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193 results for “interaction diversity”
Diversity loss from multiple interacting disturbances is regime-dependent
<p>Data and R code for 'Diversity loss from multiple interacting disturbances is regime-dependent'.</p> <p>Information about the files can be found in the ._README.txt file.</p>
Plant interaction networks reveal the limits of our understanding of diversity maintenance
<p>Species interactions are key drivers of biodiversity and ecosystem stability. Current theoretical frameworks for understanding the role of interactions make many assumptions which, unfortunately, do not always hold in natural, diverse communities. This mismatch extends to annual plants, a common model system for studying coexistence, where interactions are typically averaged across environmental conditions and transitive competitive hierarchies are assumed to dominate. We quantify interaction networks for a community of annual wildflowers in Western Australia across a natural shade gradient at local scales. Whilst competition dominated, intraspecific and interspecific facilitation were widespread in all shade categories. Interaction strengths and directions varied substantially despite close spatial proximity and similar levels of local species richness, with most species interacting in different ways under different environmental conditions. Contrary to expectations, all networks were predominantly intransitive. These findings encourage us to rethink how we conceive of and categorise the mechanisms driving biodiversity in plant systems.</p>
Interactive and unimodal relationships between plant biomass, abiotic factors, and plant diversity in global grasslands
<p>The R file CodeGrasslandBiomass contains all R code necessary to reproduce all results of the manuscript “Interactive and unimodal relationships between plant biomass, abiotic factors, and plant diversity in global grasslands” based on the data in the csv file DataGB.</p> <p> </p>
Datasets from Ganuza et al. 2022: Interactive effects of climate and land use on pollinator diversity differ among taxa and scales
<p>Datasets used in Ganuza et al. 2022: Interactive effects of climate and land use on pollinator diversity differ among taxa and scales. Local and regional data are provided in separate files for the environmental variables, plant species composition and the composition of the different pollinator taxa.</p>
Interactions between land use, taxonomic group and aspects and levels of diversity in a Brazilian savanna: implications for the use of bioindicators
<p>The study was carried out in the Triângulo Mineiro region of Minas Gerais state, covering the municipalities of Uberlândia, Monte Alegre, and Nova Ponte, in south-eastern Brazil. We conducted the study in five habitat types, comprising two natural habitats (savanna and semideciduous forest), and three anthropogenic land-uses: cattle pastures (planted with introduced Urochloa grasses), soy fields (where sampling took place when plants were at the vegetative phase) and plantations of Eucalyptus trees (≥ 6 yrs old). Ants and beetles were sampled at the same 40 sites (8 replicates per land use), and birds at 30 sites (6 replicates per land use), only some of which were the same as for ants and beetles. </p> <p>Ants that forage on ground and dung beetles were sampled using pitfall traps. Sampling took place in November and December (early wet season) 2017. In each site, eight traps were installed with traps located at the corners of a 100×100 m square, and at the mid-points of the sides of the square, keeping a minimum distance of 50 m between any two traps. All traps were at least 75 m distant from the edge of the respective land use. Traps were plastic containers (19 cm diam, 11 cm height) filled with 150 ml of a saline solution and detergent. Each trap had a wire hoop suspended over it to accommodate a small (4 cm diam, 4 cm height) plastic container for holding a dung bait. We used a 20 cm diameter plastic cover supported by three sticks to protect traps from rain. Traps were baited with ~40 g of a mixture of pig dung and human faeces (4:1 proportion) and left in the field for 48-hrs.</p> <p>Birds were surveyed using 20-min point counts in the rainy season (November 2017 to March 2018). At each site, five sampling points were established, 200 m distant from each other. All surveys started at sunrise (about 6 a.m.), and all species seen or heard from each point were recorded. Each sampling site was re-surveyed in the following dry season (April to October to 2018); however, for logistic reasons we were unable to re-survey the plantation sites. </p> <p>Ant and dung beetle species were identified to species or morphospecies by comparison with named species in the Zoological Collection at the Federal University of Uberlândia (UFU) or with specialist assistance from Fernando Vaz de Mello, respectively. Vouchers of all species have been deposited at UFU´s Zoological Collection. Birds were identified directly in the field and species names follow the checklist produced by the Brazilian Ornithological Records Committee.</p> <p>We classified species functionally based on primary diet, foraging location and/or behaviour, and body size, as these traits are known to be sensitive to habitat modifications and of importance for the ecosystem services provided by ants, birds, and dung beetles.