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54 results for “isolated trees”
Tree size, microhabitat diversity and landscape structure determine the value of isolated trees for bats in farmland
<p>Isolated trees are increasingly recognised as playing a vital role in supporting biodiversity in agricultural landscapes, yet their occurrence has declined substantially in recent decades. Most bats in Europe are tree-dependent species that rely on woody elements in order to persist in farmlands. However, isolated trees are rarely considered in conservation programs and landscape planning. Further investigations are therefore urgently required to identify which trees – based on both their intrinsic characteristics and their location in the landscape – are particularly important for bats. We acoustically surveyed 57 isolated trees for bats to determine the relative and interactive effects of size, tree-related microhabitat (TreM) diversity and surrounding landscape context on bat activity. Tall trees with large diameter at breast height and crown area positively influenced the activity of <em>Pipistrellus pipistrellus</em> and small Myotis bats (<em>Myotis</em> spp.) while smaller and thinner trees favoured <em>M. myotis</em> activity. The diversity of TreMs that can be used as roosts had a positive effect on (i) <em>Barbastella barbastellus</em> activity only when trees were relatively close (10% within 100 radius scale). The potential benefits of isolated trees for bats result from ecological mechanisms operating at both tree and landscape scales, underlining the crucial need for implementing a multi-scale approach in conservation programs. Maintaining the largest and most TreM-diversified trees located in the most heterogeneous agricultural landscapes will provide the greatest benefits.</p>
Data from: Winter-moth populations are isolated on co-occurring tree species with contrasting budburst-phenology
<p>Differences between neighbouring tree species in phenology could isolate populations of host-plant generalists that depend on matching the phenology of their host. We studied the relationship between the budburst phenology of two co-occurring tree species with early (hornbeams) and late (oaks) budburst, and the egg-hatching date of associated winter moths (<em>Operophtera brumata</em>) during two seasons (autumns starting in 2020 and 2021)<em>.</em> A previous study in spring 2019 had found no winter moth larvae on the focal oaks, while we found them mainly on oaks with hornbeam neighbours in 2022. Congruently, adult winter moths were rarely encountered during the autumns of 2018 and 2019 and sparsely in 2020 and 2021, and then mainly near hornbeams.The vast majority of winter moths had early-hatching eggs when both hornbeams and oaks were present, matching the hornbeams rather than the oaks. Where hornbeam was absent in the neighbourhood, the few winter moths had late-hatching eggs.These results suggest that winter moth populations on hornbeam and oak are to some degree isolated from each other despite spatial proximity, so that recolonization of oaks by populations synchronized with budburst of hornbeam is slow. Therefore, trees would benefit from differing from their neighbours in budburst phenology with respect to herbivore damage.</p>
Figure 5. A phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method which shows the genetic relationship between C. sphaerospermum 2 in Morphological and molecular identification of Cladosporium sphaerospermum isolates collected from tomato plant residues
Figure 5. A phylogenetic tree was generated using the neighbor-joining method which shows the genetic relationship between C. sphaerospermum 2 (as indicated in red circle) and the other C. sphaerospermum isolates deposited in GenBank (NCBI)
Рис. 1. ФиΛогенетические Αеревья хантавируса AMRV и его прироΑного носитеΛя восточноазиатской мыши Apodemus peninsulae Thomas, 1906. А. ФиΛогенетическое Αерево восточноазиатской мыши Apodemus peninsulae, построенное метоΑом «максимаΛьного правΑопоΑобия» (ML) и поΛученное на основе анаΛиза участка гена цитохрома b мтΔНК (744 п.н.). В узΛах ветвΛения указаны бутстреп-поΑΑержки, рассчитанные ΑΛя 1000 повторов. Цветными Λиниями обозначены фиΛогенетические Λинии: Αве Китайские (зеΛеный), Корейская «Korea» (синий), Амурская «Amur» (красный). ПоΛужирным шрифтом выΑеΛены собственные образцы. Названия образцов из GenBank/NCBI быΛи сокращены; B. ФиΛогенетическое Αерево из работы Α. Н. Яшиной с ΑопоΛнениями, построенное метоΑом «бΛижайшего сосеΑа» (NJ) на основе посΛеΑоватеΛьностей фрагмента М-сегмента (2737–2980 н.