "spD") that contains the name of the species.</li><li>The "phylo.xlsx" data frame contains the taxonomic information of the species found during the sampling. For each species recorded in column "species" we assign its genus (column "genus") and family (column "family")</li><li> "ALL_IN.xlsx" is a data frame containing for each "ID" (proxy of location), the species involved in interactions ("spA", "spB", "spC" & "spD"), the "interaction sign" indicating if a given interaction is positive or negative (results based on simulation) and "Order" indicating the number of species involved in the interactions(from two to four).</li><li>"Code.R" provides the R code necessary to obtain the results. As statistics is based on simulation, every run can provide slightly different results, although differences do not affect interpretation. Please note that running time can be elevated depending on the computer used.</li></ol><p> </p>
Indirect effect of earthworms on wheat-aphid interactions
<p>The aboveground and belowground compartments of terrestrial ecosystems, which are generally separated in interaction studies, are nevertheless linked by their dependence on the same plant. Soil organisms can influence interactions between plants and above-ground herbivores by changes in plant growth and chemistry.</p> <p>In the present study, under controlled conditions the direct influence of earthworms and aphids on wheat traits (biomass; C and N content) was investigated. The effect of earthworms on aphid reproduction was also investigated, in order to demonstrate the indirect plant-trait-mediated effects.</p> <p>The results showed a significant effect of both above and below-ground organisms on plant traits. Indeed, wheat biomass and carbon and nitrogen contents were influenced by the presence of earthworms and aphids, suggesting that earthworms can promote aboveground and belowground plant growth by promoting resource acquisition. Interestingly, the nitrogen content was significantly higher in the presence of aphids or earthworms alone and it was even higher when the two organisms were present together. Moreover, the results showed a strong effect of earthworms on aphids, with a reproduction rate almost twice as high as in the absence of earthworms.</p> <p>These results could have implications for crop management, as they indicate that the presence of earthworms compensate the negative effect of aphids on plant biomass, probably by acting on nutrient uptake and plant defensive traits, despite a higher aphid reproduction rate in the presence of earthworms probably linked to nitrogen content. By addressing the effects of earthworms on both the pest performances and plant traits, this study highlights the need for further research on the indirect effects of below-ground compartments on pest performance. This study builds towards a better understanding of the interaction between soil, plant and herbivores and highlights the importance to study the pest management with a more holistic view of agroecosystems.</p>
Dataset for: Interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth and direct and indirect defences in Quercus ilex
<p>Plant diversity has often been reported to decrease insect herbivory in plants. Of the numerous mechanisms that have been proposed to explain this phenomenon, how plant diversity influences plant defences via effects on growth has received little attention. In addition, plant diversity effects may be contingent on abiotic conditions (e.g., resource and water availability). Here, we used a long-term experiment to explore the interactive effects of tree species composition and water availability on growth, direct (i.e. phenolics) and indirect (i.e. Volatile Organic Compounds – VOCs) defences and leaf herbivory in <em>Quercus ilex</em>. We quantified herbivory by chewing insects, phenolic compounds and VOCs in <em>Q. ilex</em> trees growing in stands differing in tree species composition (<em>Q. ilex</em>, <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>Betula Pendula</em>, <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>Pinus pinaster</em> and <em>Q. ilex</em> + <em>B. pendula</em> + <em>P. pinaster</em>) and water availability (irrigated vs control). Both direct and indirect defences were affected by tree species composition, but such changes were not mediated by changes in tree stem diameter. <em>Q. ilex</em> trees growing in stands with <em>P. pinaster</em> had the lowest concentration of both direct and indirect defences. Importantly, the effects of tree species composition on VOCs were exacerbated on irrigated blocks. Despite variation in defences, tree species composition did not affect herbivory in <em>Q. ilex</em>. Accordingly, we did not find any association between defences and insect herbivory. Our results suggest that changes in the micro-environment rather than growth-defence associations may mediate tree diversity effects on defences. In addition, reduced defensive investment in more diverse stands could negatively impact tree resistance masking the beneficial effects of species diversity at reducing insect herbivory.</p>
Supplementary materials: Indirect effects of trophic interactions govern carbon circulation in two beech forest soil ecosystems
<p>1. Forests soils harbour a vast array of organisms that govern the processing of organic matter. Through their trophic interactions, they give rise to carbon flows that sustain soil ecosystem functioning. Understanding how soil food webs shape carbon flows may enhance our knowledge about the role of biodiversity on soil processes.</p> <p>2. In this work, we assembled trophic networks representing soil food webs of two beech forests during spring and autumn and compiled mass-balanced models quantifying carbon flows between their components. These models were investigated using network analysis to identify the role of the components on carbon flow, cycling and functional trophic relationships. Moreover, we explored how the structure of carbon exchanges promote efficiency and stability.</p> <p>3. Results indicate the importance of indirect interactions. Most trophic groups exhibit a diffuse dependency on all the compartments for their carbon requirement although certain groups such as Collembola play the role of hubs in distributing carbon. Indirect interactions often reverse the impacts of direct trophic relationships being antagonistic to the direction of change predicted based on predator-prey interactions. The high incidence of generalist feeding habits increases the redundancy of energy channels thereby making such food webs more resilient against perturbations but at the expense of carbon transfer efficiency.</p> <p>4. Although differences can be observed across sites and periods, food web structure rather than environmental variability seems to be the main factor responsible for patterns of carbon flows in the two beech forests.</p>
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