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155 results for “insect herbivore”
Data and code for: Insect herbivores drive sex allocation in angiosperm flowers
<p><strong>Code and Data for the paper:</strong></p> <p>Insect herbivores drive sex allocation in angiosperm flowers</p> <p><em>Carlos Roberto Fonseca, Martin M. Gossner, Johannes Kollmann, Martin Brändle, Gustavo Brant Paterno</em></p> <p> </p> <p>Content of the repository</p> <ol> <li> <p><strong>Data</strong>: the folder <code>data</code> contains all data required to reproduce analyses, figures and tables.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Outputs</strong>: the folder <code>output</code> contains the figures, tables and temporary files generated.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Code</strong>: the folder <code>scripts</code> contains all scripts (.R) that generated results, figures and tables used in the manuscript and in the supporting information.</p> </li> <li> <p><strong>Supplementary information</strong>: the folder <code>doc</code> contains the supplementary information associated to the paper.</p> </li> </ol>
Effects of Hurricane Opal on foliar chemistry and insect herbivores at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in 1997: foliar chemistry data
Hurricane damage results in tree mortality and variation in both light and nutrient availability for the individuals that remain. In turn, resource availability influences the interactions between plants and insect herbivores. We report effects of Hurricane Opal on the phenolic chemistry and levels of defoliation on surviving trees at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory in North Carolina. We measured foliar astringency, hydrolysable tannins, and condensed tannins in the foliage of red maple and red oak saplings in hurricane damaged and undamaged sites. We estimated inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus availability in the soil, and the accumulated leaf area removed by insect herbivores. The foliar astringency of both red maple and red oak was higher in sites damaged by the hurricane. Later in the growing season, condensed tannin levels were significantly higher in the foliage of red oak in damaged sites. There were no consistent differences in ammonium, nitrate, or phosphate availability between damaged and undamaged sites. Despite higher foliar astringency of trees in sites damaged by Hurricane Opal, levels of defoliation by insect herbivores were higher in damaged than in control sites on both tree species. Apparent increases in putative defensive compounds following hurricane damage did not protect trees from herbivory.
Fig. 4 in Effect of light stress on Crotalaria spectabilis (Fabaceae) and on its herbivore insect, the moth Utetheisa ornatrix (Erebidae: Arctiinae)
Fig. 4. Weight of the pupae of Utetheisa ornatrix (L., 1758) whose larvae were raised with leaves of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth from light stressed plants and non-stressed plants. (A) male pupae; N = 30 for stressed plants and N = 18 for non-stressed plants. (B) female pupae; N = 19 for stressed plants and N = 28 for non-stressed plants. Different letters indicate statistical difference (t = -2.7531; p = 0.009).
Fig. 5 in Effect of light stress on Crotalaria spectabilis (Fabaceae) and on its herbivore insect, the moth Utetheisa ornatrix (Erebidae: Arctiinae)
Fig. 5. FecunditY of Utetheisa ornatrix (L., 1758) females whose larvae were reared on stressed and non-stressed leaves of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth. N = 18 for stressed plants and N = 15 for non-stressed plants.
Fig. 3 in Effect of light stress on Crotalaria spectabilis (Fabaceae) and on its herbivore insect, the moth Utetheisa ornatrix (Erebidae: Arctiinae)
Fig. 3. Development time of the larvae of Utetheisa ornatrix (L., 1758) reared with leaves of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth from light stressed plants and non-stressed plants. N = 49 for stressed plants and N = 46 for non-stressed plants. Different letters indicate statistical difference (t=2.27; p=0.02).
Fig. 1 in Effect of light stress on Crotalaria spectabilis (Fabaceae) and on its herbivore insect, the moth Utetheisa ornatrix (Erebidae: Arctiinae)
Fig. 1. Distribution of stressed plants (with mesh cover) and non-stressed plants of Crotalaria spectabilis Roth in the greenhouse.