п.) генома хантавирусов. В узΛах ветвΛения указаны бутстреппоΑΑержки, рассчитанные ΑΛя 1000 повторов. Жирным выΑеΛены иссΛеΑованные РНК изоΛяты (Яшина 2012; Яшина и Αр. 2019) Fig. 1. Phylogenetic trees of AMRV and its natural reservoir host — the Korean field mouse Apodemus peninsulae Thomas, 1906. A. Phylogenetic tree of the Korean field mouse Apodemus peninsulae constructed by the "maximum likelihood" method (ML). The data are obtained from the analysis of the cytochrome b mtDNA gene fragments (744 bp). Bootstrap supports calculated for 1,000 repeats are indicated in the branching nodes. Colored lines indicate phylogenetic lines: two Chinese (green), Korea (blue), and Amur (red). Own samples are highlighted in bold. The names of the samples from GenBank/NCBI have been shortened; B. Phylogenetic tree from L. N. Yashina's work with additions constructed by the neighbour joining method (NJ). It is based on the sequences of an M-segment fragment (2737–2980 bp) of the hantavirus genome. Bootstrap supports calculated for 1,000 repeats are indicated in the branching nodes. The researched RNA isolates are highlighted in bold (Yashina 2012; Yashina et al. 2019) in Variability of the gene cyt b in the Korean field mouse Apodemus peninsulae Thomas, 1906 - a reservoir host of AMRV in the Khasansky District of Primorsky Krai
Рис. 1. ФиΛогенетические Αеревья хантавируса AMRV и его прироΑного носитеΛя восточноазиатской мыши Apodemus peninsulae Thomas, 1906. А. ФиΛогенетическое Αерево восточноазиатской мыши Apodemus peninsulae, построенное метоΑом «максимаΛьного правΑопоΑобия» (ML) и поΛученное на основе анаΛиза участка гена цитохрома b мтΔНК (744 п.н.). В узΛах ветвΛения указаны бутстреп-поΑΑержки, рассчитанные ΑΛя 1000 повторов. Цветными Λиниями обозначены фиΛогенетические Λинии: Αве Китайские (зеΛеный), Корейская «Korea» (синий), Амурская «Amur» (красный). ПоΛужирным шрифтом выΑеΛены собственные образцы. Названия образцов из GenBank/NCBI быΛи сокращены; B. ФиΛогенетическое Αерево из работы Α. Н. Яшиной с ΑопоΛнениями, построенное метоΑом «бΛижайшего сосеΑа» (NJ) на основе посΛеΑоватеΛьностей фрагмента М-сегмента (2737–2980 н.п.) генома хантавирусов. В узΛах ветвΛения указаны бутстреппоΑΑержки, рассчитанные ΑΛя 1000 повторов. Жирным выΑеΛены иссΛеΑованные РНК изоΛяты (Яшина 2012; Яшина и Αр. 2019) Fig. 1. Phylogenetic trees of AMRV and its natural reservoir host — the Korean field mouse Apodemus peninsulae Thomas, 1906. A. Phylogenetic tree of the Korean field mouse Apodemus peninsulae constructed by the "maximum likelihood" method (ML). The data are obtained from the analysis of the cytochrome b mtDNA gene fragments (744 bp). Bootstrap supports calculated for 1,000 repeats are indicated in the branching nodes. Colored lines indicate phylogenetic lines: two Chinese (green), Korea (blue), and Amur (red). Own samples are highlighted in bold. The names of the samples from GenBank/NCBI have been shortened; B. Phylogenetic tree from L. N. Yashina's work with additions constructed by the neighbour joining method (NJ). It is based on the sequences of an M-segment fragment (2737–2980 bp) of the hantavirus genome. Bootstrap supports calculated for 1,000 repeats are indicated in the branching nodes. The researched RNA isolates are highlighted in bold (Yashina 2012; Yashina et al. 2019)
Fig. 4. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a in Isolation and characterization of four unrecorded wild yeasts from the soils of Republic of Korea in winter
Fig. 4. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a comparative analysis of 26S rRNA gene sequences showing the relationships of strain NH33 with closely related species. Bootstrap values (>50%) based on neighbor-joining methods are shown at the branch nodes. Bar, 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Fig. 3. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a in Isolation and characterization of four unrecorded wild yeasts from the soils of Republic of Korea in winter
Fig. 3. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a comparative analysis of 26S rRNA gene sequences showing the relationships of strain NH19 with closely related species. Bootstrap values (>50%) based on neighbor-joining methods are shown at the branch nodes. Bar, 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a in Isolation and characterization of four unrecorded wild yeasts from the soils of Republic of Korea in winter
Fig. 2. Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a comparative analysis of 26S rRNA gene sequences showing the relationships of strains NH20 and YP416 with closely related species. Bootstrap values (>50%) based on neighbor-joining methods are shown at the branch nodes. Bar, 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Fig. 3. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree constructed from a in Isolation and characterization of two unrecorded yeast species in the phylum Basidiomycota