</p> <p>Ant species were classified according to their diet as predators, fungivores, nectarivores or omnivores, and according to their main foraging location as arboreal, epigeal (aboveground) or hypogeal (in soil and litter), based on information provided by Brown (2000) and Silvestre et al. (2003). Species were further classified into four body size categories based on our measurements of body length (Weber´s length; Brown, 1953) of 1-5 ant workers per species: 1 (< 0.75 mm), 2 (0.75-1.74 mm), 3 (1.75-3 mm), and 4 (> 3 mm).</p> <p>Dung beetles were classified as coprophagous, necrophagous, frugivore, generalist or predator, according to the type of food resource each species is most often attracted to. This classification was based on over 30 years of field experience throughout Brazil by one of the authors of this study (FVM), who used multiple types of baits (e.g., carcasses, fruits, faeces) to attract and collect dung beetles, and/or on literature information. Although information about the “attractiveness” of different types of baits to dung beetles (used here as a proxy for primary diet) was not obtained directly in the sites of the present study, it is importat to note that we are not aware of any evidence of geographic or habitat variation in bait preference among tropical species of dung beetles. Dung beetles were also classified according to their foraging behaviour as: telecoprid (species that make a dung ball and roll it away for burial), paracoprid (species that store dung in tunnels dug immediately below the dung source), or endocoprid (species living within or immediately below the dung, without moving it). For this, we used the database of the Zoological Collection of the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT). Whenever sample sizes allowed, 30 individuals from each species were weighed for determination of body mass (following Almeida et al., 2011), and species were classified according to the following ordinal scale: 1 (< 10 mg); 2 (10-99 mg); 3 (100-300 mg); and 4 (>300 mg).</p> <p>Each bird species was classified according to its primary diet as frugivores granivore, insectivore, nectarivore, carnivore, detritivore, or omnivore, and according to the main foraging location as ground, understory/shrubby vegetation, or tree canopy, based on the Wilman et al. (2014) database and our own field experience. Using these same sources, we obtained information on mean body weights of each species and assigned them to one of five size categories: 1- (<15 g); 2 (15-39 g); 3 (40-199 g); 4 (200-599 g); and 5 (> 600 g).</p>
Data from: Climatic conditions and landscape diversity predict plant-bee interactions and pollen deposition in bee-pollinated plants.
<p>Climate change, landscape homogenization and the decline of beneficial insects threaten pollination services to wild plants and crops. Understanding how pollination potential (i.e. the capacity of ecosystems to support pollination of plants) is affected by climate change and landscape homogenization is fundamental for our ability to predict how such anthropogenic stressors affect plant biodiversity. Models of pollinator potential are improved when based on pairwise plant-pollinator interactions and pollinator´s plant preferences. However, whether the sum of predicted pairwise interactions with a plant within a habitat (a proxy for pollination potential) relates to pollen deposition on flowering plants has not yet been investigated. We sampled plant-bee interactions in 68 Scandinavian plant communities in landscapes of varying land-cover heterogeneity along a latitudinal temperature gradient of 4–8 C°, and estimated pollen deposition as the number of pollen grains on flowers of the bee-pollinated plants <em>Lotus corniculatus</em>, and <em>Vicia cracca</em>. We show that plant-bee interactions, and the pollination potential for these bee-pollinated plants increase with landscape diversity, annual mean temperature, plant abundance, and decrease with distances to sand-dominated soils. Furthermore, the pollen deposition in flowers increased with the predicted pollination potential, which was driven by landscape diversity and plant abundance. Our study illustrates that the pollination potential, and thus pollen deposition, for wild plants can be mapped based on spatial models of plant-bee interactions that incorporate pollinator-specific plant preferences. Maps of pollination potential can be used to guide conservation and restoration planning.</p>
Figure 1 in Invasions of two estuarine gobiid species interactively induced from water diversion and saltwater intrusion
Figure 1. The East Route of South-to-North Water Transfer Project, showing the five major lakes along the route (shadow areas) as storages, the Grand Canal as conveyance, and geographic relationships of the major rivers (i.e., the Yangtze River, the Huai River, and the Yellow River) with the route. The Nansi Lake is separated into the Lower Nansi Lake and Upper Nansi Lake by the Erji Dam. The year of the first record of the two invasive species, Taenioides cirratus and Tridentiger bifasciatus, in each of these lakes was indicated to show their invasion patterns.