Additive and interactive pressures of anthropogenic stressors on an insect herbivore
<p>This file contains the data and scripts needed to reproduce the results presented in "Additive and interactive pressures of anthropogenic stressors on an insect herbivore."</p>
The consequence of leaf life span to virus infection of herbivorous insects
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Behavioral responses to mammalian grazing expose insect herbivores to elevated risk of avian predation
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Host specificity of herbivorous insects promotes negative species–genetic diversity relationship
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Insect herbivore impact on a keystone plant colonist in primary succession at Mount St. Helens from 1994 to 2017
This data base contains estimates of damage to lupin (Lupinus lepidus var. lobbii) by several species of leaf-tying and root-boring moth larvae (Lepidoptera), along with associated estimates of vegetation cover, in primary successional sites at Mount St. Helens. The surveys began in 1993 and are ongoing; This database includes data for 1994, 1995, and 1998-2017. Surveys were located at a variety of primary successional sites on Mount St. Helens’ Pumice Plain. Surveys generally occurred in mid to late August, when leaf-miner damage is at its maximum, but prior to maximum damage by root-borers. The number of sites, location of sites, and types of data collected varied across years and, but lupin cover, bare ground, and % lupin damage are reliable across the time series. Please note, leaf-miner damage has been been temporarily deleted from lupin.csv. Contact data authors if you seek a collaboration using the deleted data.
Predation and parasitism on herbivorous insects change in opposite directions in a latitudinal gradient crossing a boreal forest zone
<ol> <li>The Latitudinal Biotic Interaction Hypothesis (LBIH) predicts that the strength of various biotic interactions decreases from low to high latitudes. Inconsistency between studies testing this hypothesis may result from variations among different types of interactions and among study systems. Therefore, exploration of multiple interactions within one system would help to disentangle latitudinal patterns across individual interactions and to evaluate latitudinal changes in the overall impact of enemies on prey.</li> <li>We tested the prediction based on the LBIH that the pressure of natural enemies on herbivorous insects decreases with an increase in latitude across the boreal forest zone. We also asked whether the impacts of major groups of these enemies exhibit similar latitudinal patterns and whether these patterns are consistent across study years. </li> <li>In 10 forest sites located from 60°N to 69°N in Northern Europe, each summer, from 2016–2019, we measured (i) mortality of three groups of leafmining insects caused by birds, ants, parasitoids, and unknown factors, (ii) bird attacks on caterpillar-shaped plasticine models, and (iii) birch foliar damage caused by defoliators and leafminers.</li> <li>Latitudinal patterns in both insect herbivory on birch and top-down pressure on herbivorous insects varied considerably and inconsistently among the four study years, so that only some of the year-specific correlations with latitude were statistically significant. Nevertheless, meta-analysis combining correlations across years, preys and enemies revealed general decreases in predation by birds (on both natural and model prey) and ants, but an increase in parasitism rates, from low to high latitudes.</li> <li>We found that the direction of latitudinal changes in the strength of biotic interactions was interaction-specific: predation and herbivory supported LBIH, whereas parasitism exhibited an opposite trend. Consequently, the overall impact of natural enemies on herbivorous insects did not change with latitude and was therefore an unlikely reason for the poleward decrease in herbivory observed in our gradient. Considerable among-year variation in the strength of the latitudinal patterns in all the studied interactions suggests that this variation is a widespread phenomenon. </li> </ol>
Data from: Endemism in Wyoming plant and insect herbivore communities during the early Eocene hothouse
The warm, equable, and ice-free early Eocene Epoch permits investigation of ecosystem function and macro-ecological patterns during a very different climate regime than exists today. It also provides insight into what the future may entail, as anthropogenic CO2 release drives Earth towards a comparable hothouse condition. Studying plant-insect herbivore food webs during hothouse intervals is warranted because these account for the majority of non-microbial terrestrial biodiversity. Here, we report new plant and insect herbivore damage census data from two floodplain sites in the Wind River Basin of central Wyoming, one in the Aycross Formation (50-48.25 Ma) at the basin edge (WRE) and the second in the Wind River Formation in the interior of the basin (WRI). The WRI site is in stratigraphic proximity to a volcanic ash that is newly dated to 52.416 ± 0.016/0.028/0.063 (2σ). We compare the Wind River Basin assemblages to published data from a 52.65 Ma floodplain flora in the neighboring Bighorn Basin (BH) and find that only 5.6% of plant taxa occur at all three sites and approximately 10% occur in both basins. The dissimilar floras support distinct suites of insect herbivores, as recorded by leaf damage. The relatively low diversity BH flora has the highest diversity of insect damage, contrary to hypotheses that insect herbivore diversity tracks floral diversity. The distinctiveness of the WRE flora is likely due to its younger age and cooler reconstructed paleotemperature, but these factors are nearly identical for the WRI and BH floras. Site-specific microenvironmental factors that cannot be measured easily in deep time may account for these differences. Alternatively, the Owl Creek Mountains between the two basins may have provided a formidable barrier to the thermophilic organisms that inhabited the basin interiors, supporting Janzen's hypothesis that mountain passes appear higher in tropical environments.