Fig. 3. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree constructed from a comparative analysis of 26S rRNA gene sequences showing the relationships of strain DJ1-5-B-10C with closely related species. Bootstrap values (>70%) are shown at the branch nodes. Bar, 0.02 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Fig. 2. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree constructed from a in Isolation and characterization of two unrecorded yeast species in the phylum Basidiomycota
Fig. 2. A neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree constructed from a comparative analysis of 26S rRNA gene sequences showing the relationships of strain B2UV-201 with closely related species. Bootstrap values (>70%) are shown at the branch nodes. Bar, 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Fig. 3. A Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a in Isolation and characterization of two unrecorded yeast species in the order Filobasidiales
Fig. 3. A Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a comparative analysis of 26S rRNA gene sequences showing the rela- tionships of strain PG1-1-10C with closely related species. Bootstrap values (>70%) based on neighbor-joining methods are shown at the branch nodes. Bar, 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Fig. 2. A Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a in Isolation and characterization of two unrecorded yeast species in the order Filobasidiales
Fig. 2. A Neighbor-joining phylogenetic tree reconstructed from a comparative analysis of 26S rRNA gene sequences showing the relation- ships of strains GW1-3 with closely related species. Bootstrap values (>70%) based on neighbor-joining methods are shown at the branch nodes. Bar, 0.01 substitutions per nucleotide position.
Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree generating from a 399 in Isolation and Characterization of Polymorphic Microsatellite Loci for Caridina cantonensis and Transferability Across Eight Confamilial Species (Atyidae, Decapoda)
Fig. 1. Maximum likelihood tree generating from a 399-bp long COI dataset (GenBank accession no. MH176649-MH176993). SH-alrt/ bootstrap support values are indicated at major nodes. Each coloured notation represents one species.
Data from: Winter-moth populations are isolated on co-occurring tree species with contrasting budburst-phenology
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Foliar endophyte diversity in eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct tree species – Influences of host identity, environment, phylogeny, and geographic isolation
<p><span>The well-known eastern Asia (EA) and eastern North America (ENA) floristic disjunction provides a unique system for biogeographic and evolutionary studies. Despite considerable interest in the disjunction, few studies have investigated the patterns and their underlying drivers of allopatric divergence in sister species or clades isolated in the two areas. Endophyte diversity and assembly in disjunct sister taxa, as an ecological trait, may have played an important role in the processes of allopatric evolution, but no studies have examined endophytes in these disjunct lineages. In this study, we compared foliar endophytes (including both fungi and bacteria) in 17 EA-ENA disjunct species pairs from genera representing conifers and major clades of angiosperms, as well as 23 species of </span><em>Cornus</em> from the US and China. We sequenced the ITS of fungi and 16S rDNA of bacteria to understand the composition of the endophyte community and gain insights into the relative roles of geographic isolation, host identity, phylogeny, and environment in shaping endophytic diversity patterns. We detected a much richer fungal than bacterial community in leaves of all species. Beta diversity varied greatly among individuals within species, between species, among genera, and among three natural environmental conditions. Based on a principal coordinates analysis, we found no close clustering of endophyte communities in samples from the same host plant species, from the same genus, or from the same geographic origin (i.e. EA or ENA) (when plants were grown in the same common garden), but we did detect clustering of samples from plants grown in the same environment (i.e., same geographic location). We observed separation of microbes in plant samples of the same species grown in different locations/environments. However, pooled samples across all species from the common garden with the same geographic origin (EA vs. ENA) showed a moderate level of dissimilarity in fungal endophytes