Illumina Sequencing Data for "Elucidating human gut microbiota interactions that robustly inhibit diverse Clostridioides difficile strains across different nutrient landscapes"
<p>Illumina Sequencing Data for Sulaiman et al., "Elucidating human gut microbiota interactions that robustly inhibit diverse Clostridioides difficile strains across different nutrient landscapes".</p>
Fig. 3 in Aggregation and negative interactions in low-diversity and unsaturated monogenean (Platyhelminthes) communities in Astyanax aeneus (Teleostei) populations in a neotropical river of Mexico
Fig. 3. Relationship between component community monogenean species richness and mean infracommunity species richness; A) total samples; B) samples of February; C) samples of August.
Fig. 1 in Aggregation and negative interactions in low-diversity and unsaturated monogenean (Platyhelminthes) communities in Astyanax aeneus (Teleostei) populations in a neotropical river of Mexico
Fig. 1. Eleven sample locations situated on the opening of streams tributaries to the main Rio Lacantún in the Biosphere Reserve Montes Azules (RBMA), Chiapas, México: (1) Río Tzendales (16̊17′ 10.8″ N; 90̊53′12.6″ W), (2) Río Manzanares (16̊10′14.6″ N; 90̊50′36.2″ W), (3) Arroyo Miranda (16̊08′08.1″ N; 90̊55′14.9″ W), (4) Río Danta (16̊09′08.1″ N; 90̊54′06.3″ W), (5) Arroyo Lagarto (16̊08′14.0″ N; 90̊54′24.4″ W), (6) Embarcadero Estación Chajul (16̊06′38.4″ N; 90̊56′ 23.6″ W), (7) Arroyo José (16̊06′50″ N; 90̊56′03.3″ W), (8) Río Chajul (16̊05′58.2″ N; 90̊57′30.1″ W), (9) Río San Pablo (16̊06′ 10.0″ N; 91̊00′52.2″ W), (10) Río Puerto Rico (16̊05′04.4″ N; 91̊01′11.2″ W), (11) Río Ixcan (16̊07′17.5″ N; 91̊05′11.3″ W).