Insect herbivore damages on white spruce growing in plantations and naturally regenerated under-canopy forest stands
<p>This data was prepared to compare insect damage on white spruce (<em>Picea glauca</em> (Moench) Voss, Pinaceae) growing in plantations with naturally regenerated trees under mature forest canopies in the boreal forest (Québec, Canada). We selected ten sites in the naturally regenerated forest and small, multispecies plantations and sampled ten young trees (per site) in late summer 2020 and again in early and late summer 2021. We recorded overall rates of damage for galls, damage by spruce budworm (<em>Choristoneura fumiferana</em> (Clemens, 1865)), spruce bud midge, spruce budmoth, spruce gall midge, cooley adelgid, defoliation from sawflies and other caterpillars.</p>
Intraspecific variation in plant economic traits predicts trembling aspen resistance to a generalist insect herbivore
<p>Patterns of trait expression within some plant species have recently been shown to follow patterns described by the leaf economics spectrum paradigm. Resistance to herbivores is also expected to covary with leaf economics traits. We selected multiple mature <em>Populus tremuloides</em> genotypes from a common garden to assess whether aspen leaf economics patterns follow those observed among species globally. We also evaluated leaf economics strategies in the context of insect resistance by conducting bioassays to determine the effects of plant traits on preference and performance of <em>Lymantria dispar. </em>We found that: 1) intraspecific trait patterns of <em>P. tremuloides</em> parallel those exhibited by the interspecific leaf economics spectrum, 2) herbivores preferred leaves from genotypes with resource-acquisitive strategies, and 3) herbivores also performed best on genotypes<em> </em>with resource-acquisitive strategies. We conclude that a leaf economics spectrum that incorporates defense traits is a useful tool for explaining intraspecific patterns of variation in plant strategies, including resistance to herbivores.</p>
Urban environments have species-specific associations with invasive insect herbivores
<p>Urban areas are expanding rapidly, with the majority of the global and US population inhabiting them. Urban forests are critically important for providing ecosystem services to the growing urban populace, but their health is threatened by invasive insects. Insect density and damage are highly variable in different sites across urban landscapes, such that trees in some sites experience outbreaks and are severely damaged while others are relatively unaffected. To protect urban forests against damage from invasive insects and support future delivery of ecosystem services, we must first understand the factors that affect insect density and damage to their hosts across urban landscapes. This study explores how a variety of environmental factors that vary across urban habitats influence density of invasive insects. Specifically, we evaluate how vegetational complexity, distance to buildings, impervious surface, canopy temperature, host availability, and density of co-occurring herbivores impact three invasive pests of elm trees: the elm leaf beetle (<em>Xanthogaleruca luteola</em>), the elm flea weevil (<em>Orchestes steppensis</em>), and the elm leafminer (<em>Fenusa ulmi</em>). Except for building distance, all environmental factors were associated with density of at least one pest species. Furthermore, insect responses to these factors were species-specific, with direction and strength of associations influenced by insect life history. These findings can be used to inform future urban pest management and tree care efforts, making urban forests more resilient in an era where globalization and climate change make them particularly vulnerable to attack. Keywords: urban forest, invasive species, impervious surface, temperature, species interactions.</p>
Native and non-native insect herbivores associated with native and non-native European trees
<p>We compiled a list of all native and non-native insect species known to feed on 77 tree species in Europe. For each tree species, a list of insects known to utilize that species as a host was compiled using a variety of sources. The resulting list consists of 7,598 tree species -insect species pairs. Each insect was researched to determine its taxonomic groupings, feeding guild (gall-maker, folivore, reproductive plant feeder, sap-feeder, or phloem/wood-borer), and whether it was native to Europe or non-native.</p>
Population-specific responses of an insect herbivore to variation in host-plant quality