between EA and ENA. An overall significant correlation between endophyte community dissimilarity and phylogenetic distance was detected among the disjunct genera but not among species of <em>Cornus</em>. However, significant correlation between order, family, and genera of endophytes and phylogenetic distance of Cornus species was observed. We also found no significant differences in Foliar Endophytic Fungal (FEF) communities between counterparts of disjunct species pairs in EA and ENA in most genera except in <em>Liriodendron</em> and <em>Cornus</em>, although the beta diversity within genera is high. Our results suggest important roles of host identity and environment (geographic locations), and a likely minor role of phylogenetic divergence and biogeographic isolation in shaping the pattern of foliar endophyte diversity and assembly in the EA-ENA disjunct genera, as well as in <em>Cornus</em>. The results further suggest that the sister taxa in EA and ENA are likely different in their foliar endophyte composition when growing in their native habitats due to differences in geographic locations and local environments, which is potentially a factor driving allopatric divergence of species functional features. This hypothesis can be tested by analysis of samples from native habitats.</p>
Genome sequence resources from three isolates of the apple canker pathogen Neonectria ditissima infecting forest trees
<p><em>Neonectria ditissima</em> is a generalist ascomycete plant pathogen causing canker diseases on a variety of hardwood tree species and can cross-infect many of them. The fungus enters the plants through wounds throughout the year. <em>N. ditissima</em> is considered a major threat to apple production responsible for the fruit tree canker disease which damages trees and causes rotting of fruits in storage. Nearby forests and shelter belts can serve as source of inoculum for well-managed apple orchards. Thus, knowledge about the <em>N. ditissima</em> isolates infecting different host species is essential for designing integrated pest management strategies. Here, we describe the genomes of three <em>N. ditissima</em> isolates, Nd_iso34, Nd_iso35, and Nd_iso36, infecting European beech, American tulip tree, and American beech, respectively. We obtained genome assemblies of ca. 45 megabases for all isolates, covering 94% of the <em>N. ditissima</em> reference annotation, and 97% of the universal single-copy orthologs (BUSCOs). We conclude that these genome assemblies are a highly relevant resource considering the scarcity of genomic data available for <em>N. ditissima</em>.</p>
Local coexistence and genetic isolation of three pollinator species on the same fig tree species
Molecular tools increasingly reveal cryptic lineages and species that were previously unnoticed by traditional taxonomy. The discovery of cryptic species in sympatry prompts the question of how they coexist in the apparent absence of ecological divergence. However, this assumes first that the molecular taxonomy used to identify cryptic lineages delimits species boundaries accurately. This issue is important, because many diversity studies rely heavily or solely on data from mitochondrial DNA sequences for species delimitation, and several factors may lead to poor identification of species boundaries. We used a multilocus population genetics approach to show that three mtDNA-defined cryptic lineages of the fig wasp Pleistodontes imperialis Saunders, which pollinate Port Jackson figs (Ficus rubiginosa) in north-eastern Australia, represent reproductively isolated species. These species coexist locally, with about 13% of figs (where mating occurs) containing wasps from two or three species. However, there was no evidence for gene flow between them. Confirmed cases of coexisting cryptic species provide excellent opportunities for future studies of the ecological and evolutionary forces shaping both species coexistence and fig/pollinator coevolution.
Data from: The interplay of past diversification and evolutionary isolation with present imperilment across the amphibian tree of life
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Data from: Incipient ecological speciation between successional varieties of a dominant tree involves intrinsic postzygotic isolating barriers
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An experimental test of the importance of isolated trees for frog diversity in tropical landscapes
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Foliar endophyte diversity in eastern Asia-eastern North America disjunct tree species – Influences of host identity, environment, phylogeny, and geographic isolation
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