Estimating interaction strengths for diverse horizontal systems using performance data
<p>1. Network theory allows us to understand complex systems by evaluating how their constituent elements interact with one another. Such networks are built from matrices that describe the effect of each element on all others. Quantifying the strength of these interactions from empirical data can be difficult, however, because the number of potential interactions increases non-linearly as more elements are included in the system, and not all interactions may be empirically observable when some elements are rare.</p> <p>2. We present a novel modelling framework that uses measures of species performance in the presence of varying densities of their potential interaction partners to estimate the strength of pairwise interactions in diverse horizontal systems.</p> <p>3. Our method allows us to directly estimate pairwise effects when they are statistically identifiable and to approximate pairwise effects when they would otherwise be statistically unidentifiable. The resulting interaction matrices can include positive and negative effects, the effect of a species on itself, and allows for non-symmetrical interactions.</p> <p>4. We show how to link the parameters inferred by our framework to a population dynamics model to make inferences about the effect of interactions on community dynamics and diversity.</p> <p>5. The advantages of these features are illustrated with a case study on an annual wildflower community of 22 focal and 52 neighbouring species, and a discussion of potential applications of this framework extending well beyond plant community ecology.</p>
Data for: The interactive effects of soil fertility and tree mycorrhizal association explain spatial variation of diversity-biomass relationships in a subtropical forest
<p><span>Observed biodiversity-ecosystem function (BEF) relationships are highly variable, particularly in natural forests. However, our understanding of the factors that generate these often contradictory patterns, especially the role of different mycorrhizal associations, is still limited. By relating tree species richness and aboveground biomass (AGB) in a fully-mapped 24-ha subtropical forest dynamics plot, we evaluated the impacts of soil fertility and tree mycorrhizal type in mediating BEF relationships at multiple spatial scales. Our results demonstrate a highly positive total richness effect on AGB for arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) trees but a negative effect on AGB for ectomycorrhizal (EcM) trees, and their relationships were highly spatial scale dependent. However, the observed BEF relationships turned into positive at small spatial scales (i.e., 10 m and 20 m) after controlling for other confounding factors (i.e., topography, soil fertility, and AM proportion). In addition, we found significant interactions between soil fertility and species richness on AGB. Specifically, the positive effect of total species richness on AGB for major mycorrhizal types gradually weakened with increasing soil fertility, while the positive effect of EcM species richness on AM AGB gradually enhanced at small spatial scales, suggesting the observed diversity effects can be largely attributed to resource niche complementarity and the role of EcM fungi.</span></p> <p><span>Synthesis. We conclude that the variable BEF relationships among forest communities could be explained by spatial variation in abiotic environments and community mycorrhizal composition because different types of symbionts perform different nutrient uptake strategies and ability in protection from antagonists. Our findings provide novel insights into the understanding of the variation in the shape of BEF relationships in natural forests, which is critical for forest management, conservation, and restoration in a changing world.</span></p>
Ancient diversity in host-parasite interaction genes in a model parasitic nematode
<p>Files associated with the "Ancient diversity in host-parasite interaction genes in a model parasitic nematode" manuscript. </p> <p><strong>VCF files:</strong></p> <p>HB1_vs_nxHelBake1.biallelic_noRefCall.qual.repeat_filtered.vcf.gz<br> HB2_vs_nxHelBake1.biallelic_noRefCall.qual.repeat_filtered.vcf.gz<br> HB3_vs_nxHelBake1.biallelic_noRefCall.qual.repeat_filtered.vcf.gz<br> HP1_vs_ngHelPoly1.biallelic_noRefCall.qual.repeat_filtered.vcf.gz<br> HP2_vs_ngHelPoly1.biallelic_noRefCall.qual.repeat_filtered.vcf.gz</p> <p><strong><em>H. mixtum</em> genome assemblies:</strong><br> Hm16_merged_spades_scaffolds.fa.gz<br> Hm2_merged_spades_scaffolds.fa.gz</p> <p><strong>Strongylomorph phylogeny:</strong></p> <p>Strongylomorph_phylogeny_18Jan2023_20spp_511orthos.astral.nwk.gz</p> <p><strong>Gene annotation files:</strong><br> ngHelPoly1.1.primary.final_annotations.cds.fa.gz<br> ngHelPoly1.1.primary.final_annotations.gff3.gz<br> ngHelPoly1.1.primary.final_annotations.proteins.fa.gz</p> <p>nxHelBake1.1.primary.final_annotations.cds.fa.gz<br> nxHelBake1.1.primary.final_annotations.gff3.gz<br> nxHelBake1.1.primary.final_annotations.proteins.fa.gz</p> <p><strong>Curated repeat libraries:</strong><br> ngHelPoly1.1.repeats.01062023.fa.gz<br> nxHelBake1.1.repeats.01062023.fa.gz</p> <p><strong>Assembled transcripts:</strong></p> <p>ngHelPoly1_hq_transcripts.fa.gz</p> <p>nxHelBake1_hq_transcripts.fa.gz</p>
Data for: The interactive effects of soil fertility and tree mycorrhizal association explain spatial variation of diversity-biomass relationships in a subtropical forest
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Data from: Macro- and microclimate interactively shape species diversity of multiple taxa in mountain landscapes
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Plant interaction networks reveal the limits of our understanding of diversity maintenance
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Estimating interaction strengths for diverse horizontal systems using performance data
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Data from: Climatic conditions and landscape diversity predict plant-bee interactions and pollen deposition in bee-pollinated plants.