<p>Anthropogenic climate change poses a substantial challenge to many organisms, to which they need to respond to avoid fitness reductions. Investigating responses to environmental change is particularly interesting in herbivores, as they are potentially affected by indirect effects mediated via variation in host-plant quality. We here use the herbivorous insect <i>Pieris napi</i> to investigate geographic variation in the response to variation in food quality. We performed a common garden experiment using replicated populations from Germany and Italy, and manipulating host quality by growing host plants at different temperature and water regimes. We found that feeding on plants grown at a higher temperature generally diminished the performance of <i>P. napi</i>, evidenced by a prolonged development time and reduced larval growth rate, body mass, fat content, and phenoloxidase activity. Genotype by environment interactions (G x E) were present in several performance traits, indicating that Italian populations (1) respond more strongly to variation in host-plant quality and (2) are more sensitive to poor food quality than German ones. This may reflect a cost of the rapid lifestyle found in Italian populations. Consequently, German populations may be more resilient against environmental perturbations and may perhaps even benefit from warmer temperatures, while Italian populations will likely suffer from the concomitantly reduced host-plant quality. Our study thus exemplifies how investigating G x E may help to better understand the vulnerability of populations to climate change.</p>
Data for: Plant and herbivorous insect communities respond in complex ways to rainfall manipulation in an oak savanna grassland
<p>Changes in precipitation due to climate change will have consequences for plant and herbivorous insect communities alike. Multiple hypotheses explain how changes in plant diversity and productivity can lead to changes in herbivore community composition. Yet as rainfall patterns change, the bottom-up effects on the relationships between plant and herbivore communities are less well understood. Using a long-term rainfall manipulation experiment in a remnant patch of Garry oak (<em>Quercus garryana</em>) savanna, we examined how plant diversity and productivity have responded to variation in soil moisture over six years. This highly endangered ecosystem is predicted to experience significantly wetter springs and drier summers by 2080. We also investigated plant-mediated, indirect effects of manipulated rainfall on herbivore diversity and abundance, drawing on multiple hypotheses describing the relationships between plant and herbivore communities. For example, the more individuals hypothesis predicts that increased plant productivity results in increased herbivore abundance which in turn results in increased herbivore diversity. We found that plant productivity was influenced by soil moisture, but the direction and magnitude of the response varied across years, and no support for plant diversity influencing productivity. We also found that the cover and productivity of grasses increased significantly with increasing precipitation. In addition to a significant direct effect on herbivore diversity, soil moisture had a significant indirect negative effect on herbivore abundance, via the negative effect of plant productivity on abundance, contradicting the more individuals hypothesis.</p> <p>Synthesis: Our results highlight that not only can drought result in significant reductions in plant productivity in this threatened ecosystem, but that these changes will also result in increases in herbivore abundance. In contrast, where soil moisture is higher, grasses will become more dominant resulting in decreased abundance. Ultimately, predicting how this system responds to changes in precipitation will depend on the ability to predict whether growing season soil moisture will be consistently drier or wetter in the future, a significant challenge. Going forward, investigating how variation in precipitation due to climate change affects the links between trophic levels, including how herbivores affect plant communities, remains critical for understanding ecosystem processes and stability.</p>
Data for: Simulating effects of agricultural intensification and climate change: Nitrogen fertilization and drought stress decrease insect herbivore performance
<p>Biodiversity is globally under pressure, and the current decline in insect biomass and diversity is likely caused by human activities. Key drivers of biodiversity loss include agricultural intensification and anthropogenic climate change. Nevertheless, a thorough understanding of potential interactions between both factors and the mechanisms underlying insect declines in general is still lacking.</p> <p>Here, we investigate the combined effects of nitrogen fertilization and drought, as applied to host plants, on the preference and performance of the butterfly <em>Lycaena tityrus</em>.</p> <p>Individuals performed best on plants having received medium nitrogen levels, while performance was reduced by either a lack of or strong fertilization, the former potentially caused by nitrogen limitation and the latter by increased concentrations of toxic allelochemicals. Female oviposition preference though was positively related to nitrogen fertilization, resulting in a mismatch between preference and offspring performance at high nitrogen levels. Plant drought stress additionally reduced herbivore performance, and females appeared to suffer more from low-quality food than males.</p> <p>Our results indicate that increasing nitrogen fertilization, as applied in intensive agriculture, may substantially reduce host-plant quality for insect herbivores, which may be exaggerated in the course of climate change due to the more frequent occurrence of droughts. Our study thus contributes to a better understanding of the mechanisms underlying human-driven insect declines in agricultural landscapes and beyond.</p>
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