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The interacting effect of habitat amount, habitat diversity and fragmentation on insect diversity along elevational gradients.
Aim: Elevational gradients are a useful approach to evaluate how environmental factors affect animal diversity. Decades of studies on the elevation-diversity gradient have revealed that this gradient varies greatly with taxa and geographic regions. One potential explanation for this may be the dependence of the relationship on landscape features. We explore the impact of fragmentation, habitat diversity and habitat amount on insect diversity (alpha and beta) and abundance along elevational gradients. We hypothesize that insect diversity and abundance will relate negatively with elevation, but positively with these landscape features. We also hypothesize that landscape features will interact in a way that the positive effect of a given variable on insect diversity may be offset by the others. Location: Reunion Island (Indian Ocean) Taxon: The insect order thrips (Thysanoptera) Methods: Insects were sampled along replicated elevational gradients, and at each sampling plot landscape features and abiotic variables were estimated within buffers surrounding the site. Insect alpha diversity was estimated using abundance-based rarefaction methods, whereas beta diversity was estimated calculating the "local contributions to beta diversity" metric. The effect of elevation, rainfall, landscape features and their interactions was assessed on insect alpha and beta diversity and abundance during two consecutive seasons using linear mixed effects models. Results: We found that thrips alpha and beta diversity was negatively related with elevation, but the relationship varied between seasons and rainfall regimes. Among the different landscape features considered, we found that habitat amount had the strongest effect on diversity. The effect of habitat amount on diversity, however, was offset in areas of low habitat (or land cover) diversity. Main conclusions: Generalizing the factors that underlie the elevation diversity gradient has become a cornerstone in ecological theory because it can help to understand the impact of human activities on diversity. Here we show that taking landscape information into account may help to fulfil this objective because landscape effects co-vary with elevation with often intricate consequences for diversity.
Data from: Seed-dispersal networks in tropical forest fragments: area effects, remnant species, and interaction diversity
<p>Seed dispersal interactions involve key ecological processes in tropical forests that help to maintain ecosystem functioning. Yet this functionality may be threatened by increasing habitat loss, defaunation and fragmentation. However, generalist species, and their interactions, can benefit from the habitat change caused by human disturbance while more specialized interactions mostly disappear. Therefore changes in the structure of the local, within fragment, networks can be expected. Here we investigated how the structure of seed-dispersal networks changes along a gradient of increasing habitat fragmentation. We analysed 16 bird seed-dispersal assemblages from forest fragments of a biodiversity-rich ecosystem. We found significant species-, interaction- and network-area relationships, yet the later was determined by the number of species remaining in each community. The number of frugivorous bird and plant species, their interactions, and the number of links per species decreases as area is lost in the fragmented landscape. In contrast, network nestedness has a negative relationship with fragment area, suggesting an increasing generalization of the network structure in the gradient of fragmentation. Network specialization was not significantly affected by area, indicating that some network properties may be invariant to disturbance. Still, the local extinction of partner species, paralleled by a loss of interactions and specialist-specialist bird-plant seed dispersal associations suggests the functional homogenization of the system as area is lost. Our study provides empirical evidence for network-area relationships driven by the presence/absence of remnant species and the interactions they perform.</p>
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